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Darren Tan CW, Forsthuber A, Ehmoser EK. Functional proteoliposome-like structure derived from simultaneous evisceration and enucleation of T-lymphoblastoid A3R5.7 cells: A top-down story. Exp Cell Res 2021; 400:112487. [PMID: 33476652 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Structurally-reduced cells and cell-derived structures are powerful tools for membrane studies. Using this approach, we probed whether a cell, without its nucleus and cytoplasm, is still capable of undergoing CD4-mediated membrane fusion. For this, we needed a cell-derived structure, akin to a giant liposome functionalised with CD4 and chemokine receptors. We present a method for the simultaneous removal of cytoplasmic and nuclear material from cells presenting CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, using Colcemid treatment followed by hypotonic cytolysis, and then enriched using preparative flow cytometry. We show that the resultant cell membrane remains intact, retains presentation of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, and is still capable of CD4-mediated membrane fusion with a target cell. Finally, we detail how this protocol was developed, as well as how such samples should be handled for storage and assays. We envision the use of such systems for host-pathogen interaction studies, and the development of targeted delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherng-Wen Darren Tan
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Forsthuber
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for clinical application: An efficient isolation approach. Curr Res Transl Med 2018; 67:20-27. [PMID: 30104160 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are considered a promising tool for cell therapy approaches. The translation of research-based cell culture protocols into procedures that comply with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is critical. The aim of this study was to design a new method for the expansion of MSCs from Adipose Tissue (AT-MSCs) in compliance with GMP, without enzymatic tissue digestion and without the use of animal proteins as source of growth factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS MSCs were expanded from 10 periumbilical biopsies. Our new isolation approach is based on: (1) disruption of AT with an automated, closed system; (2) use of GMP-grade medium without the addition of fetal bovine serum or platelet lysate; (3) use of human recombinant Trypsin. AT-MSCs cultured in α-MEM and minced by scalpel were used as control. RESULTS It was possible to expand MSCs from all the AT-samples for at least eight passages. MSCs displayed the typical spindle-shape morphology, a high viability, multilineage differentiation potential and high expression levels of the typical MSC-specific surface antigens and genes. Compared to standard method, MSCs obtained with the new method showed higher yield, up to passage 6, and higher purity in terms of percentage of CD34 and CD45 markers. All AT-MSCs exhibit in vitro immunosuppressive capacity and possess a normal karyotype. CONCLUSIONS Our data clearly demonstrate that our new approach permits to generate AT-MSCs fully compliant for therapeutic use and better at least in terms of quantity and purity than those obtained with the standard method.
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Martin-Rufino JD, Lozano FS, Redondo AM, Villaron EM, Rueda R, Fernandez-Samos R, Sanchez-Guijo F. Sequential intravenous allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells as a potential treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:150. [PMID: 29848379 PMCID: PMC5977545 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), also known as Buerger’s Disease, is an occlusive vasculitis linked with high morbidity and amputation risk. To date, TAO is deemed incurable due to the lack of a definitive treatment. The immune system and inflammation are proposed to play a central role in TAO pathogenesis. Due to their immunomodulatory effects, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are the subject of intense research for the treatment of a wide range of immune-mediated diseases. Thus far, local intramuscular injections of autologous or allogeneic MSCs have shown promising results in TAO. However, sequential intravenous allogeneic MSC administration has not yet been explored, which we hypothesized could exert a systemic anti-inflammatory effect in the vasculature and modulate the immune response. Here, we report the first case of a TAO patient at amputation risk treated with four sequential intravenous infusions of bone marrow-derived allogeneic MSCs from a healthy donor. Following administration, there was significant regression of foot skin ulcers and improvements in rest pain, Walking Impairment Questionnaire scores, and quality of life. Sixteen months after the infusion, the patient had not required any further amputations. This report highlights the potential of sequential allogeneic MSC infusions as an effective treatment for TAO, warranting further studies to compare this approach with the more conventionally used intramuscular MSC administration and other cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge D Martin-Rufino
- Department of Hematology, Cell Therapy Unit, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco S Lozano
- Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alba M Redondo
- Department of Hematology, Cell Therapy Unit, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y Leon, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva M Villaron
- Department of Hematology, Cell Therapy Unit, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y Leon, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Rueda
- Department of Radiology, Hospital de Leon, Leon, Spain
| | | | - Fermin Sanchez-Guijo
- Department of Hematology, Cell Therapy Unit, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. .,Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y Leon, Salamanca, Spain.
