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Datta AK, Debnath P, Chaudhuri J, Mukherjee A. Adult-onset Kawasaki disease: A great masquerader. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/3/e239746. [PMID: 33727292 PMCID: PMC7970249 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease is a necrotising small-to-medium vessel vasculitis affecting children between age groups of 6 months and 5 years. Following the first description in Japanese infants, it has been recognised as the single most common cause of non-infectious vasculitis in children worldwide. Presentation in adult age groups, although described, is rare. Herein, we report a case about a 19-year-old female Indian patient diagnosed with Kawasaki disease and managed with antiplatelets and intravenous immunoglobulin, without further sequalae. We aim to highlight the importance of recognising this entity in adult age groups in day-to-day clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kusum Datta
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Partha Debnath
- Internal Medicine, RG Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Jasodhara Chaudhuri
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Adreesh Mukherjee
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Kawasaki disease and immunodeficiencies in children: case reports and literature review. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1829-1838. [PMID: 31312887 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) has features that appear supporting an infectious cause with a secondary deranged inflammatory/autoimmune response. The association of KD in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and the presence of KD in patients with immunodeficiency disorders support the infectious theory. We present four KD patients associated with immunodeficiencies: one with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, one with HIV infection, and two with leukemia; one of these patients also had Down syndrome. We did a literature search to find out all reported cases of immunodeficiency with KD in children. In immunodeficiency disorders, the inability of the immune system to eradicate the pathogens coupled to an exaggerated inflammatory response, especially in chronic granulomatous disease, may lead to the development of KD. The study of patients with immunodeficiencies complicated with KD may shed light into the etiopathogenesis of the disease.
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Saini V, Otero D, Gnoni M, Cates D, Ramirez J. Kawasaki-like disease (KLD) in an adult with congenital HIV infection. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hivar.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Fraison JB, Sève P, Dauphin C, Mahr A, Gomard-Mennesson E, Varron L, Pugnet G, Landron C, Roblot P, Oziol E, Chalhoub G, Galempoix JM, Humbert S, Humbert P, Sbidian E, Grange F, Bayrou O, Cathebras P, Morlat P, Epaulard O, Pavese P, Huong DLT, Zoulim A, Stankovic K, Bachelez H, Smail A, Bachmeyer C, Granel B, Serratrice J, Brinchault G, Mekinian A, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Bourgarit-Durand A, Puéchal X, Guillevin L, Piram M, Koné-Paut I, Fain O. Kawasaki disease in adults: Observations in France and literature review. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 15:242-9. [PMID: 26631821 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kawasaki disease (KD) is a vasculitis that mostly occurs in young children and rarely in adults. We analyzed the characteristics of adult-onset KD (AKD) in France. METHODS We collected retrospective and prospective data for patients with a diagnosis of KD occurring after the age of 18 years. Cases were obtained via various French medical networks and identified from the international literature. RESULTS We included 43 patients of AKD at 26 institution from 1992 to 2015, with mean (SD) age 30 (11) years (range 18-68) and sex ratio (M/F) 1.2; 34 patients met the American Heart Association criteria and 9 were incomplete AKD. The median time to diagnosis was 13 days (interquartile range 8-21). The main symptoms were fever (100%), exanthema (98%), changes in the extremities (91%), conjunctivitis (77%), oral cavity changes (89%), cervical adenitis (55%) and cardiac abnormalities (45%). Overall, 35% of patients showed large-vessel vasculitis: coronary vasculitis (26%) and coronary aneurysm (19%). Treatment was mostly intravenous immunoglobulins (79%) and aspirin (81%). Four patients showed myocardial infarction due to coronary vasculitis, but none were treated with IVIg because of late diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 5 months (range 1-117), persistent aneurysm was noted in 9% of cases. Damage was significantly lower with early treatment than late or no treatment (p=0.01). CONCLUSION Given the high frequency of cardiac involvement and complications in this series of AKD, diagnosis and treatment should not be delayed, and early IVIg treatment seems to improve the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Fraison
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Saint Louis, AP HP, Université Diderot, France.
