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Dong Y, Li Y, Liu R, Li Y, Zhang H, Liu H, Chen J. Secretagogin, a marker for neuroendocrine cells, is more sensitive and specific in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma compared with the markers CD56, CgA, Syn and Napsin A. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2223-2230. [PMID: 32194720 PMCID: PMC7039081 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A common method to distinguish large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) from non-neuroendocrine large cell carcinoma (non-NE LCC) is from using specific immunohistochemistry markers, such as CgA, Syn, CD56 and Napsin A, however, the results remain controversial using these markers. Secretagogin (SCGN) is a newly discovered biomarker of neuroendocrine cells. In the present study, the expression of SCGN in 33 cases of human lung large cell carcinoma (LCC), including 17 cases of LCNEC and 16 cases of non-neuroendocrine (NE) LCC and lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1650, H358, H292 and H661). The association between SCGN expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients, including sex, age, clinical stage and metastasis, was analyzed. The results revealed that the different lung cancer cell lines had different expression levels of SCGN, and the SCGN protein was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of A549 cells detected using immunofluorescence. A total of 54.5% (18/33) of specimens positively expressed the SCGN protein. Of the 17 patients with LCNEC, only 23.5% (4/17) of cases were CgA positive, 35.29% (6/17) were Syn positive, 41.2% (7/17) were CD56 positive, and 41.2% (7/17) were Napsin A positive. However, SCGN was positively detected in 94.1% (16/17) of patients with LCNEC, which was more frequent compared with that in CgA, Syn, CD56 and Napsin A. Analysis of the clinical characteristics indicated that SCGN expression was only significantly associated with pathological type in patients with lung cancer (P<0.001). Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between SCGN expression and CgA, Syn, and CD56 expression in patients with LCNEC. SCGN was co-localized with the NE markers (CgA, Syn, and CD56) in A549 lung cancer cells and in LCNEC tissues. Thus, SCGN displayed more sensitivity and specificity in lung cancer cells with NE differentiation. A combined analysis of SCGN and other common NE markers may be a potential tool for diagnosing these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Dong
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Yongwen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Renwang Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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2
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Zhuo M, Guan Y, Yang X, Hong L, Wang Y, Li Z, Chen R, Abbas HA, Chang L, Gong Y, Wu N, Zhong J, Chen W, Chen H, Dong Z, Zhu X, Li J, Wang Y, An T, Wu M, Wang Z, Wang J, Roarty EB, Rinsurongkawong W, Lewis J, Roth JA, Swisher SG, Lee JJ, Heymach JV, Wistuba II, Kalhor N, Yang L, Yi X, Futreal PA, Glisson BS, Xia X, Zhang J, Zhao J. The Prognostic and Therapeutic Role of Genomic Subtyping by Sequencing Tumor or Cell-Free DNA in Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:892-901. [PMID: 31694833 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The optimal systemic treatment for pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is still under debate. Previous studies showed that LCNEC with different genomic characteristics might respond differently to different chemotherapy regimens. In this study, we sought to investigate genomic subtyping using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis in advanced LCNEC and assess its potential prognostic and predictive value. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor DNA and cfDNA from 63 patients with LCNEC were analyzed by target-captured sequencing. Survival and response analyses were applied to 54 patients with advanced stage incurable disease who received first-line chemotherapy. RESULTS The mutation landscape of frequently mutated cancer genes in LCNEC from cfDNA closely resembled that from tumor DNA, which led to a 90% concordance in genomic subtyping. The 63 patients with LCNEC were classified into small-cell lung cancer (SCLC)-like and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-like LCNEC based on corresponding genomic features derived from tumor DNA and/or cfDNA. Overall, patients with SCLC-like LCNEC had a shorter overall survival than those with NSCLC-like LCNEC despite higher response rate (RR) to chemotherapy. Furthermore, treatment with etoposide-platinum was associated with superior response and survival in SCLC-like LCNEC compared with pemetrexed-platinum and gemcitabine/taxane-platinum doublets, while treatment with gemcitabine/taxane-platinum led to a shorter survival compared with etoposide-platinum or pemetrexed-platinum in patients with NSCLC-like LCNEC. CONCLUSIONS Genomic subtyping has potential in prognostication and therapeutic decision-making for patients with LCNEC and cfDNA analysis may be a reliable alternative for genomic profiling of LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Zhuo
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Guan
- GenePlus-Beijing, Beijing, China.,Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Hong
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuqi Wang
- GenePlus-Beijing, Beijing, China.,Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Runzhe Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hussein A Abbas
- Hematology and Oncology Fellowship Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lianpeng Chang
- GenePlus-Beijing, Beijing, China.,Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Gong
- GenePlus-Beijing, Beijing, China.,Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hanxiao Chen
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjie Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong An
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Meina Wu
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ziping Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Emily B Roarty
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Waree Rinsurongkawong
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeff Lewis
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jack A Roth
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen G Swisher
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Neda Kalhor