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Rathnayake AJIS, Goonasekera HWW, Dissanayake VHW. Phenotypic and Cytogenetic Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in De Novo Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2016; 2016:8012716. [PMID: 27660743 PMCID: PMC5021885 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8012716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are vital in hematopoiesis. Whether BM-MSCs alter their characteristics in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) is still controversial. We characterized MSCs of de novo MDS patients in Sri Lanka who have not been reported previously in the literature. We also analyzed MSCs derived from different MDS subtypes. MSCs were culture-expanded, characterized by flow cytometry, and induced towards osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Growth properties were determined using growth curves and population doubling times. Karyotyping and FISH were performed on MSCs. Cell morphology, differentiation potential, and CD marker expression of MDS-MSCs of all subtypes were comparable to those of control-MSCs. No significant growth differences were observed between control MSCs and MDS-MSCs of all subtypes (p > 0.05). 31% of MDS-MSCs had chromosomal aberrations (der(3),del(6q),del(7p), loss of chromosomes) whose BM karyotypes were normal. Highest percentage of karyotypic abnormalities was observed in RCMD-MSCs. Patients with abnormal BM karyotypes had no aberrant MSC clones. Results show that in spite of presence of genetically abnormal clones in MDS-MSC populations, in vitro phenotypic and growth characteristics of MSCs in MDS remain unchanged. Further, the occurrence of genetic abnormalities in BM-MSCs in MDS could be considered as an autonomous event from that of their hematopoietic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. I. S. Rathnayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 00800 Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - H. W. W. Goonasekera
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 00800 Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - V. H. W. Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 00800 Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Stultz BG, McGinnis K, Thompson EE, Lo Surdo JL, Bauer SR, Hursh DA. Chromosomal stability of mesenchymal stromal cells during in vitro culture. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:336-43. [PMID: 26780865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being investigated for use in cell therapy. The extensive in vitro expansion necessary to obtain sufficient cells for clinical use increases the risk that genetically abnormal cells will arise and be propagated during cell culture. Genetic abnormalities may lead to transformation and poor performance in clinical use, and are a critical safety concern for cell therapies using MSCs. METHODS We used spectral karyotyping (SKY) to investigate the genetic stability of human MSCs from ten donors during passaging. RESULTS Our data indicate that chromosomal abnormalities exist in MSCs at early passages and can be clonally propagated. The karyotypic abnormalities observed during our study diminished during passage. CONCLUSIONS Karyotyping of MSCs reveals characteristics which may be valuable in deciding the suitability of cells for further use. Karyotypic analysis is useful for monitoring the genetic stability of MSCs during expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Stultz
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen McGinnis
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Elaine E Thompson
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica L Lo Surdo
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Hursh
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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Borgonovo T, Solarewicz MM, Vaz IM, Daga D, Rebelatto CLK, Senegaglia AC, Ribeiro E, Cavalli IJ, Brofman PS. Emergence of clonal chromosomal alterations during the mesenchymal stromal cell cultivation. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:94. [PMID: 26628918 PMCID: PMC4666177 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Use of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is a promising strategy for cell therapy in injured tissues recovery. However, MSCs acquire genetic changes when cultivated in vitro that make them more susceptible to undergo neoplastic transformation. Therefore, genomic integrity of stem cells should be monitored carefully for the use in basic research and clinical trials, including karyotype analysis to confirm the absence of genetic instability. Here, we report a case of a male 67-year-old patient selected to join the study: “Autologous transplantation of mesenchymal cells for treatment of severe and refractory ischemic cardiomyopathy”. He underwent nephrectomy for malignant tumor on the right kidney. Cytogenetic analysis on a bone marrow sample showed a normal karyotype: 46,XY[20]. However, the MSC at second passage showed a hyperdiploid clone, with clonal trisomies of chromosomes 4, 5, 10 and X. In order to investigate more, another sample from the same patient was used for a second cultivation and, at third passage, these cells showed a clonal translocation t(9;18)(p24;q11). The recurrent aberrations in MSC may indicate the beginning of a spontaneous transformation