| | - Pascal Sève
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Claire Dauphin
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alfred Mahr
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Saint Louis, AP HP, Université Diderot, France
| | | | - Loig Varron
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier de Montélimar, France
| | - Gregory Pugnet
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Landron
- Service de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - Pascal Roblot
- Service de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - Eric Oziol
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier de Béziers, France
| | - Gihane Chalhoub
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier de Metz-Thionville, France
| | - Jean-Marc Galempoix
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier de Charleville-Mézières, France
| | - Sébastien Humbert
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Humbert
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, INSERM UMR1098, SFR FED 4234 IBCT, Besançon, France
| | - Emilie Sbidian
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP HP, Université Paris Est, France
| | - Florent Grange
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, France
| | - Olivier Bayrou
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Tenon, AP HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Pascal Cathebras
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de St Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Morlat
- Service de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Epaulard
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Pavese
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, France
| | - Du Le Thi Huong
- Service de Médecine Interne 2, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpétrière, AP HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Abdelkader Zoulim
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, France
| | - Katia Stankovic
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Tenon, AP HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Hervé Bachelez
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, AP HP, Université Diderot, France
| | - Amar Smail
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, France
| | - C Bachmeyer
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier de Creil, France
| | | | | | | | - Arsène Mekinian
- Service de Médecine Interne, DHUi2B, Hôpital Saint Antoine, AP HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de Référence Maladies Systémiques et Autoimmunes Rares, AP HP, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Anne Bourgarit-Durand
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Jean Verdier, AP HP, Université Leonard de Vinci, France
| | - Xavier Puéchal
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de Référence Maladies Systémiques et Autoimmunes Rares, AP HP, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Loïc Guillevin
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de Référence Maladies Systémiques et Autoimmunes Rares, AP HP, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Maryam Piram
- Service de Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires de l'enfant, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP HP, Université Paris Sud, France
| | - Isabelle Koné-Paut
- Service de Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires de l'enfant, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP HP, Université Paris Sud, France
| | - Olivier Fain
- Service de Médecine Interne, DHUi2B, Hôpital Saint Antoine, AP HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
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Three linked vasculopathic processes characterize Kawasaki disease: a light and transmission electron microscopic study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38998. [PMID: 22723916 PMCID: PMC3377625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease is recognized as the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in the developed world. Clinical, epidemiologic, and pathologic evidence supports an infectious agent, likely entering through the lung. Pathologic studies proposing an acute coronary arteritis followed by healing fail to account for the complex vasculopathy and clinical course. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Specimens from 32 autopsies, 8 cardiac transplants, and an excised coronary aneurysm were studied by light (n=41) and transmission electron microscopy (n=7). Three characteristic vasculopathic processes were identified in coronary (CA) and non-coronary arteries: acute self-limited necrotizing arteritis (NA), subacute/chronic (SA/C) vasculitis, and luminal myofibroblastic proliferation (LMP). NA is a synchronous neutrophilic process of the endothelium, beginning and ending within the first two weeks of fever onset, and progressively destroying the wall into the adventitia causing saccular aneurysms, which can thrombose or rupture. SA/C vasculitis is an asynchronous process that can commence within the first two weeks onward, starting in the adventitia/perivascular tissue and variably inflaming/damaging the wall during progression to the lumen. Besides fusiform and saccular aneurysms that can thrombose, SA/C vasculitis likely causes the transition of medial and adventitial smooth muscle cells (SMC) into classic myofibroblasts, which combined with their matrix products and inflammation create progressive stenosing luminal lesions (SA/C-LMP). Remote LMP apparently results from circulating factors. Veins, pulmonary arteries, and aorta can develop subclinical SA/C vasculitis and SA/C-LMP, but not NA. The earliest death (day 10) had both CA SA/C vasculitis and SA/C-LMP, and an "eosinophilic-type" myocarditis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE NA is the only self-limiting process of the three, is responsible for the earliest morbidity/mortality, and is consistent with acute viral infection. SA/C vasculitis can begin as early as NA, but can occur/persist for months to years; LMP causes progressive arterial stenosis and thrombosis and is composed of unique SMC-derived pathologic myofibroblasts.
