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Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Chaiyabutr N, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Wongwaipairote T, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intramuscular administration at two dosages. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:141-146. [PMID: 31353505 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the major obstacles to the successful treatment of infectious disease in freshwater crocodile species is incorrect dosing of antibiotics. There are few reports on pharmacokinetics and dosage regimens of antimicrobial drugs in crocodiles. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ceftriaxone (CEF) in Siamese freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). Freshwater crocodiles, Crocodylus siamensis, in breeding farms were treated with a single intramuscular administration of CEF at two dosages, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at preassigned times up to 168 hr. The plasma concentrations of CEF were measured by a validated method through liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. CEF plasma concentrations were quantified up to 72 and 96 hr after low- and high-dose administration, respectively. The Cmax values of CEF were 24.61 ± 5.15 µg/ml and 26.39 ± 2.81 µg/ml at dosages of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The AUClast values increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The half-life values were not statistically different between the groups (around 20 hr). The average binding percentage of CEF to plasma protein was 53.78 ± 2.11%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break-point and the surrogate PK-PD index (T > MIC, 0.2 μg/ml), i.m. administration of CEF at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for initiating treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in freshwater crocodiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Corum DD, Corum O, Altan F, Eser Faki H, Bahcivan E, Er A, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone following single ascending intravenous doses in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mapongpeng R, Laovechprasit W, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M, Junchompoo C, Sakulthaew C, Jermnak U, Passadurak W, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) following intravenous and intramuscular administration at two dosages. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:104-110. [PMID: 30307622 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Green sea turtles are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Adult green sea turtles face many threats, primarily from humans, including injuries from boat propellers, being caught in fishing nets, pollution, poaching, and infectious diseases. To the best of our knowledge, limited pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans is available for green sea turtles. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ceftriaxone (CEF) in green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, following single intravenous and intramuscular administrations at two dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 96 hr. The plasma concentrations of CEF were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of CEF in the plasma were quantified up to 24 and 48 hr after i.v. and i.m. administrations at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The Cmax values of CEF were 15.43 ± 3.71 μg/ml and 43.48 ± 4.29 μg/ml at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg, respectively. The AUClast values increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The half-life values were 2.89 ± 0.41 hr and 5.96 ± 0.26 hr at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg b.w, respectively. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 67% and 108%, and the binding percentage of CEF to plasma protein was ranged from 20% to 29% with an average of 24.6%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break-point and PK-PD index (T > MIC, 0.2 μg/ml), i.m. administration of CEF at a dosage of 10 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for initiating treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in green sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roipim Mapongpeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Chalatip Junchompoo
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | | | - Usuma Jermnak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanida Passadurak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Potential of a polyherbal drug to prevent antimicrobial resistance in bacteria to antibiotics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10899. [PMID: 30022144 PMCID: PMC6052011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of antibacterial drugs for prolonged period in milk increases the probability of antimicrobial resistance progress. Ceftizoxime was found to be excreted in milk for a prolonged period in goats, cows and buffaloes following intravenous injection of ceftriaxone and ceftizoxime. A single dose of ceftriaxone was administered intravenously in healthy control goats (group I) and a single oral dose of the commercial mammary protective polyherbal drug (1.9 gm) was given one hour prior to intravenous ceftriaxone injection in healthy (group II) and induced mastitic (group III) goats to evaluate milk disposition of ceftizoxime following single intravenous dosing of ceftriaxone at 42.25 mg kg−1.Ceftriaxone/ceftizoxime was analyzed by HPLC. The t1/2α and t1/2β values were 14.755 ± 2.733 and 149.079 ± 18.565 hour, respectively indicating prolonged persistence of ceftizoxime in milk. The polyherbal drug increased the milk concentration at later hours and hastened the excretion of ceftizoxime from milk compared to control group. Ceftriaxone could not be detected in milk. The study suggested that adjunct single or repeated therapy of the polyherbal drug may cause non persistence of ceftriaxone and shorter persistence of ceftizoxime in milk.
