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Properties, Physiological Functions and Involvement of Basidiomycetous Alcohol Oxidase in Wood Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213808. [PMID: 36430286 PMCID: PMC9699415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research efforts have been devoted to describing yeast alcohol oxidase (AO) and its promoter region, which is vastly applied in studies of heterologous gene expression. However, little is known about basidiomycetous AO and its physiological role in wood degradation. This review describes several alcohol oxidases from both white and brown rot fungi, highlighting their physicochemical and kinetic properties. Moreover, the review presents a detailed analysis of available AO-encoding gene promoter regions in basidiomycetous fungi with a discussion of the manipulations of culture conditions in relation to the modification of alcohol oxidase gene expression and changes in enzyme production. The analysis of reactions catalyzed by lignin-modifying enzymes (LME) and certain lignin auxiliary enzymes (LDA) elucidated the possible involvement of alcohol oxidase in the degradation of derivatives of this polymer. Combined data on lignin degradation pathways suggest that basidiomycetous AO is important in secondary reactions during lignin decomposition by wood degrading fungi. With numerous alcoholic substrates, the enzyme is probably engaged in a variety of catalytic reactions leading to the detoxification of compounds produced in lignin degradation processes and their utilization as a carbon source by fungal mycelium.
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2
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Venkatesagowda B, Dekker RFH. Microbial demethylation of lignin: Evidence of enzymes participating in the removal of methyl/methoxyl groups. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 147:109780. [PMID: 33992403 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural plant aromatic biopolymer containing various functional groups that can be exploited for activating lignin for potential commercial applications. Applications are hindered due to the presence of a high content of methyl/methoxyl groups that affects reactiveness. Various chemical and enzymatic approaches have been investigated to increase the functionality in transforming lignin. Among these is demethylation/demethoxylation, which increases the potential numbers of vicinal hydroxyl groups for applications as phenol-formaldehyde resins. Although the chemical route to lignin demethylation is well-studied, the biological route is still poorly explored. Bacteria and fungi have the ability to demethylate lignin and lignin-related compounds. Considering that appropriate microorganisms possess the biochemical machinery to demethylate lignin by cleaving O-methyl groups liberating methanol, and modify lignin by increasing the vicinal diol content that allows lignin to substitute for phenol in organic polymer syntheses. Certain bacteria through the actions of specific O-demethylases can modify various lignin-related compounds generating vicinal diols and liberating methanol or formaldehyde as end-products. The enzymes include: cytochrome P450-aryl-O-demethylase, monooxygenase, veratrate 3-O-demethylase, DDVA O-demethylase (LigX; lignin-related biphenyl 5,5'-dehydrodivanillate (DDVA)), vanillate O-demethylase, syringate O-demethylase, and tetrahydrofolate-dependent-O-demethylase. Although, the fungal counterparts have not been investigated in depth as in bacteria, O-demethylases, nevertheless, have been reported in demethylating various lignin substrates providing evidence of a fungal enzyme system. Few fungi appear to have the ability to secrete O-demethylases. The fungi can mediate lignin demethylation enzymatically (laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, O-demethylase), or non-enzymatically in brown-rot fungi through the Fenton reaction. This review discusses details on the aspects of microbial (bacterial and fungal) demethylation of lignins and lignin-model compounds and provides evidence of enzymes identified as specific O-demethylases involved in demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Venkatesagowda
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada; Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Câmpus Londrina, CEP: 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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3
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Nguyen QT, Romero E, Dijkman WP, de Vasconcellos SP, Binda C, Mattevi A, Fraaije MW. Structure-Based Engineering of Phanerochaete chrysosporium Alcohol Oxidase for Enhanced Oxidative Power toward Glycerol. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6209-6218. [PMID: 30272958 PMCID: PMC6210165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Glycerol
is a major byproduct of biodiesel production, and enzymes
that oxidize this compound have been long sought after. The recently
described alcohol oxidase from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcAOX) was reported to feature
very mild activity on glycerol. Here, we describe the comprehensive
structural and biochemical characterization of this enzyme. PcAOX
was expressed in Escherichia coli in high yields
and displayed high thermostability. Steady-state kinetics revealed
that PcAOX is highly active toward methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol
