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Lozinski BM, Frederick B, Li Y, Saqui-Salces M, Shurson GC, Urriola PE, Wilson ML, Johnston LJ. Effects of water quality on growth performance and health of nursery pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac002. [PMID: 35155995 PMCID: PMC8827558 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of providing drinking water of differing qualities on growth performance and health of nursery pigs. Weanling pigs (n = 450; 150 pigs/group; 10 pigs/pen) were assigned randomly to one of three experimental groups consisting of three water sources of varying qualities: 1) Water source A containing 1,410 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 1,120 ppm sulfates, and 1,500 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS); 2) Water source B containing 909 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 617 ppm sulfates, and 1,050 ppm TDS; and 3) Water source C containing 235 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 2 ppm sulfates, and 348 ppm TDS. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to their respective water sources for the duration of the study which began at weaning (21 d of age) and ended 40 d later (61 d of age). Individual pig weights were recorded weekly along with feed intake on a pen basis. Occurrences of morbidity and mortality were recorded daily. Subjective fecal scores were assigned on a pen basis and blood samples were used to evaluate blood chemistry, cytokine concentrations, and phagocytic activity. A differential sugar absorption test was used to assess intestinal permeability. Fecal grab samples were used to establish diet digestibility, and drinking behavior was video-recorded to assess pigs’ acceptance of water sources provided. The statistical model considered fixed effects of water source, room, and their interaction with the random effect of pen. A repeated measures analysis was conducted to determine the effects of water quality over time. There were no differences (P > 0.440) among water sources in average daily gain (A, 0.46 kg/d; B, 0.46 kg/d; C, 0.47 kg/d) or average daily feed intake (A, 0.68 kg/d; B, 0.69 kg/d; C, 0.71 kg/d). Overall mortality of pigs was 0.44% and did not differ across the three water sources. There were no differences in apparent total tract digestibility of the diet, intestinal permeability, immune parameters, or blood chemistry attributable to quality of water consumed by pigs. Pigs did not show an aversion to the water sources provided, because total time pigs spent at the drinker did not differ (P > 0.750) among water sources on days 1 through 3 of the experiment. These data indicate that the water sources of differing quality studied did not affect growth performance or health of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lozinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States of America
| | - B Frederick
- Christensen Family Farms, Sleepy Eye, MN, United States of America
| | - Y Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States of America
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, United States of America
| | - M Saqui-Salces
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States of America
| | - G C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States of America
| | - P E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States of America
| | - M L Wilson
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States of America
| | - L J Johnston
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States of America
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, United States of America
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Jakovac-Strajn B, Ihan A, Kopitar AN, Malovrh T. Phagocytic activity in blood and proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes during the perinatal period in primiparous sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:328-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Paape M, Contreras A, Ledbetter T. Variation among goats in the ability of their polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes and mammary secretions to support phagocytosis: inhibitory effects of milk fat globules. Small Rumin Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Magnusson U, Pedersen Mörner A, Persson A, Karlstam E, Sternberg S, Kindahl H. Sows intramammarily inoculated with Escherichia coli influence of time of infection, hormone concentrations and leucocyte numbers on development of disease. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:501-12. [PMID: 11666032 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify factors that influence the development of disease in sows inoculated with Escherichia coli in the mammary gland. Ten cross-bred primiparous sows were intramammarily inoculated with living E. coli bacteria at different time points before parturition: seven sows within 48 h before parturition and three sows approximately 96 h before parturition. Before and after inoculation, blood samples and mammary gland biopsy specimens were collected and clinical observations were made. All seven sows inoculated close to parturition developed a rectal temperature of >39.5 degrees C during the first 48 h post-partum and two of them also showed other signs of clinical disease. In the sows inoculated 4 days before parturition, the rectal temperature never exceeded 39.5 degrees C during the first 48 h post-partum and none of them showed any other sign of clinical discase. There was a tendency (P < 0.1) that histological signs of mastitis were more frequent in the sows inoculated close to parturition. There were no overall differences between the two groups of sows in plasma concentrations of cortisol, oestradiol-17beta and 15-ketodihydro-PGF2alpha before inoculation. Before inoculation, the number of neutrophils in the blood was overall higher (P < 0.05) in the group of sows that were inoculated close to parturition. In comparison, the number of lymphocytes before inoculation had a tendency (P < 0.1) to be lower in that group. The data suggest that the time of infection of the mammary gland relative to parturition and the number of circulating neutrophils at the time of infection influence the development of chinical coliform mastitis in the sow.