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Himelfarb MA, Lorenzutti AM, Litterio NJ, Zarazaga MDP, Aguilar-Sola MS, De Lucas JJ, San Andrés MI, Rubio-Langre S. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by Monte Carlo simulation of cefquinome in llamas, following intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in serum and tissue cage fluid. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Basile RC, Rivera GG, Del Rio LA, de Bonis TCM, do Amaral GPD, Giangrecco E, Ferraz G, Yoshinari NH, Canola PA, Queiroz Neto A. Anaphylactoid reaction caused by sodium ceftriaxone in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:197. [PMID: 26265349 PMCID: PMC4534110 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme borreliosis is a disease transmitted by ticks to mammals, especially in horses and humans. Caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, it can result in lameness, arthritis, carditis, dermatitis and neurological signs. Anaphylactoid reactions are severe responses caused by direct action of substances (drugs, toxins), which can pose risks to life. Still poorly documented in horses, these reactions are caused by the effects of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, kinins and arachidonic acid metabolites. The last two are the most clinically relevant for the species. CASE PRESENTATION The simultaneous occurrence of anaphylactoid reaction in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi undergoing intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone sodium is reported. It was administered 4.7 × 10(8) spirochetes intradermal and subcutaneous applications in both horses to evaluate clinical aspects of the Lyme disease, 95 days before the application of sodium ceftriaxone. During the administration, one horse (a gelding) showed immediate and severe anaphylactoid symptoms such as urticaria, dyspnea, tachycardia, and eyelid edema, which were controlled by injecting dexamethasone. After 1 day, it expressed signs of abdominal discomfort, caused by severe bloat, which was treated surgically via celiotomy. Subsequently, this gelding had piroplasmosis and severe anemia, requiring treatment with an antimicrobial and blood transfusion. Second horse (a mare) showed signs of hypotension during the application of the antibiotic, which disappeared only when the application was interrupted. Days after the event, the mare developed moderate large colon bloat, which was treated with medication only. Subsequently the mare was evolved into the prodromal phase of laminitis in one of the forelimbs, which was treated for 10 days with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and rheology modifying drugs and cryotherapy. CONCLUSIONS From the two cases presented here, it does appear that sodium ceftriaxone can induce anaphylactoid reactions in horses infected by Borrelia burgdorferi, which may evolve into colic syndrome, laminitis and the occurrence of opportunistic infections. However, further evidence should be collected in order to draw definite conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Carvalho Basile
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Jaboticabal, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Lara Antoniassi Del Rio
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Jaboticabal, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Talissa Camargo Mantovani de Bonis
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Jaboticabal, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Paiva Domingues do Amaral
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Jaboticabal, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Edson Giangrecco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Jaboticabal, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Ferraz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Jaboticabal, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Natalino Hajime Yoshinari
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo FMUSP, Departamento de Reumatologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Antonio Queiroz Neto
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Jaboticabal, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Manfio ML, Agarrayua DA, Machado JC, Schmidt CA. A fully validated microbiological assay to evaluate the potency of ceftriaxone sodium. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceftriaxone (CFTX) sodium is a third-generation, broad-spectrum cephalosporin that is resistant to beta-lactamases. An alternative bioassay for the assessment of the potency of this drug in pharmaceutical formulations has not been previously reported. Thus, this paper reports the development and full validation of a 3 x 3 agar diffusion bioassay using a cylinder-plate method to quantify CFTX sodium in pharmaceutical samples. The strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P was used as the test microorganism, and the results of the proposed bioassay displayed high linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness. All potency results were statistically analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and were found to be linear (r=0.99999) in the range of 16-64 µg/mL, accurate (100.5%), and precise [repeatability: relative standard deviation (RSD)=1.4%; intermediate precision: between-day RSD=2.1% and between-analyst RSD=2.5%]. The specificity of the bioassay was determined by evaluating a degraded sample (50 ºC) at 0, 24 and 48 hours as compared against the results from the pharmacopeial liquid chromatography method for CFTX. The results validated the proposed microbiological assay, which allows reliable quantitation of CFTX in pharmaceutical samples. Moreover, it is a useful, simple and low-cost alternative method for monitoring the quality of this medicine.
