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Zanardello C, Capello K, Stella R, Biancotto G, Vascellari M. Semiquantitative immunohistochemical detection of progesterone receptors in male accessory sex glands as a screening assay for anabolic steroid use in bulls. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:35-40. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716681047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of progesterone receptors (PRs) in the prostate and bulbourethral glands of thirty-two 10–14-mo-old Charolais bulls following treatment with a low dosage of estrogens. Animals were divided into 2 groups: 16 animals (group T) were treated for 71 d with a therapeutic dose of trenbolone acetate and estradiol by subcutaneous implant, 16 animals (group C) received no treatment. Urine samples were collected both at the beginning of the trial and 9 times during the study. A semiquantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed by counting the number of positive cells in 10 randomly selected high-power fields (hpf). Both groups showed no significant histologic lesions. IHC examination showed positive cells in the epithelium of both glands, with different patterns of distribution between groups. In group C, IHC-positive cells per hpf varied from 0 to 40 in the prostate and from 0 to 32 in the bulbourethral gland. In group T, positive cells varied from 0 to 85 per hpf in the prostate and from 0 to 75 in the bulbourethral gland. The treated group showed significantly higher median numbers of positively stained cells in both organs than the controls ( p < 0.001). Chemical analysis of the urine samples confirmed that the experimental treatment mimics continuous, low-dose administration of anabolic steroids. IHC quantification showed good sensitivity with a high predictive power to correctly classify treated animals and could be used as a preliminary screening test in bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zanardello
- Histopathology Department (Zanardello, Vascellari), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Chemistry Department (Stella, Biancotto), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Veterinary Epidemiology Department (Capello), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Histopathology Department (Zanardello, Vascellari), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Chemistry Department (Stella, Biancotto), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Veterinary Epidemiology Department (Capello), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Stella
- Histopathology Department (Zanardello, Vascellari), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Chemistry Department (Stella, Biancotto), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Veterinary Epidemiology Department (Capello), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Biancotto
- Histopathology Department (Zanardello, Vascellari), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Chemistry Department (Stella, Biancotto), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Veterinary Epidemiology Department (Capello), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Histopathology Department (Zanardello, Vascellari), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Chemistry Department (Stella, Biancotto), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- Veterinary Epidemiology Department (Capello), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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Szalowska E, Pronk TE, Peijnenburg AA. Cyclosporin A induced toxicity in mouse liver slices is only slightly aggravated by Fxr-deficiency and co-occurs with upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes and downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial functions. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:822. [PMID: 26482353 PMCID: PMC4617705 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) governs bile acid and energy homeostasis, is involved in inflammation, and has protective functions in the liver. In the present study we investigated the effect of Fxr deficiency in mouse precision cut liver slices (PCLS) exposed to a model hepatotoxicant cyclosporin A (CsA). It was anticipated that Fxr deficiency could aggravate toxicity of CsA in PCLS and pinpoint to novel genes/processes regulated by FXR. Methods To test this hypothesis, PCLS obtained from livers of wild type mice (WT-PCLS) and Fxr-knockout mice (FXRKO-PCLS) were treated with 40 μM CsA for 24 h and 48 h. ATP and histological assays were applied to assess the viability of PCLS. DNA microarrays combined with bioinformatics analysis were used to identify genes and processes that were affected by CsA in WT-PCLS and/or FXRKO-PCLS. In addition, WT-PCLS and FXRKO-PCLS were exposed to the endogenous FXR ligand chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and subjected to q-PCR to determine whether subsets of known FXR-targets and the identified genes were regulated upon FXR activation in an FXR-dependent manner. Results No difference in viability was observed between WT-PCLS and FXRKO-PCLS upon CsA treatment. Transcriptomics data analysis revealed that CsA significantly upregulated stress-response and inflammation and significantly downregulated processes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism in WT-PCLS and FXRKO-PCLS. However, only in FXRKO-PCLS, CsA upregulated additional pro-inflammatory genes and downregulated genes related to mitochondrial functions. Furthermore, only in WT-PCLS, CDCA upregulated a subset of known FXR-target genes as well as the regulator of inflammation and mitochondrial functions peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor delta (Ppar delta). Conclusions Although FXR governs energy metabolism, no major differences in response to CsA could be observed between WT-PCLS and FXRKO-PCLS in regulation of processes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. This finding indicates that CsA does not directly affect FXR functions in relation to the above mentioned processes. However, the more pronounced induction of pro-inflammatory genes and the downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial functions only in FXRKO-PCLS suggest that FXR deficiency aggravates CsA-induced inflammation and impairs mitochondrial functions. Therefore, FXR can exert its hepatoprotective functions by controlling inflammation and mitochondrial functions, possibly involving an FXR-PPAR delta cross-talk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2054-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szalowska