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Sève P, Lega JC. [Kawasaki disease in adult patients]. Rev Med Interne 2011; 32:17-25. [PMID: 20537446 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multisystemic vasculitis affecting mainly the skin, mucosa, and lymph nodes. Coronary artery aneurysms occur in 25% of patients but their prevalence is reduced to 4% in those patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) within 10 days of illness onset. Interesting data recently published relate to physiopathology and diagnosis of the disease. Investigations identified an antigen-driven IgA oligoclonal response directed against cytoplasmic inclusions in KD tissues. An algorithm using laboratory tests and echocardiography has been recently proposed to improve early detection of incomplete KD. Although KD predominantly affects children, it may be also of interest for adult physicians. First, patients may develop long-term cardiovascular event. Coronary artery aneurysms may lead to the development of coronary stenosis or thrombosis. Despite the absence of coronary lesions during the acute phase of the disease, patients may present morphological and functional sequelae of coronary and peripheral arteries at convalescent phase. These potential arterial sequelae require long-term follow-up and treatment of associated cardiovascular risk factors. Although the level of injury seems to be correlated with the severity of initial coronary lesions, long-term course of vascular injuries is poorly known. Second, KD may occur in adults with 91 cases reported in the literature. Twenty-one cases have been reported in HIV infected patients. Intravenous immunoglobulins appear to shorten the disease course. Recent studies highlight the existence of incomplete KD and symptomatic coronary aneurysms in adults. Overall, these data suggest that adult patients with biological or echocardiographic features suggestive of incomplete KD should receive prompt IVIg to prevent coronary artery sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sève
- Service de médecine interne, hospices civils de Lyon, Hôtel-Dieu, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Lyon cedex 02, France.
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Gomard-Mennesson E, Landron C, Dauphin C, Epaulard O, Petit C, Green L, Roblot P, Lusson JR, Broussolle C, Sève P. Kawasaki disease in adults: report of 10 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2010; 89:149-158. [PMID: 20453601 DOI: 10.1097/md.0b013e3181df193c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute multisystemic vasculitis occurring predominantly in children and rarely in adults. Diagnosis is made clinically using diagnostic guidelines; no specific test is available. "Incomplete" KD is a more recent concept, which refers to patients with fever lasting > or =5 days and 2 or 3 clinical criteria (rash, conjunctivitis, oral mucosal changes, changes of extremities, adenopathy), without reasonable explanation for the illness. To describe the clinical and laboratory features of classical (or "complete") KD, and incomplete KD in adults, we report 10 cases of adult KD, including 6 patients who fulfilled the criteria for incomplete KD, diagnosed either at presentation (n = 4) or retrospectively (n = 2). At the time of clinical presentation, complete KD was diagnosed in 4 patients, while 4 patients fulfilled the criteria for incomplete KD. For 3 of the 4 patients with incomplete KD, presence of severe inflammation, laboratory findings (hypoalbuminemia, anemia, elevation of alanine aminotransferase, thrombocytosis after 7 days, white blood cell count > or =15,000/mm, and urine > or =10 white blood cell/high power field), or echocardiogram findings were consistent with the diagnosis. In 2 patients, the diagnosis of KD was made retrospectively in the presence of myocardial infarction due to coronary aneurysms, after an undiagnosed medical history evocative of incomplete KD. Seven patients received intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), after a mean delay of 12.5 days, which appeared to shorten the course of the disease. This relatively large series of adult KD highlights the existence of incomplete KD in adults and suggests that the algorithm proposed by a multidisciplinary committee of experts to diagnose incomplete KD in children could be useful in adults. Further studies are needed to determinate whether prompt IVIG may avoid artery sequelae in adult patients with complete or incomplete KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Gomard-Mennesson
- From Department of Internal Medicine (EGM, CP, LG, CB, PS) Hôtel-Dieu, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon; Department of Internal Medicine (CL, PR), Hôpital Jean Bernard, Poitiers; Department of Cardiology (CD, JRL), Hôpital Gabriel-Montpied, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; and Department of Infectious Diseases (OE), University Hospital, Grenoble, France
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Stankovic K, Miailhes P, Bessis D, Ferry T, Broussolle C, Sève P. Kawasaki-like syndromes in HIV-infected adults. J Infect 2007; 55:488-94. [PMID: 17953991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki-like syndrome (KLS) is rare in adults; one third of these patients are infected by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Our study reports cases of KLS occurring in HIV-positive adults and reviews the literature to compare their characteristics with HIV-negative adults and children with Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS Report of cases and review of the literature. RESULTS Amongst 20 cases reviewed, including 4 who were managed at our institution, KLS was associated with severe immunosuppression and a high HIV viral load. There was frequent co-infection by hepatitis viruses. Desquamation and liver abnormalities were more frequent in HIV-negative adults whereas headaches and gastrointestinal disorders more common in HIV-positive adults. Intravenous immunoglobulin was effective therapy. Relapse was more frequent among HIV-positive patients. No cardiovascular complications or deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS Advanced immunosuppression due to HIV may predispose to KLS. The differential diagnosis that must be considered includes drug hypersensitivity reactions and staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stankovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôtel-Dieu, and University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.