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ling Yang
- GenePlus-Beijing, Beijing, China.,Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yi
- GenePlus-Beijing, Beijing, China.,Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bonnie S Glisson
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | | | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department I of Thoracic Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
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3
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Asahina M, Fukumura Y, Mamat O, Saito T, Hayashi T, Uekusa T, Suzuki K, Yao T. A case of combined small cell lung carcinoma with unique morphology: Investigation of tumorigenesis. Pathol Int 2018; 68:618-623. [PMID: 30311995 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) usually grows in a pure form with no other associated histological components. However, combined small cell lung carcinoma (cSCLC), which is accompanied by other histological components (cSCLCs) may sometimes occur. Herein, we analyzed the tumorigenesis of cSCLC containing a demarcated area of pure SCLC. A 76-year-old man had a 25-mm mass in the perihilar portion of his right upper lung. Histologically, the cSCLC contained two relatively demarcated areas: one area composed of pure SCLC cells and another area of SCLC, squamous-like component (SLC), and spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) cells. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was observed at allele 3p in all tumor components and at 22q in the pure SCLC component. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis and LOH study suggested that all components were likely to be monoclonal in origin and revealed that the pure SCLC component was not the precursor of the cSCLC. In the tumorigenesis of this case, the pure SCLC and the cSCLC may have originated from a common pluripotent tumor cell and then diverged, although we cannot state this conclusively. Further studies with more cases are necessary to test this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Asahina
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuki Fukumura
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Osman Mamat
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Uekusa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kanto Rosai Hospital, 1-1kizukisumiyoshi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 211-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Yao
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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4
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Bai X, Yi M, Xia X, Yu S, Zheng X, Wu K. Progression and prognostic value of ECT2 in non-small-cell lung cancer and its correlation with PCNA. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:4039-4050. [PMID: 30319288 PMCID: PMC6167987 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s170033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which is involved in cell division regulation and cell cycle modulation. Recent evidence indicates that ECT2 is overexpressed in many human cancers. However, the exact prognostic value of ECT2 in lung cancer has not been elucidated. Patients and methods In the current study, we performed correlation and prognosis analyses using public databases and conducted immunohistochemical staining in tissue microarrays, using samples from 204 lung cancer patients with survival data. Results We found that the expression of ECT2 was markedly increased in lung cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. Moreover, we demonstrated that the expression of ECT2 was related to tumor cell differentiation degree, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A correlation analysis indicated that ECT2 levels were significantly correlated with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels in NSCLC. Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier analyses revealed that high ECT2 expression was associated with unfavorable overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in NSCLC patients. Conclusion Taken together, these results indicate that the overexpression of ECT2 contributes to tumor invasion and progression, suggesting that ECT2 is a potential prognostic marker for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguang Bai
- Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xichao Xia
- Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China,
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5
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Loss of the integrin-activating transmembrane protein Fam38A (Piezo1) promotes a switch to a reduced integrin-dependent mode of cell migration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40346. [PMID: 22792288 PMCID: PMC3390408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common fatal diseases in the developed world. The disease is rarely cured by currently available therapies, with an overall survival rate of ∼10%. Characterizing novel proteins that offer crucial insights into the processes of lung tumour invasion and metastasis may therefore provide much-needed prognostic markers, and influence therapeutic strategies. Aberrant function of the integrin family of heterodimeric cell surface receptors is a common theme in cancer - investigation into novel integrin activity regulators may offer crucial insights into the processes of tumour invasion and metastasis and may reveal insights into potential therapeutic targets. We previously described that depletion of the novel multi-transmembrane domain protein Fam38A, located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), inactivates endogenous beta1 integrin affinity, reducing cell adhesion. We now show that depletion of Fam38A, also now known as Piezo1, causes anchorage independence and a switch to a reduced integrin-dependent mode of cell migration/invasion, a novel phenotype for this integrin-regulating protein. Normal lung epithelial cells show increased rates of migration by 2D time-lapse microscopy and increased capacity to invade into matrigel, despite having decreased integrin affinity. We confirm greatly depleted Fam38A expression in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) lines where a form of reduced integrin-dependent migration, i.e. amoeboid migration, is a known phenotype. We propose that loss of Fam38A expression may cause increased cell migration and metastasis in lung tumours.
