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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are bone marrow-derived large granular lymphocytes defined by CD3negCD56pos and represent 5% to 25% of peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction of the healthy humans. NK cells have a highly specific and sophisticated target cell recognition receptor system arbitrated by the integration of signals triggered by a multitude of inhibitory and activating receptors. Human NK cells express distinct families of receptors, including (1) killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, (2) killer cell lectin-like receptors, (3) leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors, and (4) natural cytotoxicity receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajalingam
- Department of Surgery, Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 150, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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2
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Leaton LA, Shortt J, Kichula KM, Tao S, Nemat-Gorgani N, Mentzer AJ, Oppenheimer SJ, Deng Z, Hollenbach JA, Gignoux CR, Guethlein LA, Parham P, Carrington M, Norman PJ. Conservation, Extensive Heterozygosity, and Convergence of Signaling Potential All Indicate a Critical Role for KIR3DL3 in Higher Primates. Front Immunol 2019; 10:24. [PMID: 30745901 PMCID: PMC6360152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell functions are modulated by polymorphic killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). Among 13 human KIR genes, which vary by presence and copy number, KIR3DL3 is ubiquitously present in every individual across diverse populations. No ligand or function is known for KIR3DL3, but limited knowledge of expression suggests involvement in reproduction, likely during placentation. With 157 human alleles, KIR3DL3 is also highly polymorphic and we show heterozygosity exceeds that of HLA-B in many populations. The external domains of catarrhine primate KIR3DL3 evolved as a conserved lineage distinct from other KIR. Accordingly, and in contrast to other KIR, we show the focus of natural selection does not correspond exclusively to known ligand binding sites. Instead, a strong signal for diversifying selection occurs in the D1 Ig domain at a site involved in receptor aggregation, which we show is polymorphic in humans worldwide, suggesting differential ability for receptor aggregation. Meanwhile in the cytoplasmic tail, the first of two inhibitory tyrosine motifs (ITIM) is conserved, whereas independent genomic events have mutated the second ITIM of KIR3DL3 alleles in all great apes. Together, these findings suggest that KIR3DL3 binds a conserved ligand, and a function requiring both receptor aggregation and inhibitory signal attenuation. In this model KIR3DL3 resembles other NK cell inhibitory receptors having only one ITIM, which interact with bivalent downstream signaling proteins through dimerization. Due to the extensive conservation across species, selection, and other unusual properties, we consider elucidating the ligand and function of KIR3DL3 to be a pressing question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Leaton
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan Shortt
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katherine M Kichula
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sudan Tao
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, and Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Oppenheimer
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihui Deng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jill A Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher R Gignoux
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States.,Ragon Institute of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul J Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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3
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Nguyen S, Achour A, Souchet L, Vigouroux S, Chevallier P, Furst S, Sirvent A, Bay JO, Socié G, Ceballos P, Huynh A, Cornillon J, Francois S, Legrand F, Yakoub-Agha I, Michel G, Maillard N, Margueritte G, Maury S, Uzunov M, Bulabois CE, Michallet M, Clement L, Dauriac C, Bilger K, Lejeune J, Béziat V, Rocha V, Rio B, Chevret S, Vieillard V. Clinical impact of NK-cell reconstitution after reduced intensity conditioned unrelated cord blood transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: analysis of a prospective phase II multicenter trial on behalf of the Société Française de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse et Thérapie Cellulaire and Eurocord. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017. [PMID: 28650455 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2017.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT) after a reduced intensity conditioning regimen (RIC) has extended the use of UCB in elderly patients and those with co-morbidities without an HLA-identical donor, although post-transplant relapse remains a concern in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. HLA incompatibilities between donor and recipient might enhance the alloreactivity of natural killer (NK) cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). We studied the reconstitution of NK cells and KIR-L mismatch in 54 patients who underwent a RIC-UCBT for AML in CR in a prospective phase II clinical trial. After RIC-UCBT, NK cells displayed phenotypic features of both activation and immaturity. Restoration of their polyfunctional capacities depended on the timing of their acquisition of phenotypic markers of maturity. The incidence of treatment-related mortality (TRM) was correlated with low CD16 expression (P=0.043) and high HLA-DR expression (P=0.0008), whereas overall survival was associated with increased frequency of NK-cell degranulation (P=0.001). These features reflect a general impairment of the NK licensing process in HLA-mismatched HSCT and may aid the development of future strategies for selecting optimal UCB units and enhancing immune recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nguyen
