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Licinio R, Losurdo G, Carparelli S, Iannone A, Giorgio F, Barone M, Principi M, Ierardi E, Di Leo A. Helicobacter pylori, liver cirrhosis, and portal hypertension: an updated appraisal. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:408-413. [PMID: 27788611 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1247855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer. However, H. pylori is even involved in extragastric diseases, and it has been hypothesized that H. pylori could be a risk factor for several hepatic diseases. For instance, a direct involvement of H. pylori in the development of portal hypertension (PH) in cirrhotic patients has been postulated. METHODS We performed a literature search in major databases to elucidate the relationship between H. pylori, portal hypertension, and liver cirrhosis. RESULTS The effect of H. pylori on PH may be multifactorial. Endothelial dysfunction, alterations in the vasodilating dynamics, and neoangiogenesis are the most appealing theories about this issue, but the proofs come mainly from experimental studies, therefore a solid pathophysiological basis is still to be demonstrated. Congestive gastropathy (CG) and gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) are two common endoscopic entities responsible for acute/chronic upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and a link with H. pylori has been hypothesized: the gastric mucosa, exposed to H. pylori, could develop both inflammatory microcirculatory alterations and thrombi, resembling the histologic pattern of GAVE. CONCLUSIONS Despite clues for an association between H. pylori and PH have been shown, these evidences are mostly experimental, therefore, in the absence of a direct proof on human beings, the role of H. pylori in the development of PH is uncertain. However, since this germ may be a cause of peptic ulcer, it should be found and eradicated in cirrhotic patients to reduce the risk of blood loss anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Licinio
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losurdo
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
| | - Sonia Carparelli
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
| | - Andrea Iannone
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
| | - Floriana Giorgio
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
| | - Mariabeatrice Principi
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
| | - Enzo Ierardi
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico , Bari , Italy
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De Bruyne E, Ducatelle R, Foss D, Sanchez M, Joosten M, Zhang G, Smet A, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Flahou B. Oral glutathione supplementation drastically reduces Helicobacter-induced gastric pathologies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20169. [PMID: 26833404 PMCID: PMC4735851 DOI: 10.1038/srep20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter (H.) suis causes gastric pathologies in both pigs and humans. Very little is known on the metabolism of this bacterium and its impact on the host. In this study, we have revealed the importance of the glutamate-generating metabolism, as shown by a complete depletion of glutamine (Gln) in the medium during H. suis culture. Besides Gln, H. suis can also convert glutathione (GSH) to glutamate, and both reactions are catalyzed by the H. suis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). Both for H. pylori and H. suis, it has been hypothesized that the degradation of Gln and GSH may lead to a deficiency for the host, possibly initiating or promoting several pathologies. Therefore the in vivo effect of oral supplementation with Gln and GSH was assessed. Oral supplementation with Gln was shown to temper H. suis induced gastritis and epithelial (hyper)proliferation in Mongolian gerbils. Astonishingly, supplementation of the feed with GSH, another GGT substrate, resulted in inflammation and epithelial proliferation levels returning to baseline levels of uninfected controls. This indicates that Gln and GSH supplementation may help reducing tissue damage caused by Helicobacter infection in both humans and pigs, highlighting their potential as a supportive therapy during and after Helicobacter eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen De Bruyne
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Myrthe Joosten
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Matsui H, Takahashi T, Øverby A, Murayama SY, Yoshida H, Yamamoto Y, Nishiyama K, Seto Y, Takahashi T, Mukai T, Nakamura M. Mouse Models for Assessing the Protective Efficacy of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 against Helicobacter suis Infection Associated with the Development of Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma. Helicobacter 2015; 20:291-8. [PMID: 25627811 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter suis strain TKY infection has been strongly associated with the development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in a C57BL/6J mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. C57BL/6J mice were intragastrically administered Lactobacillus strains once daily with 10(8)-10(9) colony-forming units (CFU), starting 2 days before intragastric infection with H. suis TKY (approximately 1 × 10(4) copies of 16S rRNA genes) or H. pylori Sydney strain 1 (SS1; 3 × 10(8) CFU) and continuing for 14 days after infection. 2. C57BL/6J mice were given powdered feed mixed with lyophilized L. gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) cells (5 × 10(8) CFU/g), starting 2 weeks before intragastric infection with H. suis TKY and continuing 12 months after infection. RESULTS 1. Among the 5 Lactobacillus strains that we examined, only LG2055 exhibited significantly preventive efficacy against both H. suis TKY and H. pylori SS1 at day 15 after infection. 2. Dietary supplementation with LG2055 protected mice from the formation of round protrusive lesions in the gastric fundus 12 months after infection with H. suis TKY, whereas such lesions had developed in the gastric fundus of nonsupplemented mice 12 months after infection. In addition, the formation of lymphoid follicles in gastric mucus layers was suppressed by dietary LG2055 at 3 months after infection. CONCLUSIONS LG2055 administration is effective for suppressing the progression of gastric MALT lymphoma by reducing H. suis colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsui
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life, Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Takahashi
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anders Øverby
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Somay Yamagata Murayama
