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Forster GM, Stockman J, Noyes N, Heuberger AL, Broeckling CD, Bantle CM, Ryan EP. A Comparative Study of Serum Biochemistry, Metabolome and Microbiome Parameters of Clinically Healthy, Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese Companion Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:126-135. [PMID: 30502863 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare fecal microbiome, plasma, fecal and urine metabolomes, and serum biochemistry of adult companion dogs according to body condition scores. Blood, serum/plasma, urine, and fecal samples were collected from 66 clinically healthy, adult companion dogs of either normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or obese dogs (OB). analyses included fecal microbiome analyses via 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon; sequencing, nontargeted plasma, fecal, and urine metabolomics using liquid chromatography/gas chromatography-mass; spectrometry, and serum biochemistry for each dog. Few significant differences in serum biochemistry and fecal microbiome Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) were found between weight groups and there was high OTU variation between individual dogs. NW dogs had higher relative abundance of the genus Eubacterium (log-fold change 4.3, adjusted P value = .003) and lower relative abundance of the family Bifidobacteriaceae (log-fold change -3.6, adjusted P value = .02) compared to OB dogs. The microbiome of NW dogs had higher OTU richness compared with OB dogs. Metabolome analysis showed 185 plasma, 37 fecal, and 45 urine metabolites that significantly differed between NW and OW or OB dogs. There were notable significant differences in relative abundance of several plasma phospholipid moieties and fecal volatile fatty acids between weight phenotypes. The combinations of host and gut microbiota and metabolic shifts suggest a pattern that could help detection of early metabolic changes in overweight dogs before the development of obesity related disease. The results of this study support the need for continued investigation into sensitive measures of metabolic aberrancies in overweight dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Forster
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan Stockman
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Noelle Noyes
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Departments of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Collin M Bantle
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Circulating regulatory T cells (Treg), leptin and induction of proinflammatory activity in obese Labrador Retriever dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Piantedosi D, Di Loria A, Guccione J, De Rosa A, Fabbri S, Cortese L, Carta S, Ciaramella P. Serum biochemistry profile, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and cardiovascular findings in obese dogs. Vet J 2016; 216:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Obesity is not a cosmetic or social issue; it is an animal health issue. The metabolic effects of obesity on insulin resistance and development of hyperlipidemia and the mechanical stress excess weight places on the musculoskeletal system are well established in the literature. Additional health risks from obesity, such as fatty accumulation in the liver, intestinal bacterial dysbiosis, and changes to renal architecture, are less well understood, but have been demonstrated to occur clinically in obese animals and may lead to deleterious long-term health effects. Keeping dogs and cats lean lowers their risk for development of certain diseases and leads to a longer and better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Weeth
- Weeth Nutrition Services, 25 Chester Street, Edinburgh EH3 7EN, UK; Clinical Nutrition Department, Telemedicine Services, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, 1111 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77027, USA.
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Söder J, Wernersson S, Hagman R, Karlsson I, Malmlöf K, Höglund K. Metabolic and Hormonal Response to a Feed-challenge Test in Lean and Overweight Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:574-82. [PMID: 26822126 PMCID: PMC4913616 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obese dogs risk poor life quality, creating a need for increased knowledge of metabolism in overweight dogs. Objectives Investigate postprandial metabolic and hormonal responses to a high‐fat mixed‐meal in dogs and responses of lean versus overweight dogs. Animals Twenty‐eight healthy intact male Labrador Retrievers were included. Methods Prospective observational study. Twelve dogs were grouped as lean (body condition score (BCS 4–5), 10 as slightly overweight (BCS 6), and 6 as overweight (BCS 6.5–8) on a 9‐point scale. After an overnight fast, urine and blood samples were collected. Dogs were then fed a high‐fat mixed‐meal, and blood was collected hourly for 4 hours and urine after 3 hours. Results Postprandial concentrations of insulin and glucagon were increased at 1 hour (both P < 0.0001), triglycerides at 2 hours (P < 0.0001), and glucose at 3 hours (P = 0.004); and all remained increased throughout the feed‐challenge in all dogs. Postprandial urine cortisol/creatinine ratio was higher than fasting values (P = 0.001). Comparing between groups, there was an overall higher triglyceride response in overweight compared to lean (P = 0.001) and slightly overweight (P = 0.015) dogs. Overweight dogs also had higher fasting cortisol/creatinine ratio compared to lean dogs (P = 0.024). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Postprandial responses of dogs to a high‐fat mixed‐meal were similar to those previously reported in people. The higher postprandial triglyceride response and fasting cortisol/creatinine ratio in the overweight dogs could be early signs of metabolic imbalance. Thus, although overweight dogs often appear healthy, metabolic alterations might be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Söder
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Karlsson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Malmlöf
