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Hauer-Jákli M, Tränkner M. Critical Leaf Magnesium Thresholds and the Impact of Magnesium on Plant Growth and Photo-Oxidative Defense: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis From 70 Years of Research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:766. [PMID: 31275333 PMCID: PMC6592071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency in plants is a widespread problem affecting productivity and quality in agricultural systems and forestry. Although numerous studies addressed the effect of Mg deficiency on biomass and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, a summary evaluation of the effect of Mg supply on plant growth and photosynthesis is so far missing. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to collect and combine all relevant scientifically published data on the relationship between Mg nutrition and parameters that can be related to plant growth such as root and shoot biomass, harvestable yield, net CO2 assimilation and antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, this data pool was used to calculate critical Mg leaf concentrations for biomass and net CO2 assimilation for various plant species. Summarizing all studies included in our analysis, adequate Mg supply enhances net CO2 assimilation by 140%, leading to a biomass increase of 61% compared to Mg deficient control plants. Biomass partitioning between shoot and root is not only sensitive to Mg nutrition, but highly affected by the experimental cultivation technique. If plants are grown under adequate Mg supply during initial growth stages before exposing them to Mg deficiency, the shoot-root ratio was not affected. Otherwise, the shoot-root ratio significantly decreased in contrast to Mg deficient control plants. Concentration of reactive oxygen species decreased under adequate Mg supply by 31% compared to Mg deficient plants, resulting in decreased activities of most antioxidant enzymes and metabolites under adequate Mg supply. We combined all published data relating leaf Mg concentrations to growth and found a critical leaf Mg range for dry weight between 0.1 and 0.2% which was valid for numerous crop species such as wheat, potato, rice, maize, sorghum and barley. Critical leaf Mg concentrations for net CO2 assimilation were higher than for biomass for most species, e.g., potato, rice, citrus, and cotton. In conclusion, our evaluation can be used to identify Mg nutritional status in plants and may help to optimize fertilization strategies. It quantifies the demand of Mg for various crop and tree species for maintaining important physiological processes such as net CO2 assimilation that is required for optimal plant growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hauer-Jákli
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Applied Plant Nutrition, Georg-August University Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Merle Tränkner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Applied Plant Nutrition, Georg-August University Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Farhat N, Smaoui A, Maurousset L, Porcheron B, Lemoine R, Abdelly C, Rabhi M. Sulla carnosa modulates root invertase activity in response to the inhibition of long-distance sucrose transport under magnesium deficiency. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:1031-1037. [PMID: 27488230 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-016-2165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Being the principal product of photosynthesis, sucrose is involved in many metabolic processes in plants. As magnesium (Mg) is phloem mobile, an inverse relationship between Mg shortage and sugar accumulation in leaves is often observed. Mg deficiency effects on carbohydrate contents and invertase activities were determined in Sulla carnosa Desf. Plants were grown hydroponically at different Mg concentrations (0.00, 0.01, 0.05 and 1.50 mM Mg) for one month. Mineral analysis showed that Mg contents were drastically diminished in shoots and roots mainly at 0.01 and 0.00 mM Mg. This decline was adversely associated with a significant increase of sucrose, fructose and mainly glucose in shoots of plants exposed to severe deficiency. By contrast, sugar contents were severely reduced in roots of these plants indicating an alteration of carbohydrate partitioning between shoots and roots of Mg-deficient plants. Cell wall invertase activity was highly enhanced in roots of Mg-deficient plants, while the vacuolar invertase activity was reduced at 0.00 mM Mg. This decrease of vacuolar invertase activity may indicate the sensibility of roots to Mg starvation resulting from sucrose transport inhibition. 14 CO2 labeling experiments were in accordance with these findings showing an inhibition of sucrose transport from source leaves to sink tissues (roots) under Mg depletion. The obtained results confirm previous findings about Mg involvement in photosynthate loading into phloem and add new insights into mechanisms evolved by S. carnosa to cope with Mg shortage in particular the increase of the activity of cell wall invertase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Farhat
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - A Smaoui
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - L Maurousset
- UMR7267 - EBI - Equipe SEVE, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - B Porcheron
- UMR7267 - EBI - Equipe SEVE, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - R Lemoine
- UMR7267 - EBI - Equipe SEVE, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - C Abdelly
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - M Rabhi
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- University of Hafr Al Batin, College of Science and Arts in Nairiyah, Nairiyah, Saudi Arabia