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruno Yoshida
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life, Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Keita Nishiyama
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Milk Science Research Institute, Megmilk Snow Brand Co., Ltd., Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life, Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Mukai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamura
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakamura M, Takahashi T, Matsui H, Takahashi S, Murayama SY, Suzuki H, Tsuchimoto K. New pharmaceutical treatment of gastric MALT lymphoma: anti-angiogenesis treatment using VEGF receptor antibodies and celecoxib. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:1097-103. [PMID: 23782142 PMCID: PMC4260359 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In addition to eradication of Helicobacter pylori, chemotherapy with anticancer agents, and radiation therapy, the treatment with molecular target drugs including rituximab, a CD20 antagonist, is one of the promising new regimens. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is histologically characterized by rich distribution of the microvascular network consisting of the immature capillaries, lymphatics and venules, and this microvascular network could be the target of the new pharmacotherapy in addition to the direct action on the accumulated B lymphocytes. We have established the animal model of the gastric MALT lymphoma by the Helicobacter heilmannii (H. heilmannii) peroral infection of C57BL/6 mice. The disease induced by this model is very similar to the human counterpart, because of the lymphoepithelial lesion characteristic of the human MALT lymphoma as well as the rich vascularization and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors, Flt-1, Flk-1 and Flt-4. By administering VEGF receptor antibodies or celecoxib, one of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, we were able to induce a significant decrease in the size of the tumor and the apoptotic changes of the endothelial cells of the microvascular network. These antiangiogenic strategies were suggested to be candidates for the new pharmacological treatment of gastric MALT lymphoma, when other treatments are not effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kanji Tsuchimoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108- 8641, Japan.
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Matsui H, Takahashi T, Murayama SY, Uchiyama I, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Matsumoto T, Kawakubo M, Horiuchi K, Ota H, Osaki T, Kamiya S, Smet A, Flahou B, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Takahashi S, Nakamura S, Nakamura M. Development of new PCR primers by comparative genomics for the detection of Helicobacter suis in gastric biopsy specimens. Helicobacter 2014; 19:260-71. [PMID: 24673878 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the infection rate of Helicobacter suis is significantly lower than that of Helicobacter pylori, the H. suis infection is associated with a high rate of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. In addition, in vitro cultivation of H. suis remains difficult, and some H. suis-infected patients show negative results on the urea breath test (UBT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Female C57BL/6J mice were orally inoculated with mouse gastric mucosal homogenates containing H. suis strains TKY or SNTW101 isolated from a cynomolgus monkey or a patient suffering from nodular gastritis, respectively. The high-purity chromosomal DNA samples of H. suis strains TKY and SNTW101 were prepared from the infected mouse gastric mucosa. The SOLiD sequencing of two H. suis genomes enabled comparative genomics of 20 Helicobacter and 11 Campylobacter strains for the identification of the H. suis-specific nucleotide sequences. RESULTS Oral inoculation with mouse gastric mucosal homogenates containing H. suis strains TKY and SNTW101 induced gastric MALT lymphoma and the formation of gastric lymphoid follicles, respectively, in C57BL/6J mice. Two conserved nucleotide sequences among six H. suis strains were identified and were used to design diagnostic PCR primers for the detection of H. suis. CONCLUSIONS There was a strong association between the H. suis infection and gastric diseases in the C57BL/6 mouse model. PCR diagnosis using an H. suis-specific primer pair is a valuable method for detecting H. suis in gastric biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsui
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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Nonaka K, Ohata K, Matsuhashi N, Shimizu M, Arai S, Hiejima Y, Kita H. Is narrow-band imaging useful for histological evaluation of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma after treatment? Dig Endosc 2014; 26:358-64. [PMID: 24118642 DOI: 10.1111/den.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Endoscopic diagnosis of stomach mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is often difficult because few specific findings are indicated. Even when MALT lymphoma is suspected by endoscopy, it is still difficult to make a definitive diagnosis by biopsy because lymphoma cells sometimes distribute unevenly. We previously reported that a tree-like appearance (TLA) is a characteristic finding of MALT lymphoma by narrow-band imaging (NBI) magnifying endoscopy and it is valuable in the selection of an optimal biopsy site in MALT lymphoma. Here, we study the frequency of TLA and evaluate the relationship between the response to eradication therapy and TLA in MALT lymphoma. METHODS We retrospectively examined the clinical background, endoscopic findings, response to eradication therapy, and Helicobacter pylori infection status of 16 patients diagnosed with MALT lymphoma who were referred to our hospital from April 2007 to August 2012. The regimen for eradicationtherapy consisted of rabeprazole, with amoxicillin and clarithromycin, all given for 7 days. RESULTS TLA was found in 75% (12/16) and H. pylori infection in 75% (12/16) of patients diagnosed with MALT lymphoma by NBI magnifying endoscopy. In all complete regression (CR) patients after eradication treatment, the TLA finding had disappeared (100%); however, in the non-CR patients, TLA remained the same as before the eradication therapy (P=0.002). CONCLUSION These results suggest that NBI magnifying endoscopy may be useful not only in the diagnosis but also in the evaluation of the response to eradication therapy of MALT lymphoma of the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Nonaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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A case of Helicobacter heilmannii-associated primary gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma achieving complete remission after eradication. Clin J Gastroenterol 2013; 6:38-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-012-0355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Nonaka K, Ishikawa K, Arai S, Nakao M, Shimizu M, Sakurai T, Nagata K, Nishimura M, Togawa O, Ochiai Y, Sasaki Y, Kita H. A case of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in which magnified endoscopy with narrow band imaging was useful in the diagnosis. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 4:151-6. [PMID: 22523617 PMCID: PMC3329616 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v4.i4.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported a case of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma presenting with unique vascular features. In the report, we defined the tree-like appearance (TLA) on the images of abnormal blood vessels which resembled branches from the trunk of a tree in the shiny mucosa, in which the glandular structure was lost. The 67-year-old female was diagnosed with gastric MALT lymphoma. The patient received eradication therapy for H. pylori. Conventional endoscopy revealed multiple ill-delineated brownish depressions in the stomach and cobblestone-like mucosa was observed at the greater curvature to the posterior wall of the upper gastric body 7 mo after successful eradication. Unsuccessful treatment of gastric MALT lymphoma was suspected on conventional endoscopy. Conventional endoscopic observations found focal depressions and cobblestone-like appearance, and these lesions were subsequently observed using magnified endoscopy combined with narrow band imaging to identify abnormal vessels presenting with a TLA within the lesions. Ten biopsies were taken from the area where abnormal vessels were present within these lesions. Ten biopsies were also taken from the lesions without abnormal vessels as a control. A total of 20 biopsy samples were evaluated to determine whether the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma could be obtained histologically from each sample. A positive diagnosis was obtained in 8/10 TLA (+) sites and in 2/10 TLA(-) sites. Target biopsies of the site with abnormal blood vessels can potentially improve diagnostic accuracy of gastric MALT lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Nonaka
- Kouichi Nonaka, Keiko Ishikawa, Shin Arai, Masamitsu Nakao, Makoto Nishimura, Osamu Togawa, Yasutoshi Ochiai, Hiroto Kita, Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
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Nakamura M, Matsui H, Takahashi T, Ogawa S, Tamura R, Murayama SY, Takahashi S, Tsuchimoto K. Suppression of lymphangiogenesis induced by Flt-4 antibody in gastric low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma by Helicobacter heilmannii infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25 Suppl 1:S1-6. [PMID: 20586849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our recent study revealed that per oral infection with Helicobacter heilmannii induced low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in the gastric fundus of C57BL/6 mice after a period of 6 months, although the pathophysiological mechanism of lymphoma expansion remains to be clarified. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the interaction of this tumor with angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. In addition, the effect of Flt-4 antibodies on lymphoma expansion was investigated. METHODS C57BL/6 female mice infected with H. heilmannii for 3 months were used in the experiments. Localization of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and Flt-4 immunoreactivity were detected by indirect immunohistochemical methods. Localization of lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells was investigated by localization of prox-1. In addition, Flt-4 antibody with and without Flt-1 or Flk-1 antibodies was administered i.p. to clarify their effects on tumor size. RESULTS MALT lymphoma has a rich microvascular network consisting of immature capillaries, lymphatics and venules. By immunohistochemical analysis, prox-1 immunoreactivity was observed mostly in the marginal area of the lymphoma, where VEGF-C and Flt-4 immunoreactivities were also seen. Stereomicroscopic study revealed that administration of Flt-4 and Flt-1 antibodies significantly reduced the surface area of the lymphoma in the mouse stomach. CONCLUSION A VEGF-C-mediated mechanism plays an important role in the expansion of MALT lymphoma and the administration of VEGF receptor antibodies had a suppressive effect on tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nakamura
- Division of Pathophysiolgy, Research and Education Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Non-H. pylori Helicobacter species (NHPHS) are associated with several important human and animal diseases. In the past year research into this group of bacteria has continued to gain attention, and novel species have been described in new niches owing to improvements in detection methods. Polymerase chain reaction and/or sequencing remain the gold standard for the detection of this genus. New insights into the pathogenesis of the NHPHS in hepatobiliary, gastric, and intestinal diseases were gained. In particular, data revealed interaction between hepatic steatosis and infectious hepatitis in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence of an association between hepatitis C virus and Helicobacter spp. in hepatocarcinoma development was also provided; and male sex hormone signaling appeared to influence infectious hepatitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus. More findings support an association between Helicobacter heilmannii and gastric adenocarcinoma; and in mice, mucins MUC4 and MUC5 but not MUC1 influence the colonization and pathogenesis of Helicobacter felis. Data indicated that the roles of the adaptive immune system in H. hepaticus-induced intestinal tumorigenesis are different in the small and large intestines, and environmental factors, such as bile acids may modulate H. hepaticus carcinogenic potential. New reports in the prevention and eradication of NHPHS showed a protective response against Helicobacter suis induced by vaccine administration, and a successful cross-foster rederivation method successfully eradicated Helicobacter spp. from contaminated mice litters. Overall, the studies provided insights into the pathophysiology of Helicobacter species other than Helicobacter pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinze S Okoli
- School of Medicine, Sydney, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 160 Oxford St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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