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Sar TK, Mandal TK, Patra PH, Samanta I. Disposition of ceftriaxone in hepatopathic goats following single-intramuscular dosing. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 38:269-73. [PMID: 23553049 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatopathy sometimes may interfere with metabolism and/or elimination of drugs which undergo major hepatic clearance. Twelve healthy goats were equally divided into two groups (I and II) and hepatopathy was induced by carbontetrachloride in the second group (group II). A single dose of ceftriaxone at 50 mg/kg was administered to each group intramuscularly. Disposition of ceftriaxone in plasma of healthy goats showed a typical absorption-reabsorption phase. However, the reabsorption phase was totally absent in hepatopathic goats and the disposition of ceftriaxone showed only absorption and distribution/elimination phase. The drug persisted in plasma for 6 h in hepatopathic animals, whereas the drug can only be detected up to 2 h in healthy animals indicating longer persistence of ceftriaxone in the former group. Ceftizoxime, the active metabolite of ceftriaxone was available in urine of group I animals, whereas only ceftriaxone was detected in the urine of hepatopathic animals suggesting impairment of metabolism of the parent drug in hepatopathy. Therefore, the reabsorption and metabolism of ceftriaxone in goats should be taken into consideration for drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Sar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, 700037, Kolkata, West Bengal, India,
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Sar TK, Patra PH, Dash JR, Mandal TK. Pharmacokinetic interaction of intramammary ceftriaxone and oral polyherbal drug (Fibrosin(®)) in goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 26:191-6. [PMID: 22098637 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2011.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to determine pharmacokinetic interaction of ceftriaxone and polyherbal drug (Fibrosin(®)) in lactating goats following single dose intramammary administration of ceftriaxone with 1 h pre-single dose oral administration of Fibrosin(®). METHODS Pharmacokinetic interaction of ceftriaxone and Fibrosin(®) was evaluated in lactating goats following single dose intramammary administration of ceftriaxone at 50 mg/kg with 1 h pre-single dose oral administration of Fibrosin(®) (1.9 g). Estimation of ceftriaxone and its metabolite, ceftizoxime, was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Fibrosin(®) treated goats showed a typical absorption-reabsorption phase of ceftriaxone in plasma following intramammary administration. Neither ceftriaxone nor ceftizoxime was detected in the plasma and urine of goats without Fibrosin(®) treatment, however, ceftriaxone persisted for 36 h and ceftizoxime was present from 48 h to 72 h in the plasma of Fibrosin(®) treated goats. Ceftizoxime was also available from 72 h to 360 h post-dosing in milk in the presence of Fibrosin(®) following intramammary administration of ceftriaxone suggesting the polyherbal drug played a major role in the penetration of ceftriaxone from milk to systemic circulation. Furthermore, the polyherbal drug increased the bioavailability of ceftizoxime in milk following the metabolism of ceftriaxone. CONCLUSIONS Polyherbal drug (Fibrosin(®)) plays a major role in the penetration of ceftriaxone from milk to systemic circulation and may be responsible for increased bioavailability of its metabolite in the mammary gland resulting in higher concentration and longer persistence of the drug in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Sar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Shah J, Jan MR, Shah S, Naeem M. Spectrofluorimetric Protocol for Ceftriaxone in Commercial Formulation and Human Plasma After Condensation with Formaldehyde and Ethyl Acetoacetate. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:2155-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Goudah A. Pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftriaxone after single intravenous and intramuscular administration in camels (Camelus Dromedarius). Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:483-9. [PMID: 17765938 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the plasma disposition kinetics of ceftriaxone in female camels (n=5) following a single intravenous (i.v.) bolus or intramuscular (i.m.) injections at a dosage of 10mg kg(-1) body weight in all animals. A crossover design was carried out in two phases separated by 15 days. Jugular blood samples were collected serially for 48h and the plasma was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Following single i.v. injections the plasma concentration time curves of ceftriaxone were best fitted to a two-compartment model. The drug was rapidly distributed with half-life of distribution t(1/2alpha) of 0.24+/-0.01h and moderately eliminated with elimination rate constant and elimination half-life of 0.27+/-0.13h(-1) and 2.57+/-0.52h, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state (V(dss)) was 0.32+/-0.01lkg(-1) and the total body clearance (Cl(tot)) was 0.11+/-0.01lkg(-1)h(-1), respectively. Following i.m. administration, the mean T(max), C(max), t(1/2el) and AUC values for plasma data were 1.03+/-0.23h, 21.54+/-2.61microg ml(-1), 1.76+/-0.03h and 85.82+/-11.21microg ml(-1)h(-1), respectively. The i.m. bioavailability was 93.42+/-21.4% and the binding percentage of ceftriaxone to plasma protein was moderate, ranging from 33% to 42% with an average of 34.