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Lima ARR, Pagan LU, Damatto RL, Cezar MDM, Bonomo C, Gomes MJ, Martinez PF, Guizoni DM, Campos DHS, Damatto FC, Okoshi K, Okoshi MP. Effects of growth hormone on cardiac remodeling and soleus muscle in rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83009-83021. [PMID: 29137319 PMCID: PMC5669945 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle wasting is often observed in heart failure (HF). The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is impaired in HF. In this study, we evaluated the effects of GH on soleus muscle and cardiac remodeling in rats with aortic stenosis (AS)-induced HF. Methods AS was created by placing a stainless-steel clip on the ascending aorta. After clinically detecting HF, GH (2 mg/kg/day) was subcutaneously injected for 14 days (AS-GH group). Results were compared with those from Sham and non-treated AS groups. Transthoracic echocardiogram was performed before and after treatment. Protein expression was evaluated by Western blot and satellite cells activation by immunofluorescence. Statistical analyzes: ANOVA and Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls. Results Before treatment both AS groups presented a similar degree of cardiac injury. GH prevented body weight loss and attenuated systolic dysfunction. Soleus cross-sectional fiber areas were lower in both AS groups than Sham (Sham 3,556±447; AS 2,882±422; AS-GH 2,868±591 μm2; p=0.016). GH increased IGF-1 serum concentration (Sham 938±83; AS 866±116; AS-GH 1167±166 ng/mL; p<0.0001) and IGF-1 muscle protein expression and activated PI3K protein. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) immunofluorescence was increased in both AS groups. Catabolism-related intracellular pathways did not differ between groups. Conclusion Short-term growth hormone attenuates left ventricular systolic dysfunction in rats with aortic stenosis-induced HF. Despite preserving body weight, increasing serum and muscular IGF-1 levels, and stimulating PI3K muscle expression, GH does not modulate soleus muscle trophism, satellite cells activation or intracellular pathways associated with muscle catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R R Lima
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luana U Pagan
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L Damatto
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D M Cezar
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonomo
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mariana J Gomes
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Paula F Martinez
- School of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Daniele M Guizoni
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Dijon H S Campos
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Damatto
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Katashi Okoshi
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marina P Okoshi
- Botucatu Medical School, Internal Medicine Departament, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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Okoshi MP, Cezar MDM, Iyomasa RM, Silva MB, Costa LCO, Martinez PF, Campos DHS, Damatto RL, Minicucci MF, Cicogna AC, Okoshi K. Effects of early aldosterone antagonism on cardiac remodeling in rats with aortic stenosis-induced pressure overload. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:569-575. [PMID: 27513653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aldosterone plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of systolic heart failure. However, whether early aldosterone antagonism improves cardiac remodeling during persistent pressure overload is unsettled. We evaluated the effects of aldosterone antagonist spironolactone on cardiac remodeling in rats with ascending aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS Three days after inducing AS, weaning rats were randomized to receive spironolactone (AS-SPR, 20mg/kg/day) or no drug (AS) for 18weeks, and compared with sham-operated rats. Myocardial function was studied in isolated left ventricular (LV) papillary muscles. STATISTICAL ANALYSES ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS Echocardiogram showed that LV diastolic (Sham 8.73±0.57; AS 8.30±1.10; AS-SPR 9.19±1.15mm) and systolic (Sham 4.57±0.67; AS 3.61±1.49; AS-SPR 4.62±1.48mm) diameters, left atrial diameter (Sham 5.80±0.44; AS 7.15±1.22; AS-SPR 8.02±1.17mm), and LV mass were higher in AS-SPR than AS. Posterior wall shortening velocity (Sham 38.5±3.8; AS 35.6±5.6; AS-SPR 31.1±3.8mm/s) was lower in AS-SPR than Sham and AS; E/A ratio was higher in AS-SPR than Sham. Developed tension was lower in AS and AS-SPR than Sham. Time to peak tension was higher in AS-SPR than Sham and AS after post-rest contraction. Right ventricle weight was higher in AS-SPR than AS, suggesting more severe heart failure in AS-SPR than AS. Interstitial collagen fractional area and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration were higher in AS than Sham. Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activity, evaluated by zymography, did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Early spironolactone administration causes further hypertrophy in cardiac chambers, and left ventricular dilation and dysfunction in rats with AS-induced chronic pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Okoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil.