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - A Achour
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - L Souchet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - S Vigouroux
- CHU de Bordeaux Hôpital du Haut-Lévèque, Service d'hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, Pessac, France
| | - P Chevallier
- CHU de Nantes, Hematology Department, Nantes, France
| | - S Furst
- Institut Paoli Calmettes, Service de greffe de moelle, Marseille, France
| | - A Sirvent
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J-O Bay
- CHU Estaing Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Socié
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service d'Hématologie et de Transplantation, Paris, France
| | | | - A Huynh
- CHU de Toulouse, Hématologie Clinique, Toulouse, France
| | - J Cornillon
- Institut de Cancérologie de la Loire, Service d'Hématologie, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | | | - F Legrand
- CHU de Nice, Service d'Hématologie, Nice, France
| | | | - G Michel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Timone Enfants Hospital and Research Unit EA 3279 Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - S Maury
- Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service d'Hématologie, Créteil, France
| | - M Uzunov
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | | | | | - L Clement
- University Hospital de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - K Bilger
- CHRU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Lejeune
- Department de Bioinformatique et Statistique Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - V Béziat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - V Rocha
- Eurocord Office, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - B Rio
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - S Chevret
- Department de Bioinformatique et Statistique Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - V Vieillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
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4
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Vierra-Green C, Roe D, Hou L, Hurley CK, Rajalingam R, Reed E, Lebedeva T, Yu N, Stewart M, Noreen H, Hollenbach JA, Guethlein LA, Wang T, Spellman S, Maiers M. Allele-level haplotype frequencies and pairwise linkage disequilibrium for 14 KIR loci in 506 European-American individuals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47491. [PMID: 23139747 PMCID: PMC3489906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune responses of natural killer cells are regulated, in part, by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). The 16 closely-related genes in the KIR gene system have been diversified by gene duplication and unequal crossing over, thereby generating haplotypes with variation in gene copy number. Allelic variation also contributes to diversity within the complex. In this study, we estimated allele-level haplotype frequencies and pairwise linkage disequilibrium statistics for 14 KIR loci. The typing utilized multiple methodologies by four laboratories to provide at least 2x coverage for each allele. The computational methods generated maximum-likelihood estimates of allele-level haplotypes. Our results indicate the most extensive allele diversity was observed for the KIR framework genes and for the genes localized to the telomeric region of the KIR A haplotype. Particular alleles of the stimulatory loci appear to be nearly fixed on specific, common haplotypes while many of the less frequent alleles of the inhibitory loci appeared on multiple haplotypes, some with common haplotype structures. Haplotype structures cA01 and/or tA01 predominate in this cohort, as has been observed in most populations worldwide. Linkage disequilibrium is high within the centromeric and telomeric haplotype regions but not between them and is particularly strong between centromeric gene pairs KIR2DL5∼KIR2DS3S5 and KIR2DS3S5∼KIR2DL1, and telomeric KIR3DL1∼KIR2DS4. Although 93% of the individuals have unique pairs of full-length allelic haplotypes, large genomic blocks sharing specific sets of alleles are seen in the most frequent haplotypes. These high-resolution, high-quality haplotypes extend our basic knowledge of the KIR gene system and may be used to support clinical studies beyond single gene analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Vierra-Green
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David Roe
- National Marrow Donor Program, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lihua Hou
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Carolyn Katovich Hurley
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elaine Reed
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Lebedeva
- American Red Cross, HLA Laboratory, Dedham, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Neng Yu
- American Red Cross, HLA Laboratory, Dedham, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Mary Stewart
- University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Harriet Noreen
- University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- National Marrow Donor Program, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | | | - Tao Wang
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stephen Spellman
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Martin Maiers