(kcat = 18, 19, and 11 s–1, respectively), but showed very limited activity toward glycerol
(kobs = 0.2 s–1 at 2
M substrate). The crystal structure of the homo-octameric PcAOX was
determined at a resolution of 2.6 Å. The catalytic center is
a remarkable solvent-inaccessible cavity located at the re side of the flavin cofactor. Its small size explains the observed
preference for methanol and ethanol as best substrates. These findings
led us to design several cavity-enlarging mutants with significantly
improved activity toward glycerol. Among them, the F101S variant had
a high kcat value of 3 s–1, retaining a high degree of thermostability. The crystal structure
of F101S PcAOX was solved, confirming the site of mutation and the
larger substrate-binding pocket. Our data demonstrate that PcAOX is
a very promising enzyme for glycerol biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc-Thai Nguyen
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia , Piazza della Vittoria 15 , 27100 Pavia , Italy.,Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1 , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam
| | - Elvira Romero
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Willem P Dijkman
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Pantaroto de Vasconcellos
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Science , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Diadema , SP 09913-030 , Brazil
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Via Ferrata 1 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Via Ferrata 1 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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4
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Penketh PG, Shyam K, Baumann RP, Zhu R, Ishiguro K, Sartorelli AC, Ratner ES. When alcohol is the answer: Trapping, identifying and quantifying simple alkylating species in aqueous environments. Anal Biochem 2016; 508:34-7. [PMID: 27188264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating agents are a significant class of environmental carcinogens as well as commonly used anticancer therapeutics. Traditional alkylating activity assays have utilized the colorimetric reagent 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (4NBP). However, 4NBP based assays have a relatively low sensitivity towards harder, more oxophilic alkylating species and are not well suited for the identification of the trapped alkyl moiety due to adduct instability. Herein we describe a method using water as the trapping agent which permits the trapping of simple alkylating electrophiles with a comparatively wide range of softness/hardness and permits the identification of donated simple alkyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Penketh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
| | - Krishnamurthy Shyam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Raymond P Baumann
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Kimiko Ishiguro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Alan C Sartorelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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5
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Arrocha AA, Cano-Castillo U, Aguila SA, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Enzyme orientation for direct electron transfer in an enzymatic fuel cell with alcohol oxidase and laccase electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:569-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gvozdev AR, Tukhvatullin IA, Gvozdev RI. Purification and properties of alcohol oxidase from Pichia putida. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:242-8. [PMID: 20367612 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791002015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (AO) was extracted from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia putida and purified using various methods. AO purified by crystallization was homogeneous based on analytical centrifugation with subsequent gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight of the enzyme was around 600 kDa. SDS-PAGE revealed a single protein band (74 +/- 4 kDa), and 8-9 bands of native protein with similar specific AO activities and substrate specificities were identified by PAGE without SDS. Electron microscopy of a single molecule revealed eight subunits located on the top of a regular tetragon with dotted symmetry of 422 D4 providing evidence that AO consists of eight subunits. Apparently, each molecule of AO has two types of subunits with very similar molecular weights and differing from each other by the number of acidic and basic amino acid residues. Each subunit includes one molecule of FAD and 2-3 cysteine residues. The pH optimum was within 8.5-9.0. Specific activity of the enzyme varied from 10 to 50 micromol methanol/min per mg protein from batch to batch depending on separation methods and had linear relationship with protein concentration. The AO was quickly inactivated at 20 degrees C and seemed to be stable in phosphate-citrate buffer with 30-50% (w/v) of sucrose. Different forms of 0.1-1 mm crystals of the enzyme were obtained. However the crystals did not yield X-ray reflections, apparently as a result of their molecular microheterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gvozdev
- Biosensor AN Ltd., Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia.