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Magnusson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala
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Osterlundh I, Holst H, Magnusson U. Effect of mammary secretions on functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in pigs. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1250-4. [PMID: 11497446 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of porcine mammary secretions on polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte function and to relate concentrations of estradiol-17beta and cortisol in mammary secretions to PMN cell function. SAMPLE POPULATION Mammary secretions from 10 healthy sows and blood PMN leukocytes from 27 healthy sows. PROCEDURE Mammary secretions were collected within 24 hours after parturition (colostrum) and 12 to 13 days later (milk). Chemoattractant properties were assessed by use of a cell migration assay. Phagocytic capacity of PMN cells in colostrum and milk was assessed by recording chemiluminescence following phagocytosis of Escherichia coli or zymosan. Estradiol-17beta and cortisol concentrations were determined by use of radioimmunoassays. RESULTS Chemoattractant properties of colostrum and milk were significantly greater than that of zymosan-activated serum. However, chemoattractant properties did not differ significantly between the 2 types of secretions. The capacity of PMN cells in colostrum to phagocytose either zymosan or E. coli was less, compared with cells in milk, and the ability of cells in either type of mammary secretion to phagocytose E. coli was greater than the ability to phagocytose zymosan. Concentrations of estradiol-17beta and cortisol were greater in colostrum, compared with milk. No clear relation was evident between PMN cell activity and hormone concentrations in mammary secretions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although chemoattractant properties of colostrum and milk did not differ, the phagocytic capacity of PMN cells in colostrum was significantly less than that of cells in milk. This may predispose sows to coliform mastitis during the early postparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Osterlundh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Osterlundh I, Holst H, Magnusson U. Hormonal and immunological changes in blood and mammary secretion in the sow at parturition. Theriogenology 1998; 50:465-77. [PMID: 10732139 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(98)00153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to record possible variations of estradiol-17 beta (E2) and cortisol concentrations, and parameters related to granulocyte phagocytosis in mammary secretions from healthy sows at parturition. The study was comprised 8 primiparous sows (Landrace x Yorkshire). Blood and mammary secretion samples were collected twice daily from 3 d before (only blood) until 3 d after farrowing. Estradiol-17 beta and cortisol concentrations were determined in plasma and in cell-depleted skimmed mammary secretions. Phagocytic capacity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) was assessed in whole blood and in cell suspensions derived from mammary secretions. Opsonic activity was assessed in serum and in cell-depleted skimmed mammary secretions. The 2 assays were based on chemiluminescence. Estradiol-17 beta concentration in plasma decreased (P < 0.001) directly after parturition. In skimmed secretions, the highest E2 concentration was recorded in the first sample after parturition and decreased (P < 0.01) thereafter. The highest cortisol concentration in plasma was recorded in the evening before parturition (P < 0.01). In skimmed secretions, there was no significant variation in cortisol concentration. The concentrations of both steroid hormones were lower in mammary secretions than in plasma. The phagocytic capacity of PMN in blood and mammary secretion, expressed as peak chemiluminescence per PMN, showed no significant change. This was also true for the opsonic activity in serum. In skimmed secretions the opsonic activity increased (P < 0.01) after parturition. These data emphasize the differences between plasma and mammary secretion concentrations of steroid hormones as well as between systemic and mammary gland immune competence. Regarding the phagocytosis process in mammary secretions, the part directly related to the PMN function seemed not to be altered at parturition compared with later on in lactation, whereas the part related to opsonic activity seemed to be impaired at parturition. The latter may play a role in the development of coliform mastitis at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Osterlundh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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