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Sun L, Sakurai S, Sano T, Hironaka M, Kawashima O, Nakajima T. High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: comparative clinicopathological study of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Pathol Int 2009; 59:522-9. [PMID: 19627535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2009.02402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) are high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. In order to clarify the similarities and differences between these cancers, 22 cases each of LCNEC and SCLC were collected and a comparative pathological study was carried out. First, their clinicopathological characteristics were confirmed, which were very similar to those previously reported. The 5 year survival rate of LCNEC and SCLC patients was 38.3% and 29.7%, respectively. The morphological characteristics of LCNEC and SCLC were then reviewed with regard to the morphology previously used to differentiate these cancers. As a result, many morphological indicators, such as tumor cell size, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear molding, rosette formation, prominent nucleoli and karyolysis were confirmed to be significant indicators for distinguishing LCNEC from SCLC. On comparative immunohistochemistry, LCNEC had significantly high staining scores for the expression of keratin 7 and 18, E- and P-cadherins, beta-catenin, villin 1, retinoblastoma protein (pRB), c-met and alpha-enolase. These results might reflect the differentiation or deviation of LCNEC toward an epithelial nature irrespective of neuroendocrine tumor lineage. In conclusion, the present comparative study of LCNEC and SCLC defined the similarities and differences between these cancers, and showed the biologically and clinicopathologically overlapping spectrum of the tumor lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Sun
- Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, National Nishigunma Hospital, Gunma, Japan
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7
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Wagner PL, Kitabayashi N, Chen YT, Saqi A. Combined small cell lung carcinomas: genotypic and immunophenotypic analysis of the separate morphologic components. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 131:376-82. [PMID: 19228643 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpynpfl56pozqy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined small cell lung carcinomas (CSCLCs) are small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) containing discrete areas of non-small cell morphologic components, found in up to 30% of SCLCs. We assessed immunophenotypic and genotypic similarity between the distinct morphologic constituents in 7 CSCLCs. Each was stained for synaptophysin, CD56, chromogranin, bcl-2, thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, cytokeratin 7, and PAX-5. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis was performed using markers on 3p (2 loci), 17p (3 loci), 17q (1 locus), and 22q (2 loci). The distinct components shared an identical immunophenotype in 6 cases; all were positive for synaptophysin and CD56 in both components. LOH analysis revealed shared loss of least 1 marker in every lesion, including LOH at 22q13 (characteristic of SCLC) in 5 tumors. The individual elements constituting CSCLCs are closely related in most cases despite their distinct morphologic appearances. The prevalent expression of synaptophysin and CD56 and loss of 22q13 suggest that these tumors are biologically closer to SCLC.