- National Marrow Donor Program, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are more than simple killers and have been implicated in control and clearance of malignant and virally infected cells, regulation of adaptive immune responses, rejection of bone marrow transplants, and autoimmunity and the maintenance of pregnancy. Human NK cells largely use a family of germ-line encoded killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) to respond to the perturbations from self-HLA class I molecules present on infected, malignant, or HLA-disparate fetal or allogenic transplants. Genes encoding KIR receptors and HLA class I ligands are located on different chromosomes, and both feature extraordinary diversity in the number and type of genes. The independent segregation of KIR and HLA gene families produce diversity in the number and type of KIR-HLA gene combinations inherited in individuals, which may determine their immunity and susceptibility to diseases. This chapter provides an overview of NK cells and their unprecedented phenotypic and functional diversity within and between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajalingam
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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Conserved KIR allele-level haplotypes are altered by microvariation in individuals with European ancestry. Genes Immun 2011; 13:47-58. [PMID: 21796155 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NK cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) haplotype-specific DNA fragments were sequenced to identify centromeric and telomeric allele-level haplotype structures and their frequencies from 76 unrelated individuals with European ancestry. Analysis was simplified by redefining the 5' boundary of the centromeric KIR gene cluster to include only exons 7-9 of KIR3DL3. Three consensus allele-level haplotypes were identified for a centromeric gene presence/absence structure designated as Cen-A1. KIR3DL3*00201 (exons 7-9)∼KIR2DL3*001∼KIR2DL1*00302 was the most frequent (37.5%) centromeric structure. Single consensus haplotypes were observed for haplotype structures Cen-B1 and Cen-B2. Six Tel-A1 and two Tel-B1 consensus haplotypes were observed; the most prevalent (23.0%) was KIR2DL4*00102∼KIR3DL1*002∼KIR2DS4*00101∼KIR3DL2*002. A small number of nucleotide substitutions (≤3) in the coding regions of the functional KIR genes created microvariants of the consensus haplotypes. Eight less common haplotype structures were also detected. Four carried hybrid genes formed during gene deletion events, two carried an insertion with a 2DL5/3DP1 fusion gene and two included a very large insertion. These data show that the KIR gene complex is composed of a limited number of conserved allele-level centromeric and telomeric haplotypes that have diversified by mutation, recombination within a locus and unequal crossing over.
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7
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The characteristics of allelic polymorphism in killer-immunoglobulin-like receptor framework genes in African Americans. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:549-59. [PMID: 21607693 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The frequencies of alleles of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes, KIR3DL3 and KIR3DL2, and the carrier frequency of KIR2DL4 alleles have been determined from a population of African Americans (n = 100) by DNA sequencing of the coding regions. Fifty alleles of KIR3DL3 were observed with the most frequent, KIR3DL3*00901 (13%). KIR3DL2 was also diverse; 32 alleles with KIR3DL2*00103 the most frequent (17%). For KIR2DL4, of the 18 alleles observed, one allele, KIR2DL4*00103, was found in 64 of the 100 individuals. Thirty-six novel alleles encoding a total of 28 unique receptors are described. Pairwise comparisons among all of the alleles at each locus suggest a predominance of synonymous substitutions. The variation at all three framework loci fits a neutral model of evolution.
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Donor selection for natural killer cell receptor genes leads to superior survival after unrelated transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2010; 116:2411-9. [PMID: 20581313 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-283051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes form a diverse, immunogenetic system. Group A and B KIR haplotypes have distinctive centromeric (Cen) and telomeric (Tel) gene-content motifs. Aiming to develop a donor selection strategy to improve transplant outcome, we compared the contribution of these motifs to the clinical benefit conferred by B haplotype donors. We KIR genotyped donors from 1409 unrelated transplants for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML; n = 1086) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n = 323). Donor KIR genotype influenced transplantation outcome for AML but not ALL. Compared with A haplotype motifs, centromeric and telomeric B motifs both contributed to relapse protection and improved survival, but Cen-B homozygosity had the strongest independent effect. With Cen-B/B homozygous donors the cumulative incidence of relapse was 15.4% compared with 36.5% for Cen-A/A donors (relative risk of relapse 0.34; 95% confidence interval 0.2-0.57; P < .001). Overall, significantly reduced relapse was achieved with donors having 2 or more B gene-content motifs (relative risk 0.64; 95% confidence interval 0.48-0.86; P = .003) for both HLA-matched and mismatched transplants. KIR genotyping of several best HLA-matched potential unrelated donors should substantially increase the frequency of transplants by using grafts with favorable KIR gene content. Adopting this practice could result in superior disease-free survival for patients with AML.