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Guo W, Cong Y, Hussain N, Wang Y, Liu Z, Jiang L, Liang Z, Chen K. The remodeling of seedling development in response to long-term magnesium toxicity and regulation by ABA-DELLA signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1713-26. [PMID: 25074907 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available about signaling response to magnesium toxicity (MgT) in plants. This study presents the first evidence that abscisic acid (ABA) and DELLA proteins participate in signaling response to long-term MgT in Arabidopsis thaliana (Landsberg erecta). Morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of a wild-type and two Arabidopsis mutants, ABA-insensitive mutant abi1-1 and constitutive elevated GA response mutant quadruple-DELLA (DELLA-Q: gai-t6 rga-t2 rgl1-1 rgl2-1) were monitored under MgT and normal magnesium conditions. Two weeks of MgT treatment strongly influenced the growth of young plants, but growth inhibition of the DELLA-Q and abi1-1 mutants was less than that of the wild-type plants. Exogenous ABA further inhibited the growth of the DELLA-Q mutants, similar to that of the wild-type. Both ABA and MgT also promoted DELLA protein RGA accumulation in the nuclei. Transcriptional analysis supported these results and revealed that a complex signaling network has responded to MgT in Arabidopsis. DELLA enhancement, which depends on ABI1, contributed to the remodeling growth and development of young seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Guo
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Campus, Hangzhou, 310018 China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuexi Cong
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zhongli Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Campus, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Kunming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 China
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Fink S. Comparative Microscopical Studies on the Patterns of Calcium Oxalate Distribution in the Needles of Various Conifer Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1991.tb00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stelze R, Holste R, Groth M, Schmidt A. X-Ray Microanalytical Studies on Mineral Concentrations in Vacuoles of Needle Tissues fromLarix decidua(L.) Mill. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1993.tb00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bose J, Babourina O, Rengel Z. Role of magnesium in alleviation of aluminium toxicity in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2251-64. [PMID: 21273333 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is pivotal for activating a large number of enzymes; hence, magnesium plays an important role in numerous physiological and biochemical processes affecting plant growth and development. Magnesium can also ameliorate aluminium phytotoxicity, but literature reports on the dynamics of magnesium homeostasis upon exposure to aluminium are rare. Herein existing knowledge on the magnesium transport mechanisms and homeostasis maintenance in plant cells is critically reviewed. Even though overexpression of magnesium transporters can alleviate aluminium toxicity in plants, the mechanisms governing such alleviation remain obscure. Possible magnesium-dependent mechanisms include (i) better carbon partitioning from shoots to roots; (ii) increased synthesis and exudation of organic acid anions; (iii) enhanced acid phosphatase activity; (iv) maintenance of proton-ATPase activity and cytoplasmic pH regulation; (v) protection against an aluminium-induced cytosolic calcium increase; and (vi) protection against reactive oxygen species. Future research should concentrate on assessing aluminium toxicity and tolerance in plants with overexpressed or antisense magnesium transporters to increase understanding of the aluminium-magnesium interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Bose
- School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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Venkatesan S, Jayaganesh S. Characterisation of Magnesium Toxicity, its Influence on Amino Acid Synthesis Pathway and Biochemical Parameters of Tea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/rjphyto.2010.67.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Metzner R, Schneider HU, Breuer U, Thorpe MR, Schurr U, Schroeder WH. Tracing cationic nutrients from xylem into stem tissue of French bean by stable isotope tracers and cryo-secondary ion mass spectrometry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1030-43. [PMID: 19965970 PMCID: PMC2815875 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.143776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluxes of mineral nutrients in the xylem are strongly influenced by interactions with the surrounding stem tissues and are probably regulated by them. Toward a mechanistic understanding of these interactions, we applied stable isotope tracers of magnesium, potassium, and calcium continuously to the transpiration stream of cut bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) shoots to study their radial exchange at the cell and tissue level with stem tissues between pith and phloem. For isotope localization, we combined sample preparation with secondary ion mass spectrometry in a completely cryogenic workflow. After 20 min of application, tracers were readily detectable to various degrees in all tissues. The xylem parenchyma near the vessels exchanged freely with the vessels, its nutrient elements reaching a steady state of strong exchange with elements in the vessels within 20 min, mainly via apoplastic pathways. A slow exchange between vessels and cambium and phloem suggested that they are separated from the xylem, parenchyma, and pith, possibly by an apoplastic barrier to diffusion for nutrients (as for carbohydrates). There was little difference in these distributions when tracers were applied directly to intact xylem via a microcapillary, suggesting that xylem tension had little effect on radial exchange of these nutrients and that their movement was mainly diffusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Metzner