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety/Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety/Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tessa E Pronk
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (GZB, RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad Acm Peijnenburg
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety/Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Szalowska E, Stoopen G, Groot MJ, Hendriksen PJM, Peijnenburg AACM. Treatment of mouse liver slices with cholestatic hepatotoxicants results in down-regulation of Fxr and its target genes. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:39. [PMID: 24112857 PMCID: PMC3852711 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unexpected cholestasis substantially contributes to drug failure in clinical trials. Current models used for safety assessment in drug development do not accurately predict cholestasis in humans. Therefore, it is of relevance to develop new screening models that allow identifying drugs with cholestatic properties. METHODS We employed mouse precision cut liver slices (PCLS), which were incubated 24 h with two model cholestatic compounds: cyclosporin A (CsA) and chlorpromazine (CPZ). Subsequently, transcriptome analysis using DNA microarrays and q-PCR were performed to identify relevant biological processes and biomarkers. Additionally, histology was carried out and levels of triglycerides (TG) and bile acids (BA) were measured. To verify the ex vivo mouse data, these were compared with publically available human data relevant for cholestasis. RESULTS Whole genome gene expression analysis showed that CsA up-regulated pathways related to NF-κB, ER stress and inflammation. Both CsA and CPZ down-regulated processes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, BA homeostasis, Fxr signalling, and energy metabolism. The differential expression of a number of characteristic genes (e.g. Abcg5, Abcg8, Klf15, and Baat) could be confirmed by q-PCR. Histology revealed that CsA but not CPZ induced "ballooning" of hepatocytes. No effects on TG and BA levels were observed after incubation of PCLS with CsA and CPZ. A substantial number of processes altered in CsA- and CPZ-treated mouse PCLS ex vivo was also found to be affected in liver biopsies of cholestatic patients. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that mouse PCLS can be used as a tool to identify mechanisms of action of cholestatic model compounds. The induction of general stress responses and down-regulated Fxr signalling could play a role in the development of drug induced cholestasis. Importantly, comparative data analysis showed that the ex vivo mouse findings are also relevant for human pathology. Moreover, this work provides a set of genes that are potentially useful to assess drugs for cholestatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szalowska
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P,O, Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Szalowska E, Stoopen G, Rijk JCW, Wang S, Hendriksen PJM, Groot MJ, Ossenkoppele J, Peijnenburg AACM. Effect of oxygen concentration and selected protocol factors on viability and gene expression of mouse liver slices. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1513-24. [PMID: 23531554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Precision cut liver slices (PCLSs) are widely used as a model to study hepatotoxicity. For culturing of PCLS diverse protocols are used which could affect slices viability and results. We aimed to identify the most optimal culture protocol for mouse PCLS. Slices were cultured for 24h under different concentrations of serum, glucose, insulin, and oxygen. Thereafter, slices viability was assessed by biochemical methods. Transcriptome analysis was performed to identify changes introduced by culture at different oxygen concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of oxygen). Medium composition did not affect the slices viability. Although metabolic competence was unaffected by oxygen concentrations, culturing at 80% of oxygen yielded slices with the best biochemical characteristics. The comparison of uncultured vs. cultured slices revealed 2524 genes to be differentially expressed. Genes involved in drug metabolism, peroxisomal and mitochondrial functions were down-regulated while several adaptive/stress response processes were up-regulated. Moreover, 80% of oxygen was the most favorable condition with respect to maintenance of expression of genes involved in drug and energy metabolism. The outcome of this study indicates that mouse PCLS are a valuable tool in research on hepatic functions and toxicity, particularly if they are cultured under a controlled oxygen concentration of 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szalowska
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Effect-based proteomic detection of growth promoter abuse. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1171-9. [PMID: 23151655 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Unregulated growth promoter use in food-producing animals is an issue of concern both from food safety and animal welfare perspectives. However, the monitoring of such practices is analytically challenging due to the concerted actions of users to evade detection. Techniques based on the monitoring of biological responses to exogenous administrations have been proposed as more sensitive methods to identify treated animals. This study has, for the first time, profiled plasma proteome responses in bovine animals to treatment with nortestosterone decanoate and 17β-oestradiol benzoate, followed by dexamethasone administration. Two-dimensional fluorescence differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a series of hepatic and acute-phase proteins within plasma whose levels were up- or down-regulated within phases of the treatment regime. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immuno-assays were developed to quantify responses of identified protein markers during the experimental treatment study with a view to developing methods which can be used as screening tools for growth promoter abuse detection. SPR analysis demonstrated the potential for plasma proteins to be used as indicative measures of growth promoter administrations and concludes that the sensitivity and robustness of any detection approach based on plasma proteome analysis would benefit from examination of a range of proteins representative of diverse biological processes rather being reliant on specific individual markers.