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7
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Kumar AK, Goswami P. Dissociation and Reconstitution Studies of a Broad Substrate Specific Multimeric Alcohol Oxidase Protein Produced by Aspergillus terreus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 145:259-65. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Kumar AK, Goswami P. Purification and properties of a novel broad substrate specific alcohol oxidase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 6324. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1552-9. [PMID: 18639656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An alcohol oxidase was isolated from the microsome of n-hexadecane grown Aspergillus terreus and purified by ion exchange chromatography. The oxidase was found to act on short chain-, long chain-, secondary-, and aromatic-alcohol substrates with highest affinity for n-heptanol (K(M)=0.498 mM, K(cat)=2.7x10(2) s(-1)). The native protein molecular mass was 269+/-5 kDa and the subunit molecular masses were 85-, 63-, 43-, 27-, and 13-kDa. The isoelectric point of the proteins was within 8.3-8.5. High aggregating property of the protein was demonstrated by AFM, DLS and TEM analyses. Chemical analysis showed the presence of oleic acid and palmitic acid at a ratio of 2:1 in the purified protein. This lipoidic nature of the protein particles was correlated to the high aggregating property. In this flavoenzyme, flavin was non-covalently but avidly associated. Peptide mass fingerprinting studies showed the presence of two FAD binding domains in 63 kDa protein. Among these two FAD binding domain sequences only the YPVIDHEYDAVVVGAGGAGLR peptide shows 45-50% sequence homology with the reported N-terminal sequences of other known alcohol oxidases. Non-redundant database search of 63- and 43-kDa subunits peptide sequences showed no sequence similarity with the other alcohol oxidase protein reported till now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adepu Kiran Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
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Purification and characterization of alcohol oxidase from Paecilomyces variotii isolated as a formaldehyde-resistant fungus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 77:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Daniel G, Volc J, Filonova L, Plíhal O, Kubátová E, Halada P. Characteristics of Gloeophyllum trabeum alcohol oxidase, an extracellular source of H2O2 in brown rot decay of wood. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6241-53. [PMID: 17660304 PMCID: PMC2075019 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00977-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel alcohol oxidase (AOX) has been purified from mycelial pellets of the wood-degrading basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum and characterized as a homooctameric nonglycosylated protein with native and subunit molecular masses of 628 and 72.4 kDa, containing noncovalently bonded flavin adenine dinucleotide. The isolated AOX cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1,953 bp translating into a polypeptide of 651 amino acids displaying 51 to 53% identity with other published fungal AOX amino acid sequences. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of short-chain primary aliphatic alcohols with a preference for methanol (K(m) = 2.3 mM, k(cat) = 15.6 s(-1)). Using polyclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence staining, AOX was localized on liquid culture hyphae and extracellular slime in sections from degraded wood and on cotton fibers. Transmission electron microscopy immunogold labeling localized the enzyme in the hyphal periplasmic space and wall and on extracellular tripartite membranes and slime, while there was no labeling of hyphal peroxisomes. AOX was further shown to be associated with membranous or slime structures secreted by hyphae in wood fiber lumina and within the secondary cell walls of degraded wood fibers. The differences in AOX targeting compared to the known yeast peroxisomal localization were traced to a unique C-terminal sequence of the G. trabeum oxidase, which is apparently responsible for the protein's different translocation. The extracellular distribution and the enzyme's abundance and preference for methanol, potentially available from the demethylation of lignin, all point to a possible role for AOX as a major source of H(2)O(2), a component of Fenton's reagent implicated in the generally accepted mechanisms for brown rot through the production of highly destructive hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Daniel
- Department of Forest Products/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7008, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ito T, Fujimura S, Uchino M, Tanaka N, Matsufuji Y, Miyaji T, Takano K, Nakagawa T, Tomizuka N. Distribution, diversity and regulation of alcohol oxidase isozymes, and phylogenetic relationships of methylotrophic yeasts. Yeast 2007; 24:523-32. [PMID: 17476699 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we attempted to classify the methylotrophic yeasts based on diversities of alcohol oxidase (AOD), i.e. zymogram patterns and partial amino acid sequences. According to zymogram patterns for AOD, members of the methylotrophic yeasts separate into two major lineages, one group involving strains having a single AOD and the other group, including Pichia methanolica, Candida pignaliae and C. sonorensis, showing nine AOD isozymes. Based on partial amino acid sequences of AOD, the methylotrophic yeasts could be divided into five groups, and this classification agrees mostly with grouping based on 26S domain D1/D2 rDNA nucleotide sequences, except for some strains. Moreover, the strains having AOD isozymes constitute one group with P. trehalophila, P. glucozyma and Pichia sp. strain BZ159, although these strains are divided into two types, based on amino acid sequences of second AODs. On the other hand, these AOD isozymes consist of two subunits; the first subunits are induced not only by methanol but also by glycerol and pectin, although the second subunits are mainly induced by methanol. These data indicate that AOD isozymes and second AOD genes distribute widely in several methylotrophic yeasts in the natural environment, and second AOD genes may have evolved as methylotrophic genes that can adapt to the environmental conditions of higher methanol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ito