- Central Division of Analytical Chemistry and Phytosphere Institute (ICG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
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Chen J, Li LG, Liu ZH, Yuan YJ, Guo LL, Mao DD, Tian LF, Chen LB, Luan S, Li DP. Magnesium transporter AtMGT9 is essential for pollen development in Arabidopsis. Cell Res 2009; 19:887-98. [PMID: 19436262 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is abundant in plant cells and plays a critical role in many physiological processes. A 10-member gene family AtMGT (also known as AtMRS2) was identified in Arabidopsis, which belongs to a eukaryote subset of the CorA superfamily, functioning as Mg(2+) transporters. Some family members (AtMGT1 and AtMGT10) function as high-affinity Mg(2+) transporter and could complement bacterial mutant or yeast mutant lacking Mg(2+) transport capability. Here we report an AtMGT family member, AtMGT9, that functions as a low-affinity Mg(2+) transporter, and is essential for pollen development. The functional complementation assay in Salmonella mutant strain MM281 showed that AtMGT9 is capable of mediating Mg(2+) uptake in the sub-millimolar range of Mg(2+). The AtMGT9 gene was expressed most strongly in mature anthers and was also detectable in vascular tissues of the leaves, and in young roots. Disruption of AtMGT9 gene expression resulted in abortion of half of the mature pollen grains in heterozygous mutant +/mgt9, and no homozygous mutant plant was obtained in the progeny of selfed +/mgt9 plants. Transgenic plants expressing AtMGT9 in these heterozygous plants can recover the pollen phenotype to the wild type. In addition, AtMGT9 RNAi transgenic plants also showed similar abortive pollen phenotype to mutant +/mgt9. Together, our results demonstrate that AtMGT9 functions as a low-affinity Mg(2+) transporter that plays a crucial role in male gametophyte development and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Yamauchi Y, Sugimoto T, Sueyoshi K, Oji Y, Tanaka K. A serine endopeptidase from cucumber leaves is inhibited by L-arginine, guanidino compounds and divalent cations. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:677-82. [PMID: 11672731 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An endopeptidase was purified and characterized from green leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. suyo). The purified enzyme, a basic amino acid-specific endopeptidase with a pI of 5.0, was a monomeric protein of 80 kDa whose pH optimum was 9.5. Inhibitor analysis suggested that it was a serine endopeptidase and contained sulfhydryl groups essential for catalytic activity. Analysis of internal amino acid sequences of the endopeptidase showed no significant similarity to other proteins. Its activity was inhibited by L-Arg and guanidino compounds having high hydrophobicity, as well as divalent cations such as Mg2+ and Ca2+. The K(i) values of L-Arg and Mg2+, which are also likely in vivo inhibitors, were 3.5 and 10 mM, respectively. Inhibition by L-Arg and Mg2+ was additive, and more than 70% of the activity was reversibly inhibited under their physiologically significant concentrations. These results suggest that the enzyme is possibly regulated by L-Arg and/or guanidino compounds, and by divalent cations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama, 680-8553, Tottori, Japan.
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Ernährungsphysiologische Reaktionen der Fichte auf unterschiedliche Schwefeldioxidbelastung im Erzgebirge und im Thüringer Wald. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02769137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aufnahme, Transport und Verbleib von Calcium und Magnesium in Fichten (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) und Kiefern (Pinus silvestris L.) bei unterschiedlicher Ernährung und Schadstoffbelastung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02742148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fink S. The micromorphological distribution of bound calcium in needles of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1991; 119:33-40. [PMID: 33874337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of bound calcium in spruce needles is visualized by various microscopical techniques. Ca pectate occurs in the middle lamellae of cell walls and in a surprisingly great concentration in the thick cell walls of the sieve cells and transfusion parenchyma. The major fraction of the calcium, however, is bound in the form of insoluble Ca oxalate crystals, which occur extracellularly on the outside of the walls of mesophyll cells which face the intercellular spaces. Furthermore, numerous small crystals appear within the cell walls of the epidermal cells, especially in the cuticular layer. The development and distribution of these apoplastic crystals is described in detail. Some hypotheses are finally presented for possible interpretations of these unusual patterns of the crystallization of Ca oxalate outside the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegried Fink
- Botanisches Institut, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-7400 Tuebingen, Germany
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