| | - M D M Cezar
- Itapeva Social and Agrarian Sciences College, FAIT, Itapeva, SP, Brazil
| | - R M Iyomasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
| | - M B Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
| | - L C O Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
| | - P F Martinez
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - D H S Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
| | - R L Damatto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil; Itapeva Social and Agrarian Sciences College, FAIT, Itapeva, SP, Brazil
| | - M F Minicucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
| | - A C Cicogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
| | - K Okoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
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Junqueira A, Cicogna AC, Engel LE, Aldá MA, de Tomasi LC, Giuffrida R, Giometti IC, Freire APCF, Aguiar AF, Pacagnelli FL. Effects of Growth Hormone on Cardiac Remodeling During Resistance Training in Rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 106:18-25. [PMID: 26647722 PMCID: PMC4728591 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the beneficial effects of resistance training (RT) on the cardiovascular
system are well established, few studies have investigated the effects of the
chronic growth hormone (GH) administration on cardiac remodeling during an RT
program. Objective To evaluate the effects of GH on the morphological features of cardiac remodeling
and Ca2+ transport gene expression in rats submitted to RT. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 7 per group): control (CT), GH,
RT and RT with GH (RTGH). The dose of GH was 0.2 IU/kg every other day for 30
days. The RT model used was the vertical jump in water (4 sets of 10 jumps, 3
bouts/wk) for 30 consecutive days. After the experimental period, the following
variables were analyzed: final body weight (FBW), left ventricular weight (LVW),
LVW/FBW ratio, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (CSA), collagen fraction,
creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB) and gene expressions of SERCA2a,
phospholamban (PLB) and ryanodine (RyR). Results There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference among groups for FBW, LVW,
LVW/FBW ratio, cardiomyocyte CSA, and SERCA2a, PLB and RyR gene expressions. The
RT group showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in collagen fraction compared
to the other groups. Additionally, the trained groups (RT and RTGH) had greater
CK-MB levels compared to the untrained groups (CT and GH). Conclusion GH may attenuate the negative effects of RT on cardiac remodeling by counteracting
the increased collagen synthesis, without affecting the gene expression that
regulates cardiac Ca2+ transport.
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Aerobic exercise training prevents heart failure-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by anti-catabolic, but not anabolic actions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110020. [PMID: 25330387 PMCID: PMC4201522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is associated with cachexia and consequent exercise intolerance. Given the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training (ET) in HF, the aim of this study was to determine if the ET performed during the transition from cardiac dysfunction to HF would alter the expression of anabolic and catabolic factors, thus preventing skeletal muscle wasting. Methods and Results We employed ascending aortic stenosis (AS) inducing HF in Wistar male rats. Controls were sham-operated animals. At 18 weeks after surgery, rats with cardiac dysfunction were randomized to 10 weeks of aerobic ET (AS-ET) or to an untrained group (AS-UN). At 28 weeks, the AS-UN group presented HF signs in conjunction with high TNF-α serum levels; soleus and plantaris muscle atrophy; and an increase in the expression of TNF-α, NFκB (p65), MAFbx, MuRF1, FoxO1, and myostatin catabolic factors. However, in the AS-ET group, the deterioration of cardiac function was prevented, as well as muscle wasting, and the atrophy promoters were decreased. Interestingly, changes in anabolic factor expression (IGF-I, AKT, and mTOR) were not observed. Nevertheless, in the plantaris muscle, ET maintained high PGC1α levels. Conclusions Thus, the ET capability to attenuate cardiac function during the transition from cardiac dysfunction to HF was accompanied by a prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy that did not occur via an increase in anabolic factors, but through anti-catabolic activity, presumably caused by PGC1α action. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of aerobic ET to block HF-induced muscle atrophy by counteracting the increased catabolic state.