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Pegolo S, Gallina G, Montesissa C, Capolongo F, Ferraresso S, Pellizzari C, Poppi L, Castagnaro M, Bargelloni L. Transcriptomic markers meet the real world: finding diagnostic signatures of corticosteroid treatment in commercial beef samples. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:205. [PMID: 23110699 PMCID: PMC3541986 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of growth-promoters in beef cattle, despite the EU ban, remains a frequent practice. The use of transcriptomic markers has already proposed to identify indirect evidence of anabolic hormone treatment. So far, such approach has been tested in experimentally treated animals. Here, for the first time commercial samples were analyzed. Results Quantitative determination of Dexamethasone (DEX) residues in the urine collected at the slaughterhouse was performed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). DNA-microarray technology was used to obtain transcriptomic profiles of skeletal muscle in commercial samples and negative controls. LC-MS confirmed the presence of low level of DEX residues in the urine of the commercial samples suspect for histological classification. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on microarray data identified two clusters of samples. One cluster included negative controls and a subset of commercial samples, while a second cluster included part of the specimens collected at the slaughterhouse together with positives for corticosteroid treatment based on thymus histology and LC-MS. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes (3961) between the two groups provided further evidence that animals clustering with positive samples might have been treated with corticosteroids. These suspect samples could be reliably classified with a specific classification tool (Prediction Analysis of Microarray) using just two genes. Conclusions Despite broad variation observed in gene expression profiles, the present study showed that DNA-microarrays can be used to find transcriptomic signatures of putative anabolic treatments and that gene expression markers could represent a useful screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pegolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Scarth JP, Kay J, Teale P, Akre C, Le Bizec B, De Brabander HF, Vanhaecke L, Van Ginkel L, Points J. A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4 Suppl 1:40-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Scarth
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - J. Kay
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate; Addlestone; Surrey; UK
| | - P. Teale
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - C. Akre
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Saskatoon; Canada
| | | | | | - L. Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | | | - J. Points
- Veterinary Drugs Group, LGC; Teddington; Middlesex; UK
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IMBIMBO P, CASTIGLIEGO L, ARMANI A, BIOLATTI B, CANNIZZO FT, GIANFALDONI D, GUIDI A. A Histologic Study on Growth Promoter Target Organs of Slaughtered Beef in Molise Region (Italy). J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1253-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi IMBIMBO
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo CASTIGLIEGO
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea ARMANI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo BIOLATTI
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44–10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Francesca Tiziana CANNIZZO
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44–10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Daniela GIANFALDONI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra GUIDI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
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Divari S, Mulasso C, Uslenghi F, Cannizzo FT, Spada F, De Maria R, Brina N, Biolatti B. Progesterone receptor up-regulation: a diagnostic tool for the illicit use of oestrogens in adult beef cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1677-86. [PMID: 22014147 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.609492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of gene regulation via mRNA levels to detect anabolic sex steroid administration in cattle is a novel approach to detecting the illicit treatment of livestock in meat production. A previous study revealed that progesterone receptor (PR) gene expression levels were increased in the bulbourethral glands and prostates of 17β-oestradiol-treated prepubertal calves, suggesting that the PR can be used as a specific molecular biomarker for oestrogen treatment. The aim of this study was to verify the specificity and applicability of the PR to detect the illegal use of 17β-oestradiol in sexually mature beef cattle. Accessory sex glands were sampled from 42 male beef cattle that were divided into six experimental groups, including two control groups, K1 and K2. Group A cattle were treated with 17β-oestradiol (five weekly intramuscular doses of 20 mg), and group B cattle were treated with dexamethasone (40 daily doses of 0.7 mg per os). Group C cattle received an implant of Revalor-200 (200 mg of trenbolone acetate and 20 mg of 17β-oestradiol), and group D cattle received Revalor-200 plus dexamethasone (0.7 mg daily per os). 17β-Oestradiol, either alone or in combination with other steroids, up-regulated the PR gene and protein expression, even in the absence of detectable histological changes in the accessory sex glands, confirming the high sensitivity of PR gene expression as an indirect diagnostic screening tool to detect illicit oestrogen treatment in sexually mature male bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Divari
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