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goudah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza/Egypt, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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Albarellos GA, Kreil VE, Landoni MF. Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to domestic cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:345-52. [PMID: 17610408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin, were investigated in five cats after single intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration at a dosage of 25 mg/kg. Ceftriaxone MICs for some gram-negative and positive strains isolated from clinical cases were determined. Efficacy predictor (t > MIC) was calculated. Serum ceftriaxone disposition was best fitted by a bicompartmental and a monocompartmental open models with first-order elimination after intravenous and intramuscular and subcutaneous dosing, respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was fast (t1/2d 0.14 +/- 0.02 h) and moderate as reflected by the volume of distribution (V(d(ss))) of 0.57 +/- 0.22 L/kg. Furthermore, elimination was rapid with a plasma clearance of 0.37 +/- 0.13 L/h.kg and a t1/2 of 1.73 +/- 0.23 h. Peak serum concentration (Cmax), tmax and bioavailability for the intramuscular administration were 54.40 +/- 12.92 microg/mL, 0.33 +/- 0.07 h and 85.72 +/- 14.74%, respectively; and for the subcutaneous route the same parameters were 42.35 +/- 17.62 microg/mL, 1.27 +/- 0.95 h and 118.28 +/- 39.17%. Ceftriaxone MIC for gram-negative bacteria ranged from 0.0039 to >8 microg/mL and for gram-positive bacteria from 0.5 to 4 microg/mL. t > MIC was in the range 83.31-91.66% (10-12 h) of the recommended dosing interval (12 h) for Escherichia coli (MIC90 = 0.2 microg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Albarellos
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Goudah A, Shin HC, Shim JH, Abd El-Aty AM. Characterization of the relationship between serum and milk residue disposition of ceftriaxone in lactating ewes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:307-12. [PMID: 16846468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was planned to investigate the serum disposition kinetics and the pattern of ceftriaxone elimination in milk and urine of lactating ewes (n = 6) following i.v. and i.m. administration. A crossover study was carried out in two phases separated by 15 days. Ceftriaxone was administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg b.w. in all animals. Serum, milk and urine samples were collected between 0 and 72 h and a modified agar diffusion bioassay method was used to determine the percentage of protein binding and to measure serum, urine and milk concentrations of ceftriaxone. The drug was detected between 5 min and 48 h postdosing. Concentrations of 0.56 (10 h) and 0.52 (12 h), 0.22 (10 h) and 0.19 (12 h), and 2.18 (24 h) and 2.11 (48 h) mug/mL were measured in serum, milk and urine following i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively. Individual pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by fitting a two-compartment model to the serum and one-compartment open model to the milk concentration-time profiles. After i.v. dosing, the elimination rate constant and elimination half-life were 0.4 +/- 0.05/h and 1.75 +/- 0.02 h, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state (V(dss)) of 0.28 +/- 0.15 L/kg reflected limited extracellular distribution of the drug with total body clearance (Cl(tot)) of 0.14 +/- 0.10 L/h/kg. Following i.m. administration, the mean T(max obs), C(max obs), t(1/2el) and AUC values for serum data were: 0.75 h, 23.16 +/- 2.94 microg/mL, 1.77 +/- 0.24 h and 67.55 +/- 6.51 microgxh/mL, respectively. For milk the data were: 1.0 h, 8.15 +/- 0.71 mug/mL, 2.2 +/- 0.34 h and 26.6 +/- 5.14 microgxh/mL, respectively. The i.m. bioavailability was 83.6% and the binding percentage of ceftriaxone to serum protein was 33%. Concentrations of ceftriaxone in milk produced by clinically normal mammary glands of ewes were consistently lower than in serum; the kinetic value AUC(milk)/AUC(serum) and C(max milk)/C(max serum) ratios was<0.4. These low values indicated poor distribution and penetration of ceftriaxone from the bloodstream to the mammary gland of lactating ewes following both routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goudah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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