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Höglund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Floerchinger AM, Jackson MI, Jewell DE, MacLeay JM, Paetau-Robinson I, Hahn KA. Effect of feeding a weight loss food beyond a caloric restriction period on body composition and resistance to weight gain in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.4.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Osto M, Lutz TA. Translational value of animal models of obesity-Focus on dogs and cats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:240-52. [PMID: 25814247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A prolonged imbalance between a relative increase in energy intake over a decrease in energy expenditure results in the development of obesity; extended periods of a positive energy balance eventually lead to the accumulation of abnormally high amounts of fat in adipose tissue but also in other organs. Obesity is considered a clinical state of impaired general heath in which the excessive increase in adipose tissue mass may be associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses briefly the use of animal models for the study of obesity and its comorbidities. Generally, most studies are performed with rodents, such as diet induced obesity and genetic models. Here, we focus specifically on two different species, namely dogs and cats. Obese dogs and cats show many features of human obesity. Interestingly, however, dogs and cats differ from each other in certain aspects because even though obese dogs may become insulin resistant, this does not result in the development of diabetes mellitus. In fact, diabetes in dogs is typically not associated with obesity because dogs present a type 1 diabetes-like syndrome. On the other hand, obese cats often develop diabetes mellitus which shares many features with human type 2 diabetes; feline and human diabetes are similar in respect to their pathophysiology, underlying risk factors and treatment strategies. Our review discusses genetic and endocrine factors in obesity, discusses obesity induced changes in lipid metabolism and includes some recent findings on the role of gut microbiota in obesity. Compared to research in rodent models, the array of available techniques and tools is unfortunately still rather limited in dogs and cats. Hence, even though physiological and pathophysiological phenomena are well described in dogs and cats, the underlying mechanisms are often not known and studies investigating causality specifically are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Osto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Peña C, Suarez L, Bautista-Castaño I, Juste MC, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Effects of low-fat high-fibre diet and mitratapide on body weight reduction, blood pressure and metabolic parameters in obese dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1305-8. [PMID: 24920548 PMCID: PMC4197164 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study
was to compare the impact on blood pressure and different metabolic parameters of a
weight-loss program on obese dogs fed on a low-fat high-fibre diet and treated with and
without mitratapide. The study sample consisted of 36 obese dogs, randomly assigned to a
control group (n=17), which were fed on a low-fat high-fibre diet, and an intervention
group (n=19), fed on the same diet and treated with mitratapide. Variables measured
included body condition score, body weight, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood
pressures; total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels; alanine aminotransferase
and alkaline phosphatase activity, measured both at baseline (day 0) and at the end of the
weight loss program (day 85). All the studied parameters had decreased in both groups at
the end of the study; these being diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and alanine
aminotransferase, significantly lower in dogs treated with mitratapide. The use of
mitrapide in addition to low-fat high-fibre diet does not seem to offer any further useful
effect in the loss of weight during the treatment of canine obesity. On the other hand,
mitratapide seems to present certain beneficial effects on pathologies associated with
obesity, these being mainly related to blood pressure, lipids and hepatic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Peña
- Veterinary Medicine Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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Abstract
Excess weight has been associated with many clinical and subclinical conditions that put a pet's health at risk. Successful weight management programs extend beyond standard nutritional management and incorporate an understanding of human-animal interaction. Understanding the processes and dynamics of human-animal relationships can be a useful tool for practitioners in developing successful treatment plans for their clients. Obesity is a nutritional disorder requiring lifelong management; however, when veterinarians go beyond standard treatment to include an understanding of human-animal interaction, it is also one of the few conditions in veterinary medicine that is completely preventable and curable.
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Heuberger R, Wakshlag J. The relationship of feeding patterns and obesity in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 95:98-105. [PMID: 20662965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rates of dog obesity are increasing and a greater understanding of feeding patterns is required to combat the problem. This study examined relationships between dietary patterns and caloric intake, and nutrient content of foods fed as it relates to obesity in dogs in the United States. Sixty-one owners and their dogs were enrolled, and lifestyle surveys, food frequencies, and 3-day food records were collected. Significant differences in overall kcal intake per kilogram of body weight were found (p< 0.04). Crude fibre in dog food was positively associated with protein and negatively associated with fat regardless of the dog's weight (p< 0.001). Lean dogs received significantly more crude fibre in relation to overweight dogs regardless of the number of treats they received (p< 0.01), and their diets had greater micronutrient densities (p< 0.03) suggesting that high fibre influences body condition. Additionally, owners who ate nutrient-rich, calorie-poor diets had normal weight dogs, and owners that fed more table scraps had overweight dogs. Regardless of body condition, 59% of dogs received table scraps, which constituted 21% of daily caloric intake. The nutrient density of scraps fed was variable and did not meet National Research Council's recommendations for micronutrient adequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Heuberger
- Department HEV, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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Zoran DL. Obesity in dogs and cats: a metabolic and endocrine disorder. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:221-39. [PMID: 20219485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is defined as an accumulation of excessive amounts of adipose tissue in the body, and has been called the most common nutritional disease of dogs in Western countries. Most investigators agree that at least 33% of the dogs presented to veterinary clinics are obese, and that the incidence is increasing as human obesity increases in the overall population. Obesity is not just the accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue, but is associated with important metabolic and hormonal changes in the body, which are the focus of this review. Obesity is associated with a variety of conditions, including osteoarthritis, respiratory distress, glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dystocia, decreased heat tolerance, some forms of cancer, and increased risk of anesthetic and surgical complications. Prevention and early recognition of obesity, as well as correcting obesity when it is present, are essential to appropriate health care, and increases both the quality and quantity of life for pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Zoran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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