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High sensitivity of a histological method in the detection of low-dosage illicit treatment with 17β-estradiol in male calves. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Novel strategies for tracing the exposure of meat cattle to illegal growth-promoters. Vet J 2011; 189:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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De Maria R, Divari S, Spada F, Oggero C, Mulasso C, Maniscalco L, Cannizzo FT, Bianchi M, Barbarino G, Brina N, Biolatti B. Progesterone receptor gene expression in the accessory sex glands of veal calves. Vet Rec 2010; 167:291-6. [PMID: 20729516 DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated progesterone receptor (PR) cDNA expression in the testes, prostate and bulbourethral glands of prepubertal calves treated experimentally with high and low doses of 17beta-oestradiol and with testosterone. Tissue samples were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for PR. Western blot analysis and quantitative PCR against PR was performed on cDNA and protein extracted from the same tissues. Bulbourethral glands from animals treated with low and high dosages of 17beta-oestradiol had 39- and 429-fold increases of PR transcript, respectively, compared with controls. In the prostate there were 7.5- and 16-fold increases, respectively. Animals treated with testosterone showed no increases in PR transcript. The results demonstrate that 17beta-oestradiol specifically induces marked overexpression of the PR gene and protein, particularly in the bulbourethral gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Maria
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Via L da Vinci, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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Bovine liver slices combined with an androgen transcriptional activation assay: an in-vitro model to study the metabolism and bioactivity of steroids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:631-41. [PMID: 20237917 PMCID: PMC2855805 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previously we described the properties of a rapid and robust yeast androgen bioassay for detection of androgenic anabolic compounds, validated it, and showed its added value for several practical applications. However, biotransformation of potent steroids into inactive metabolites, or vice versa, is not included in this screening assay. Within this context, animal-friendly in-vitro cellular systems resembling species-specific metabolism can be of value. We therefore investigated the metabolic capacity of precision-cut slices of bovine liver using 17β-testosterone (T) as a model compound, because this is an established standard compound for assessing the metabolic capacity of such cellular systems. However, this is the first time that slice metabolism has been combined with bioactivity measurements. Moreover, this study also involves bioactivation of inactive prohormones, for example dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and esters of T, and although medium extracts are normally analyzed by HPLC, here the metabolites formed were identified with more certainty by ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–TOFMS) with accurate mass measurement. Metabolism of T resulted mainly in the formation of the less potent phase I metabolites 4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-AD), the hydroxy-T metabolites 6α, 6β, 15β, and 16α-OH-T, and the phase II metabolite T-glucuronide. As a consequence the overall androgenic activity, as determined by the yeast androgen bioassay, decreased. In order to address the usefulness of bovine liver slices for activation of inactive steroids, liver slices were exposed to DHEA and two esters of T. This resulted in an increase of androgenic activity, because of the formation of 4-AD and T. Bovine liver slices for exposure studies in a 6-well format. ![]()
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Divari S, De Maria R, Cannizzo F, Spada F, Mulasso C, Bovee T, Capra P, Leporati M, Biolatti B. A RIKILT yeast estrogen bioassay (REA) for estrogen residue detection in urine of calves experimentally treated with 17β-estradiol. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:19-28. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903225757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mooney M, Elliott C, Le Bizec B. Combining biomarker screening and mass-spectrometric analysis to detect hormone abuse in cattle. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Maria R, Divari S, Bollo E, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Goria M, Olivero M, Barbarino G. 17β-oestradiol-induced gene expression in cattle prostate: biomarkers to detect illegal use of growth promoters. Vet Rec 2009; 164:459-64. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.15.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. De Maria
- Department of Animal Pathology; University of Turin; School of Veterinary Medicine, Grugliasco; Turin Italy
| | - S. Divari
- Department of Animal Pathology; University of Turin; School of Veterinary Medicine, Grugliasco; Turin Italy
| | - E. Bollo
- Department of Animal Pathology; University of Turin; School of Veterinary Medicine, Grugliasco; Turin Italy
| | - F. T. Cannizzo
- Department of Animal Pathology; University of Turin; School of Veterinary Medicine, Grugliasco; Turin Italy
| | - B. Biolatti
- Department of Animal Pathology; University of Turin; School of Veterinary Medicine, Grugliasco; Turin Italy
| | - M. Goria
- Institute of Zooprophylaxis of Piemonte; Liguria and Valle d'Aosta; Turin Italy
| | - M. Olivero
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics of the Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC); University of Turin School of Medicine, Candiolo; Turin Italy
| | - G. Barbarino
- Regione Piemonte Settore; Sanità Animale ed Igiene degli Allevamenti; C.So Stati Uniti; 1 Turin Segretaria Italy
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