Affinity chromatography of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. A comparative study of the enzymes from yeast and sturgeon muscle

Specific purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by hydrophobic chromatography on immobilized colchicine

Hydrophobic column chromatography of bovine brain extracts (40-80% ammonium sulfate fraction) on immobilized colchicine resulted in the selective elution of one major protein with decreasing ionic strength of medium. This protein was identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; EC 1.2.1.1) on the basis of its biochemical properties, N-terminal amino-acid sequence and enzymatic activity. The present method enabled GAPDH to be isolated with a high recovery (80%; 184 mg/kg brain) and could be of potential use for the purification of GAPDH from various tissues.

Interaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with the cytoplasmic pole of band 3 from bovine erythrocyte membrane: the mode of association and identification of the binding site of band 3 polypeptide

Four fragments derived from the cytoplasmic pole of bovine band 3 were isolated, and their ability to bind glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from bovine erythrocyte and their amino-terminal primary structure were examined. It was suggested that the 50-kDa fragment, an entire cytoplasmic pole of band 3, contained the blocked amino-terminal end of band 3. Three other fragments, 45-, 39-, and 38-kDa fragments, were produced by cleavage at distances of molecular weight 5000, 11,000, and 12,000 respectively, from the amino-terminus of the 50-kDa fragment. Among these, the 50- and 45-kDa fragments complexed with the enzyme to inhibit its catalytic activity under conditions of low ionic strength, in a fashion similar to that in humans. Affinity for the enzyme was not significantly affected by disruption of the higher order structure of the fragments. The enzyme was found to be inactivated by association with synthetic polyanions, accompanied by conformational alteration. This supports participation of electrostatic interactions as the holding force between the enzyme and band 3, as suggested by I-H. Tsai et al. [1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 1438-1442). The 45-kDa fragment was just as potent an inhibitor of the enzyme as the parent fragment, and its amino-terminal region displayed a polyanionic character. These results allow us to map the enzyme binding site of bovine band 3 to a distance of molecular weight approximately 5000 from the amino-terminal end of band 3. Furthermore, comparison of sequence data from different species showed that the species-specific region of band 3 polypeptide centers around the amino-terminal portion.

Isolation and properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from a sturgeon from the Caspian Sea and its interaction with spin-labeled NAD+ derivatives

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12) was isolated from a sturgeon, Huso huso, from the Caspian Sea. It is closely related to the enzyme from a Pacific sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, with respect to amino acid composition, steady-state kinetics and coenzyme binding. The latter, as studied by means of a spin-labeled derivative of NAD+, is negatively cooperative exhibiting a Hill coefficient of 0.84 at 12 degrees C. Two derivatives of NAD+ spin-labeled at N6 or C8 of the adenine ring were found to be active coenzymes with maximum velocities reaching 35 or 45% of the value for NAD+ itself. When more than two equivalents of either spin-labeled NAD+ are bound to the enzyme spin-spin interactions are observed in the ESR spectra. Distances between the nitroxide radicals (8--9 A) calculated from the observed splittings are in excellent agreement with data predicted from the crystal structure of the lobster enzyme when the coenzyme is bound in an anti-conformation of the adenine moiety about the glycosidic bond to all four subunits.

Affinity chromatography of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Systematic studies with immobilized tryptophanol phosphate

Inhibition studies and affinity chromatography indicate that derivatives of tryptophanol phosphate are suitable ligands for the affinity chromatography of tryptophan synthase. A phenyl group on the spacer arm strengthens the interaction of immobilized tryptophanol phosphate with the enzyme. The alpha 2 beta 2 complex specifically requires the presence of 0.3--0.5 M phosphate ions for binding. The alpha subunit binds in dilute Tris buffer, but its binding is also enhanced by the presence of phosphate ions. The beta 2 subunit binds unspecifically but strongly to the affinity material and to a variety of other immobilized hydrophobic ligands. Binding studies with suspensions of affinity material show that the alpha subunit interacts rapidly and reversibly. Indoleglycerol phosphate and indolepropanol phosphate release bound alpha 2 beta 2 complex and alpha subunit in a competitive manner, indicating that the interaction occurs biospecifically, i.e. via the active site of alpha subunit. L-Serine is a non-competitive inhibitor of binding. These results are discussed with regard to the composite-active-site hypothesis [T. E. Creighton (1970) Eur. J. Biochem, 13, 1--10]. Both the alpha subunit and the alpha 2 beta 2 complex of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli can be obtained with high yields and in homogenous form by absorption to the affinity material from partially purified preparations. Elution is achieved with linear gradients either of indolepropanol phosphate or of indoleglycerol phosphate or, in the case of the complex, of L-serine. At the low concentrations of the complex found in crude extracts of wild-type E. coli cells, the unexpectedly high affinity of the beta 2 subunit for hydrophobic ligands leads to partial dissociation of the complex.

Use of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-depleted human erythrocyte ghosts as specific high affinity adsorbents for the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from various tissues

Human erythrocyte ghosts depleted of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are used as specific high-affinity adsorbents for the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from mouse muscle, liver, kidney and brain. On incubation with the crude tissue homogenates, the depleted ghosts bind glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, and a few other proteins. Washing the incubated ghosts several times with 5 mM phosphate buffer(pH 8.0) removed several of the non specifically bound proteins. Aldolase can be eliminated from the membrane by incubating the ghosts for 30 min in 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0)/2mM fructose 1,6-biphosphate, and then washing with the same solution. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase can then be specifically eluted from the ghosts by incubating them with 2 mM NADH in 5mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Although the enzyme from brain appears to bind less strongly to the ghosts it was possible, using this procedure, to purify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from all the tissues investigated. The purified enzyme exhibits high specific activity and migrates as a single band (during SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) which corresponds to a protomer molecular weight of 37 000.