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Chen YH, Du BQ, Zheng ZJ, Xiang GM, Liu XB, Mai G. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone and interferon gamma on hepatic collagen synthesis and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in cirrhotic rats. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:294-301. [PMID: 22672824 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis plays a key role in the development of liver cirrhosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of growth hormone and interferon gamma on hepatic collagen synthesis and the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in a cirrhotic rat model. METHODS Cirrhosis was induced in rats using carbon tetrachloride. Rats were simultaneously treated with daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human growth hormone or interferon gamma combined with recombinant human growth hormone. The control group was given saline. The relative content of type I and type IV collagen was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence analysis. Activated hepatic stellate cells were prepared from cirrhotic rats. The 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to assess the effects of recombinant human growth hormone and interferon gamma on these cells in vitro. RESULTS Both qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that type I and type IV collagen secretion increased with time after recombinant human growth hormone administration and was significantly higher than control and recombinant human growth hormone combined with interferon gamma administration. In vitro, recombinant human growth hormone significantly stimulated hepatic stellate cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner (10(-3)-10(-1) mg/100 μL), and interferon gamma (10(-2)-10(-1) μg/100 μL) significantly inhibited their growth compared to the control group. Interferon gamma combined with recombinant human growth hormone eliminated this growth-promoting effect to a certain degree in a concentration-dependent manner (10(-1) μg/100 μL, P<0.05, 10(-2)-10(-3) μg/100 μL, P>0.05) and a time-dependent manner (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Recombinant human growth hormone increased collagen secretion in cirrhotic rats in vivo and promoted the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells from cirrhotic rats in vitro. It is possible that concurrent interferon gamma therapy can offset these side-effects of recombinant human growth hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Martinez PF, Okoshi K, Zornoff LAM, Oliveira SA, Campos DHS, Lima ARR, Damatto RL, Cezar MDM, Bonomo C, Guizoni DM, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC, Okoshi MP. Echocardiographic detection of congestive heart failure in postinfarction rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:543-51. [PMID: 21617080 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01154.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies of congestive heart failure (CHF) treatment, it is essential to select animals with a similar degree of cardiac dysfunction. However, this is difficult to establish without hemodynamic evaluation in rat postinfarction-induced CHF. This study aimed to diagnose CHF in long-term follow-up postinfarction rats using only echocardiographic criteria through a J-tree cluster analysis and Fisher's linear discriminant function. Two sets of sham and infarcted rats were studied. The first was used to perform cluster analysis and the second to prospectively validate the results. Six months after inducing myocardial infarction (MI), rats were subjected to transthoracic echocardiography. Infarct size was measured by histological analysis. Six echocardiographic variables were used in the cluster analysis: left ventricular (LV) systolic dimension, LV diastolic dimension-to-body weight ratio, left atrial diameter-to-body weight ratio, LV posterior wall shortening velocity, E wave, and isovolumetric relaxation time. Cluster analysis joined the rats into one sham and two MI groups. One MI cluster had more severe anatomical and echocardiographic changes and was called MI with heart failure (MI/HF+, n = 24, infarct size: 42.7 ± 5.8%). The other had less severe changes and was called MI without heart failure (MI/HF-, n = 11, infarct size: 32.3 ± 9.9%; P < 0.001 vs. MI/HF+). Three rats with small infarct size (21.6 ± 2.2%) presenting mild cardiac alterations were misallocated in the sham group. Fisher's linear discriminant function was built using these groups and used to prospectively classify additional groups of sham-operated (n = 20) and infarcted rats (n = 57) using the same echocardiographic parameters. The discriminant function therefore detected CHF with 100% specificity and 80% sensitivity considering allocation in MI/HF+ and sham group, and 100% specificity and 58.8% sensitivity considering MI/HF+ and MI/HF- groups, taking into account pathological criteria of CHF diagnosis. Echocardiographic analysis can be used to accurately predict congestive heart failure in postinfarction rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F Martinez