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8
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Marchetti A, Felicioni L, Pelosi G, Del Grammastro M, Fumagalli C, Sciarrotta M, Malatesta S, Chella A, Barassi F, Mucilli F, Camplese P, D'Antuono T, Sacco R, Buttitta F. Frequent mutations in the neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene family in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:609-16. [PMID: 18293376 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) family is potentially implicated in tumorigenesis and progression of several neoplastic diseases, including lung cancer. We investigated a large number of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) and non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) without morphological evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation for mutations in the NTRK gene family. A total of 538 primary lung carcinomas, including 17 typical carcinoids (TCs), 10 atypical carcinoids (ACs), 39 small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs), 29 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs), and 443 NSCLCs were evaluated by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing of the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) of NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3. The NTRK1 gene was never found to be mutated. A total of 10 somatic mutations were detected in NTRK2 and NTRK3, mostly located in the activating and catalytic loops. NTRK mutations were seen in 9 (10%) out of 95 PNETs but in 0 out of 443 NSCLCs investigated. No mutations were observed in TCs, ACs, and SCLCs. Interestingly, all the mutations were restricted to the LCNEC histotype, in which they accounted for 31% of cases. A mutational analysis, performed after microdissection of LCNECs combined with adenocarcinoma (ADC), showed that only neuroendocrine areas were positive, suggesting that NTRK mutations are involved in the genesis of the neuroendocrine component of combined LCNECs. Our data indicate that somatic mutations in the TKD of NTRK genes are frequent in LCNECs. Such mutational events could represent an important step in the cancerogenesis of these tumors and may have potential implications for the selection of patients for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchetti
- Clinical Research Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, University-Foundation, Chieti, Italy.
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9
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Gustafsson BI, Kidd M, Chan A, Malfertheiner MV, Modlin IM. Bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer 2008; 113:5-21. [PMID: 18473355 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (BP-NETs) comprise approximately 20% of all lung cancers and represent a spectrum of tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells of the BP-epithelium. Although they share structural, morphological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features, they are separated into 4 subgroups: typical carcinoid tumor (TC), atypical carcinoid tumor (AC), large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), which exhibit considerably different biological characteristics. The clinical presentation includes cough, hemoptysis, and obstructive pneumonia but varies depending on site, size, and growth pattern. Less than 5% of BP-NETs exhibit hormonally related symptoms such as carcinoid syndrome, Cushing, acromegaly, and SIADH. SCLC is the most common BP-NET, while LCNEC is rare, approximately 10% and < or =1%, respectively, of all lung cancers. Both SCLC and LCNEC progress rapidly, are aggressively metastatic, and exhibit a poor prognosis. The incidence of BP-carcinoids (TC and AC) in the US was 1.57 of 100,000 in 2003 (an unexplained and substantial increase over the last 30 years, approximately 6% per year). No curative treatment except for radical surgery (almost never feasible) exists. The slow-growing TC exhibit a fairly good prognosis ( approximately 88%, 5-year survival), whereas AC demonstrate a 5-year survival of approximately 50%, and the highly malignant LCNEC and SCLC5-year survival of 15% to 57% and <5%, respectively. This review provides a broad overview on BP-NETs and focuses on the evolution of the disease, general features, and current diagnostic and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn I Gustafsson
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA
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10
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Righi L, Volante M, Rapa I, Scagliotti GV, Papotti M. Neuro-endocrine tumours of the lung. A review of relevant pathological and molecular data. Virchows Arch 2007; 451 Suppl 1:S51-9. [PMID: 17684766 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) tumours of the lung include pure and mixed forms. In the former group, a continuum of lesions is recognised ranging from benign typical carcinoids to atypical carcinoids (having a low-grade behaviour, although often associated with regional and distant metastases), to the highly aggressive poorly differentiated carcinomas of the small and large cell types. In the mixed tumour group, the NE component is extensively represented in association with any of the non-small cell carcinoma subtypes (so-called combined carcinomas), or the NE component is restricted to a cell population scattered among adenocarcinoma cells (or more rarely within squamous or large cell carcinomas). The molecular profile of NE tumours has been widely investigated to identify features helpful for the diagnosis, prognosis and even therapy for this special lung tumour category. Specific chromosomal alterations, oncogene mutations and cell cycle molecule disregulation has been documented in NE tumours of the lung, as well as the expression of specific receptors or enzymes implicated in the response to biotherapies or to chemotherapeutic agents. The "molecular classification" of NE tumours should be integrated to morphology, for a better definition of the different histological types and a more appropriate selection of the therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Righi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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