in culture, so, these cells were not used for cell therapy. Several analyses were performed at the Center for Cell Technology (152 samples), however this was the only case to show clonal cytogenetic abnormalities. Interestingly, two distinct clonal alterations were seen in two parallel cell cultivations from the same patient, suggesting a propensity for genetic instability. This highlights the need to evaluate these cells on a case-by-case basis, especially in patients with a history of cancer. Although there is controversy about the use of cells with cytogenetic abnormality for therapy, because their tumorigenic doubtful potential, we decided against the use of these cells for regenerative medicine. Case presentation Here, we report a case of a male 67-year-old patient selected to join the study: “Autologous transplantation of mesenchymal cells for treatment of severe and refractory ischemic cardiomyopathy”. He underwent nephrectomy for malignant tumor on the right kidney. Cytogenetic analysis on a bone marrow sample showed a normal karyotype: 46,XY[20]. However, the MSC at second passage showed a hyperdiploid clone, with clonal trisomies of chromosomes 4, 5, 10 and X. In order to investigate more, another sample from the same patient was used for a second cultivation and, at third passage, these cells showed a clonal translocation t(9;18)(p24;q11). The recurrent aberrations in MSC may indicate the beginning of a spontaneous transformation in culture, so, these cells were not used for cell therapy. Several analyses were performed at the Center for Cell Technology(152 samples), however this was the only case to show clonal cytogenetic abnormalities. Interestingly, two distinct clonal alterations were seen in two parallel cell cultivations from the same patient, suggesting a propensity for genetic instability. This highlights the need to evaluate these cells on a case-by-case basis, especially in patients with a history of cancer. Conclusions Although there is controversy about the use of cells with cytogenetic abnormality for therapy, because their tumorigenic doubtful potential, we decided against the use of these cells forregenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Borgonovo
- Centro de Tecnologia Celular (CTC), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná Brazil ; Cytogenetic Laboratory of Centro de Tecnololgia Celular (CTC), PUCPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Marlene Solarewicz
- Centro de Tecnologia Celular (CTC), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná Brazil ; Cytogenetic Laboratory of Centro de Tecnololgia Celular (CTC), PUCPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Isadora May Vaz
- Centro de Tecnologia Celular (CTC), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná Brazil ; Cytogenetic Laboratory of Centro de Tecnololgia Celular (CTC), PUCPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Debora Daga
- Centro de Tecnologia Celular (CTC), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | | | | | - Enilze Ribeiro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - Iglenir João Cavalli
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - Paulo Slud Brofman
- Centro de Tecnologia Celular (CTC), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
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Burnouf T, Strunk D, Koh MBC, Schallmoser K. Human platelet lysate: Replacing fetal bovine serum as a gold standard for human cell propagation? Biomaterials 2015; 76:371-87. [PMID: 26561934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The essential physiological role of platelets in wound healing and tissue repair builds the rationale for the use of human platelet derivatives in regenerative medicine. Abundant growth factors and cytokines stored in platelet granules can be naturally released by thrombin activation and clotting or artificially by freeze/thaw-mediated platelet lysis, sonication or chemical treatment. Human platelet lysate prepared by the various release strategies has been established as a suitable alternative to fetal bovine serum as culture medium supplement, enabling efficient propagation of human cells under animal serum-free conditions for a multiplicity of applications in advanced somatic cell therapy and tissue engineering. The rapidly increasing number of studies using platelet derived products for inducing human cell proliferation and differentiation has also uncovered a considerable variability of human platelet lysate preparations which limits comparability of results. The main variations discussed herein encompass aspects of donor selection, preparation of the starting material, the possibility for pooling in plasma or additive solution, the implementation of pathogen inactivation and consideration of ABO blood groups, all of which can influence applicability. This review outlines the current knowledge about human platelet lysate as a powerful additive for human cell propagation and highlights its role as a prevailing supplement for human cell culture capable to replace animal serum in a growing spectrum of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Experimental & Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mickey B C Koh
- Blood Services Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore; Department for Hematology, St George's Hospital and Medical School, London, UK