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Sève P, Stankovic K, Smail A, Durand DV, Marchand G, Broussolle C. Adult Kawasaki disease: report of two cases and literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005; 34:785-92. [PMID: 15942913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe 2 cases of adult Kawasaki Disease (KD) and to review the medical literature to better define the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, histopathological, cardiovascular, and therapeutic aspects of adult KD compared with pediatric KD. METHODS Report of 2 cases, and review of the literature using a Medline search from 1967 to June 2003. RESULTS Including our 2 cases, there are 57 reports of adult KD, 74% among patients aged 18 to 30 years. Nine cases of KD associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were described, suggesting that an immunocompromised state may predispose to this syndrome. The incidence of specific diagnostic criteria was roughly similar in adults and in children. However, cheilitis, meningitis, and thrombocytosis were observed in a larger percentage of children, while arthralgia, adenopathy, and liver function abnormality were more common in adults. Although adult KD often was diagnosed after the acute phase, when a significant beneficial effect from gammaglobulin infusion could not be expected, this treatment did appear to shorten the course of the disease. Coronary aneurysms were less frequent in adults than in children. Prognosis was more favorable in adults, with less cardiovascular complications and no deaths. CONCLUSIONS Adult KD is a rare condition, which may go unrecognized. Other known disease processes with similar clinical presentations such as hypersensitivity drug reaction and toxic shock syndrome must be ruled out. For adult KD, exclusion criteria such as absence of hypotension, visceral impairment, staphylococcal infection, and any drug able to induce a drug hypersensitivity reaction are suggestive of the diagnosis, in the presence of the inclusion criteria, rash, conjunctival effusion, oropharynx changes, extremity changes, or adenopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Sève
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE Review of the literature on adult Kawasaki disease. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS Kawasaki disease is an acute multisystemic vasculitis affecting predominantly young children. Several studies have suggested that Kawasaki disease is mediated by bacterial superantigens. The diagnosis is established on clinical criteria since no specific laboratory test yet exists for this disorder. The severity of Kawasaki disease relates to the possible occurrence of coronary aneurysms in 20% of childhood cases. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins before day 10 is recommended to prevent aneurysm formation. The occurrence of Kawasaki disease is unusual in adults and 52 cases only have been reported in adult patients. Seventy-one per cent of cases occur between 18 and 30 years. The incidence of specific clinical features is quite similar between adults and children. However meningitis and thrombocytosis are more common in children than in adults, while conversely both arthralgias and liver function abnormalities are more common among adults. Coronary aneurysms are less common in the adults with Kawasaki disease. Other diseases with similar clinical presentation such as drug hypersensitivity reaction and the toxic shock syndrome must be ruled out. Kawasaki disease is often diagnosed after the acute phase at the step of desquamation, when it is too late to expect any beneficial effect from immunoglobulins. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS Diagnostic criteria of Kawasaki disease have not been validated in an adult population. Criteria of exclusion are necessary to eliminate toxic shock syndrome and drug hypersensitivity syndrome. An international retrospective study to collect data on epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory, and cardiovascular features of adult Kawasaki disease is necessary to validate specific diagnostic criteria and to improve the knowledge on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sève
- Service de médecine interne, Hôtel-Dieu, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 69288 Lyon cedex 02, France.