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan
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Shleev SV, Shumakovich GP, Nikitina OV, Morozova OV, Pavlishko HM, Gayda GZ, Gonchar MV. Purification and characterization of alcohol oxidase from a genetically constructed over-producing strain of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:245-50. [PMID: 16545060 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (AOX) has been purified 8-fold from a genetically constructed over-producing strain of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha C-105 (gcr1 catX) with impaired glucose-induced catabolite repression and completely devoid of catalase. The final enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and HPLC. Some physicochemical and biochemical properties of AOX were studied in detail: molecular weight (approximately 620 kD), isoelectric point (pI 6.1), and UV-VIS, circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectra. The content of different secondary structure motifs of the enzyme has been calculated from the CD spectra using a computer program. It was found that the native protein contains about 50% alpha-helix, 25% beta-sheet, and about 20% random structures. The kinetic parameters for different substrates, such as methanol, ethanol, and formaldehyde, were measured using a Clark oxygen electrode. The rate of enzymatic oxidation of formaldehyde by alcohol oxidase from H. polymorpha is only twice lower compared to the best substrate of the enzyme, methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shleev
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
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Rakov D, Doronina N, Trotsenko Y, Alieva R. Pathways of methylacetate metabolism in methylotrophic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Ko HS, Yokoyama Y, Ohno N, Okadome M, Amachi S, Shinoyama H, Fujii T. Purification and characterization of intracellular and extracellular, thermostable and alkali-tolerant alcohol oxidases produced by a thermophilic fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus NBRC 31693. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:348-53. [PMID: 16233800 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular and extracellular alcohol oxidases (AO int and AO ext) were purified from the liquid and solid cultures of a thermophilic fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus NBRC 31693, as electrophoretically and isoelectrophoretically homogeneous proteins, respectively. Both enzymes contained a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and were stained with Schiff's reagent. The molecular weight of AO int was estimated to be about 320 kDa and its subunit was 75 kDa. The molecular weight of AO ext was about 560 kDa, and it was composed of two types of subunits (75 kDa and 59 kDa). The pIs of AO int and AO ext were 5.88 and 6.08, respectively. AO int and AO ext were stable up to 60 degrees C and 55 degrees C, respectively. The enzymes were stable over a wide range of pH from 6 to 11. AO int oxidized short straight-chain alcohols (K(m) for methanol, 13.5 mM and K(m) for ethanol, 15.8 mM). On the other hand, AO ext could oxidize secondary alcohols and aromatic alcohols (veratryl alcohol and benzyl alcohol) in addition to straight-chain alcohols (K(m) for methanol, 0.5 mM and K(m) for ethanol, 10.2 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sun Ko
- Department of Bioresources Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- G Knör
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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Segers G, Bradshaw N, Archer D, Blissett K, Oliver RP. Alcohol oxidase is a novel pathogenicity factor for Cladosporium fulvum, but aldehyde dehydrogenase is dispensable. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2001; 14:367-77. [PMID: 11277434 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cladosporiumfulvum is a mitosporic ascomycete pathogen of tomato. A study of fungal genes expressed during carbon starvation in vitro identified several genes that were up regulated during growth in planta. These included genes predicted to encode acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh1) and alcohol oxidase (Aox1). An Aldh1 deletion mutant was constructed. This mutant lacked all detectable ALDH activity, had lost the ability to grow with ethanol as a carbon source, but was unaffected in pathogenicity. Aox1 expression was induced by carbon starvation and during the later stages of infection. The alcohol oxidase enzyme activity has broadly similar properties (Km values, substrate specificity, pH, and heat stability) to yeast enzymes. Antibodies raised to Hansenula polymorpha alcohol oxidase (AOX) detected antigens in Western blots of starved C. fulvum mycelium and infected plant material. Antigen reacting with the antibodies was localized to organelles resembling peroxisomes in starved mycelium and infected plants. Disruption mutants of Aox1 lacked detectable AOX activity and had markedly reduced pathogenicity as assayed by two different measures of fungal growth. These results identify alcohol oxidase as a novel pathogenicity factor and are discussed in relation to peroxisomal metabolism of fungal pathogens during growth in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Segers
- Department of Physiology, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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Nakagawa T, Uchimura T, Komagata K. Isozymes of methanol oxidase in a methanol-utilizing yeast, Pichia methanolica IAM 12901. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)81469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Kellogg RM, Kruizinga W, Bystrykh LV, Dijkhuizen L, Harder W. Structural analysis of a stereochemical modification of flavin adenine dinucleotide in alcohol oxidase from methylotrophic yeasts. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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20