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
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Pei Z, Meng R, Li G, Yan G, Xu C, Zhuang Z, Ren J, Wu Z. Angiotensin-(1-7) ameliorates myocardial remodeling and interstitial fibrosis in spontaneous hypertension: role of MMPs/TIMPs. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:173-81. [PMID: 20837116 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) displays antihypertensive and antiproliferative properties although its effect on cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy in hypertension has not been fully elucidated. The present study was designed to examine the effect of chronic angiotensin-(1-7) treatment on myocardial remodeling, cardiac hypertrophy and underlying mechanisms in spontaneous hypertension. Adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with or without angiotensin-(1-7) or the angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist A-779 for 24 weeks. Mean arterial pressure, left ventricular geometry, expression of the hypertrophic markers ANP and β-MHC, collagen contents (type I and III), collagenase (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of MMPs-1 (TIMP-1) were evaluated in WKY and SHR rats with or without treatment. Our data revealed that chronic angiotensin-(1-7) treatment significantly suppressed hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, expression of ANP and β-MHC as well as myocardial fibrosis in SHR rats, the effects of which were nullified by the angiotensin-(1-7) receptor antagonist A-779. In addition, angiotensin-(1-7) treatment significantly counteracted hypertension-induced changes in the mRNA expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 and collagenase activity, the effects of which were blunted by A-779. In vitro study revealed that angiotensin-(1-7) directly increased the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 while decreasing the content of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Taken together, our results revealed a protective effect of angiotensin-(1-7) against cardiac hypertrophy and collagen deposition, which may be related to concerted changes in MMPs and TIMPs levels. These data indicated the therapeutic potential of angiotensin-(1-7) in spontaneous hypertension-induced cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Pei
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Santos DPD, Okoshi K, Moreira VO, Seiva FRF, Almeida FLAD, Padovani CR, Carvalho RF, Okoshi MP, Cicogna AC, Castro AVB, Pai-Silva MD. Growth hormone attenuates skeletal muscle changes in experimental chronic heart failure. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:149-155. [PMID: 20060348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of growth hormone (GH) on morphology and myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) gene expression in skeletal muscle of rats with ascending aortic stenosis (AAS) induced chronic heart failure. DESIGN Male 90-100g Wistar rats were subjected to thoracotomy. AAS was created by placing a stainless-steel clip on the ascending aorta. Twenty five weeks after surgery, rats were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human GH (2mg/kg/day; AAS-GH group) or saline (AAS group) for 14 days. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed before and after treatment. IGF-1 serum levels were measured by ELISA. After anesthesia, soleus muscle was frozen in liquid nitrogen. Histological sections were stained with HE and picrosirius red to calculate muscle fiber cross-sectional area and collagen fractional area, respectively. MRF myogenin and MyoD expression was analyzed by reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Body weight was similar between groups. AAS and AAS-GH groups presented dilated left atrium, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LV mass index: Control 1.90+/-0.15; AAS 3.11+/-0.44; AAS-GH 2.94+/-0.47 g/kg; p<0.05 AAS and AAS-GH vs. Control), and reduced LV posterior wall shortening velocity. Soleus muscle fiber area was significantly lower in AAS than in Control and AAS-GH groups; there was no difference between AAS-GH and Control groups. Collagen fractional area was significantly higher in AAS than Control; AAS-GH did not differ from both Control and AAS groups. Serum IGF-1 levels decreased in AAS compared to Control. MyoD mRNA was significantly higher in AAS-GH than AAS; there was no difference between AAS-GH and Control groups. Myogenin mRNA levels were similar between groups. CONCLUSION In rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure, growth hormone administration increases MyoD gene expression above non-treated animal levels, preserves muscular trophism and attenuates interstitial fibrosis. These results suggest that growth hormone may have a potential role as an adjuvant therapy for chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Pioli dos Santos
- Department of Morphology, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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