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Oliveira PH, da Silva CL, Cabral JM. Concise Review: Genomic Instability in Human Stem Cells: Current Status and Future Challenges. Stem Cells 2014; 32:2824-32. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. Oliveira
- Institut Pasteur; Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Département Génomes et Génétique; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR3525 Paris France
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
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Sánchez-Guijo F, Caballero-Velázquez T, López-Villar O, Redondo A, Parody R, Martínez C, Olavarría E, Andreu E, Prósper F, Díez-Campelo M, Regidor C, Villaron E, López-Corral L, Caballero D, Cañizo MCD, Pérez-Simon JA. Sequential Third-Party Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for Refractory Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 20:1580-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Atashi F, Jaconi MEE, Pittet-Cuénod B, Modarressi A. Autologous platelet-rich plasma: a biological supplement to enhance adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell expansion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:253-62. [PMID: 25025830 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently the use of non-autologous cell culture media (e.g., animal-derived or allogeneic serum) for clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is criticized by regulatory agencies. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is proposed as a safer alternative medium supplement for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSC) culture. To study its efficiency on cell proliferation, AT-MSCs were cultured for 10 days in media supplemented with different concentrations of autologous non-activated PRP (nPRP) or thrombin-activated PRP (tPRP) (1-60%). AT-MSC proliferation, cell phenotype, multipotency capacity, and chromosome stability were assessed and compared to AT-MSCs expanded in a classical medium supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Culture media supplemented with nPRP showed dose-dependent higher AT-MSC proliferation than did FBS or tPRP. Twenty percent nPRP was the most effective concentration to promote cell proliferation. This condition increased 13.9 times greater AT-MSC number in comparison to culture with FBS, without changing the AT-MSC phenotype, differentiation capacity, and chromosome status. We concluded that 20% autologous nPRP is a safe, efficient, and cost-effective supplement for AT-MSC expansion. It should be considered as an alternative to FBS or other nonautologous blood derivatives. It could serve as a potent substitute for the validation of future clinical protocols as it respects good manufacturing practices and regulatory agencies' standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Atashi
- 1 Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG) , Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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Betancourt AM. New Cell-Based Therapy Paradigm: Induction of Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Pro-Inflammatory MSC1 and Anti-inflammatory MSC2 Phenotypes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:163-97. [PMID: 22869086 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies (CBTs) are quickly taking hold as a revolutionary new approach to treat many human diseases. Among the cells used in these treatments, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, also often and imprecisely termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), are widely used because they are considered clinically safe, unique in their immune-modulating capabilities, easily obtained from adult tissues, and quickly expanded as well as stored. However, despite these established advantages, there are limiting factors to employing MSCs in these therapeutic strategies. Foremost is the lack of a general consensus on a definition of these cells, marring efforts to prepare homogeneous lots and more importantly complicating their in vitro and in vivo investigation. Furthermore, although one of the most profound clinical effects of MSC intravenous administration is the modulation of host immune responses, no adequate ex vivo assays exist to consistently predict the therapeutic effect of each MSC lot in the treated patient. Until these issues are addressed, this very promising and safe new therapeutic approach cannot be used to its full advantage. However, these confounding issues do present exciting opportunities. The first is an opportunity to discover unknown aspects of host immune responses because the unique effect driven by MSC infusion on a patient's immunity has not yet been identified. In addition, there is an opportunity to develop methods, tests, and tools to better define MSCs and MSC-based therapy and provide consistency in preparation and effect. To this end, my laboratory recently developed a new approach to induce uniform pro-inflammatory MSC1 and anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotypes from bone marrow-derived MSC preparations. I anticipate that MSC1 and MSC2 provide convenient tools with which to address some of these limitations and will help advance safe and effective CBTs for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Betancourt
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA,
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