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Barthel T, Jonas R, Sahm H. NADP+-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from Zymomonas mobilis. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00277548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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22
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Pyruvate decarboxylase from Zymomonas mobilis. Isolation and partial characterization. Arch Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00402334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Geissler J, Ghisla S, Kroneck PM. Flavin-dependent alcohol oxidase from yeast. Studies on the catalytic mechanism and inactivation during turnover. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 160:93-100. [PMID: 3533534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic course of the reaction of methanol and deutero-methanol with FAD-dependent alcohol oxidase was investigated under single-turnover conditions [kred approximately equal to 15000 min-1 (1H3COH) and approximately equal to 4300 min-1 (2H3COH)] and multiple-turnover conditions [TNmax approximately equal to 6000 min-1 (1H3COH) and approximately equal to 3100 min-1 (2H3COH)]. A kinetic scheme for the overall catalytic mechanism is proposed, which is characterized by (1) formation of a Michaelis complex between enzyme and substrate, (2) the reductive step involving partly rate-limiting scission of the substrate C-H bond, (3) reaction of the complex of reduced enzyme and aldehyde with dioxygen, and (4) a significant contribution of the dissociation rate of product from its complex with reoxidized enzyme to the overall rate. Prolonged turnover of various alcohols, including methanol, results in progressive inactivation of the enzyme by two processes. In the absence of catalase the inactivation rate increases with time due to accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, which is a potent inactivator (Kd approximately equal to 1.6 mM; kinact approximately equal to 0.55 min-1). In the presence of catalase inactivation during turnover is much slower, the process showing pseudo-first-order kinetics (Kinact approximately equal to 0.6 mM; kinact approximately equal to 0.005 min-1 with methanol). The ratio kcat/kinact varies with different alcohols but is always greater than 10(5). Propargyl alcohol and methylenecyclopropyl alcohol cannot be considered as suicide substrates, as compared to analogous substrates of other flavin oxidases.
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Sprey B. Localisation of β-glucosidase in Trichoderma reeseicell walls with immunoelectron microscopy. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Green J, Haywood GW, Large PJ. Serological differences between the multiple amine oxidases of yeasts and comparison of the specificities of the purified enzymes from Candida utilis and Pichia pastoris. Biochem J 1983; 211:481-93. [PMID: 6409096 PMCID: PMC1154382 DOI: 10.1042/bj2110481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. Antiserum to purified methylamine oxidase of Candida boidinii formed precipitin lines (with spurs) in double-diffusion tests with crude extracts of methylamine-grown cells of the following yeast species: Candida nagoyaensis, Candida nemodendra, Hansenula minuta, Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pinus. No cross-reaction was observed with extracts of Candida lipolytica, Candida steatolytica, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Pichia pastoris, Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens, Sporopachydermia cereana or Trigonopsis variabilis. Quantitative enzyme assays enabled the relative titre of antiserum against the various methylamine oxidases to be determined. 2. The amine oxidases from two non-cross-reacting species, C. utilis and P. pastoris, were purified to near homogeneity. 3. The methylamine oxidases, despite their serological non-similarity, showed very similar catalytic properties to methylamine oxidase from C. boidinii. Their heat-stability, pH optima, molecular weights, substrate specificities and sensitivity to inhibitors are reported. 4. The benzylamine oxidases of C. utilis and P. pastoris both oxidized putrescine, and the latter enzyme failed to show any cross-reaction with antibody to C. boidinii methylamine oxidase. Benzylamine oxidase from C. boidinii itself also did not cross-react with antibody to methylamine oxidase. The heat-stability, molecular weights, substrate specificities and sensitivity to inhibitors of the benzylamine/putrescine oxidases are reported. 5. The benzylamine/putrescine oxidase of C. utilis differed only slightly from that of C. boidinii. 6. Benzylamine/putrescine oxidase from P. pastoris differed from the Candida enzymes in heat-stability, subunit molecular weight and substrate specificity. In particular it catalysed the oxidation of the primary amino groups of spermine, spermidine, lysine, ornithine and 1,2-diaminoethane, which are not substrates for either of the Candida benzylamine oxidases that have been purified. 7. Spermine and spermidine were oxidized at both primary amino groups; in the case of spermidine this is a different specificity from that of plasma amine oxidase. 8. Under appropriate conditions, P. pastoris benzylamine/putrescine oxidase (which is very easy to purify) can be a useful analytical tool in measuring polyamines.
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Veenhuis M, Van Dijken JP, Harder W. The significance of peroxisomes in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds in yeasts. Adv Microb Physiol 1983; 24:1-82. [PMID: 6364725 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Patel RN, Hou CT, Laskin AI, Derelanko P. Microbial oxidation of methanol: properties of crystallized alcohol oxidase from a yeast, Pichia sp. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 210:481-8. [PMID: 7030206 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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