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Abi-Rached L, Kuhl H, Roos C, ten Hallers B, Zhu B, Carbone L, de Jong PJ, Mootnick AR, Knaust F, Reinhardt R, Parham P, Walter L. A small, variable, and irregular killer cell Ig-like receptor locus accompanies the absence of MHC-C and MHC-G in gibbons. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1379-91. [PMID: 20026738 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) of NK cells recognize MHC class I ligands and function in placental reproduction and immune defense against pathogens. During the evolution of monkeys, great apes, and humans, an ancestral KIR3DL gene expanded to become a diverse and rapidly evolving gene family of four KIR lineages. Characterizing the KIR locus are three framework regions, defining two intervals of variable gene content. By analysis of four KIR haplotypes from two species of gibbon, we find that the smaller apes do not conform to these rules. Although diverse and irregular in structure, the gibbon haplotypes are unusually small, containing only two to five functional genes. Comparison with the predicted ancestral hominoid KIR haplotype indicates that modern gibbon KIR haplotypes were formed by a series of deletion events, which created new hybrid genes as well as eliminating ancestral genes. Of the three framework regions, only KIR3DL3 (lineage V), defining the 5' end of the KIR locus, is present and intact on all gibbon KIR haplotypes. KIR2DL4 (lineage I) defining the central framework region has been a major target for elimination or inactivation, correlating with the absence of its putative ligand, MHC-G, in gibbons. Similarly, the MHC-C-driven expansion of lineage III KIR genes in great apes has not occurred in gibbons because they lack MHC-C. Our results indicate that the selective forces shaping the size and organization of the gibbon KIR locus differed from those acting upon the KIR of other hominoid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Abi-Rached
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Abstract
Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) control the immune response of NK cells and some T cells to infections and tumors. KIR genes evolve rapidly and are variable between individuals in their number, type and sequence. Here, we determined the nature of KIR2DL5 gene polymorphism in four ethnic groups using direct DNA sequencing method. Nine new sequences were discovered. Within the panel of 248 KIR2DL5-positive individuals, 14 KIR2DL5-sequences differing in coding regions were observed. They differed at only seven amino acid positions, and such limited polymorphism is consistent with its conserved nature throughout the hominoid lineage. Ethnic deviation was seen in the distribution of KIR2DL5A, KIR2DL5B and their alleles. African Americans had more KIR2DL5 alleles than other populations indicating that more polymorphisms are yet to be discovered in Africans. Linkage between KIR2DL5-alleles and certain activating-KIR genes were observed, but frequency of these linked clusters differed substantially between populations. Consequently, KIR2DL5 alleles can be used as markers to predict the activating-KIR gene content. Typing system distinguishing A*001 and B*002 alleles can serve as a powerful screening test to assess the content of most variable activating-KIR genes that have been implicated in human disease and in the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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11
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Promoter variants of KIR2DL5 add to diversity and may impact gene expression. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:287-94. [PMID: 18461314 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA encompassing the putative proximal promoter and the coding region was used to identify KIR2DL5 alleles from 77 unrelated Caucasian individuals. PCR and sequencing were used to link each new allele to its neighboring KIR locus to identify 2DL5A or 2DL5B loci. Allele 2DL5A*001 was found in 24 of the 37 2DL5 positive individuals; 2DL5B*0020101 and 2DL5A*0050101 were also observed. Two new alleles, 2DL5B*008 and 2DL5B*009, contained substitutions altering the amino acid sequence of the leader and transmembrane region, respectively. Two other novel alleles, 2DL5B*0020102 and 2DL5A*0050102, contained alterations of the 5' upstream region, bringing the number of unique promoter sequences to six. Promoter activity of the alleles was compared using luciferase reporter assays. Our results support those recently published, in which the promoter of 2DL5B*0020101 was shown to be more active in vitro compared to 2DL5A*001, and also provide additional information about the transcriptional activity of the promoters of the newly characterized alleles related to two altered transcription factor binding sites.
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