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Johnson RM, Barbarini G, Barbaro G. Kawasaki-like syndromes and other vasculitic syndromes in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2003; 17 Suppl 1:S77-82. [PMID: 12870534 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200304001-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Excluding drug-related hypersensitivity reactions, vasculitic syndromes are not common in HIV-positive patients. Review of the existing literature suggests that HIV positive patients may be predisposed to polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyarteritis, Kawasaki-like syndromes, acute occlusion syndromes, primary angiitis of the central nervous system and erythema elevatum diutinum. With the exception of erythema elevatum diutinum, these vasculitic syndromes have significant morbidities and mortality if they are not treated. It is therefore important to make these diagnoses and to initiate appropriate therapy in a timely fashion. Because fevers, malaise, weakness, rashes, headaches and neurologic symptoms are common in HIV-positive patients, it is probable that some cases of vasculitis go undiagnosed. In this report, we review vasculitic syndromes seen in HIV-positive patients. We also re-examine a previously published case of a young HIV-positive male who died of an acute myocardial infarction without atherosclerotic disease. Immunohistopathology of the affected arteries suggests that he died of a Kawasaki-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Rozin L, Koehler SA, Shakir A, Ladham S, Wecht CH. Kawasaki disease: a review of pathologic features of stage IV disease and two cases of sudden death among asymptotic young adults. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2003; 24:45-50. [PMID: 12604998 DOI: 10.1097/01.paf.0000051518.85512.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) primarily affects infants and is rarely fatal in young adults. The sequelae of KD can result in death months to years after the exposure to the causative agent. Such deaths are defined as Stage IV KD, which is characterized by the formation of multiple aneurysms in the coronary arteries, calcification and recanalization of the obstructed portions of the coronary arteries, and myocardial infarction and ischemia. A 10-year retrospective review of sudden deaths in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, identified two fatal cases of Stage IV KD involving young adults. These two young adults were healthy and completely asymptomatic; they had no identifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease before the fatal event. One adult was involved in vigorous exercise, and the other was recumbent in bed at the time of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Rozin
- Allegheny County Coroner's Office, 542 Fourth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Kogulan P, Mbualungu E, Villanueva E, Coe MD, Lucey DR. Kawasaki Syndrome in an Adult: Case Report and Review of the Literature in Adolescents and Adults. J Clin Rheumatol 2001; 7:194-8. [PMID: 17039129 DOI: 10.1097/00124743-200106000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki syndrome in adults is very rare, with fewer than 50 cases reported in the English-language literature. We describe the case of a physician with Kawasaki syndrome and summarize the clinical features and treatment of 11 patients in the literature since the last review in 1994. Our patient presented with high fever, conjunctivitis, and arthralgias, then developed progressive toxicity with oral lesions, cervical adenopathy, and desquamation of the fingers and toes. No exanthematous rash or coronary artery aneurysms were found. Recovery was rapid after therapy with aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). The diagnosis of Kawasaki syndrome depends on clinical criteria and the exclusion of other diseases. This diagnosis can be challenging to make in an adult, particularly when it presents without all typical features. Kawasaki syndrome must be considered nonetheless in an adult with unexplained fever of more than 5 days duration, because early diagnosis and combination therapy with aspirin and IVIg can prevent the life-threatening complication of coronary artery aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kogulan
- Infectious Disease Service, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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14
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Johnson RM, Little JR, Storch GA. Kawasaki-like syndromes associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:1628-34. [PMID: 11340536 DOI: 10.1086/320523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2000] [Revised: 11/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile vasculitic syndrome of early childhood. It is very rarely seen in adults. Among the adult patients with Kawasaki disease who have been described, a disproportionate number are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This suggests that the immunocompromised state may predispose individuals to this syndrome. We report our experience with 2 HIV-positive patients who presented with Kawasaki-like syndromes and review the published literature on HIV-positive patients with similar syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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