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Luo Y, Vivaldi Marrero E, Choudhary V, Bollag WB. Phosphatidylglycerol to Treat Chronic Skin Wounds in Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1497. [PMID: 37242739 PMCID: PMC10222993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review proposes the use of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) to enhance diabetic wound healing. Initially, the characteristics of diabetic wounds are examined, focusing on the epidermis. Hyperglycemia accompanying diabetes results in enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress in part through the generation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), in which glucose is conjugated to macromolecules. These AGEs activate inflammatory pathways; oxidative stress results from increased reactive oxygen species generation by mitochondria rendered dysfunctional by hyperglycemia. These factors work together to reduce the ability of keratinocytes to restore epidermal integrity, contributing to chronic diabetic wounds. DOPG has a pro-proliferative action on keratinocytes (through an unclear mechanism) and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on keratinocytes and the innate immune system by inhibiting the activation of Toll-like receptors. DOPG has also been found to enhance macrophage mitochondrial function. Since these DOPG effects would be expected to counteract the increased oxidative stress (attributable in part to mitochondrial dysfunction), decreased keratinocyte proliferation, and enhanced inflammation that characterize chronic diabetic wounds, DOPG may be useful in stimulating wound healing. To date, efficacious therapies to promote the healing of chronic diabetic wounds are largely lacking; thus, DOPG may be added to the armamentarium of drugs to enhance diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Luo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Edymarie Vivaldi Marrero
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vivek Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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2
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Zhang S, Lu X, Fang X, Wang Z, Cheng S, Song J. Cigarette smoke extract combined with LPS reduces ABCA3 expression in chronic pulmonary inflammation may be related to PPARγ/ P38 MAPK signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114086. [PMID: 36115154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABCA3 (ATP-binding cassette class A3) is a transmembrane transporter that plays a positive role in chronic pulmonary inflammation by regulating lipid metabolism. However, it is not completely clear whether ABCA3 and its signaling factors are involved in chronic pulmonary inflammation induced by the combination of CSE (cigarette smoke extract) and LPS (lipopolysaccharide). In this study, we used the method of combining CSE and LPS which was widely used to study lung inflammation-related diseases and has been proven effective in our group's studies to create in vivo and in vitro pulmonary inflammation models. The result showed that, after CSE in combination with LPS treatment, ABCA3 expression was downregulated in rat lung in vivo and in a human alveolar cell line in vitro. ABCA3 expression was upregulated, and related inflammatory factors were downregulated in the state of overexpression of PPARγ or inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway, while PPARγ deletion or MAPK14 overexpression showed the opposite results. The level of PPARγ remained unchanged, and the expression of ABCA3 was upregulated in the state of the p38 MAPK pathway was inhibited under overexpression of PPARγ. These results indicate that CSE combined with LPS can result in downregulation of ABCA3 under conditions of inflammation, and that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway mediated by PPARγ can regulate the expression changes of ABCA3, thus providing new targets for treating chronic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Zhang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xianwang Lu
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Shihao Cheng
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Jue Song
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China.
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3
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Yiwen C, Yueyue W, Lianmei Q, Cuiming Z, Xiaoxing Y. Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors. Virulence 2021; 12:788-817. [PMID: 33704021 PMCID: PMC7954426 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yiwen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Wu Yueyue
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Lianmei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhu Cuiming
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - You Xiaoxing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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Bollag WB, Gonzales JN. Phosphatidylglycerol and surfactant: A potential treatment for COVID-19? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110277. [PMID: 33254581 PMCID: PMC7493731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A hypothesis concerning the potential utility of surfactant supplementation for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 is proposed, along with a brief summary of the data in the literature supporting this idea. It is thought that surfactant, which is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for intratracheal administration to treat neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in pre-term infants, could benefit COVID-19-infected individuals by: (1) restoring surfactant damaged by lung infection and/or decreased due to the virus-induced death of the type II pneumocytes that produce it and (2) reducing surface tension to decrease the work of breathing and limit pulmonary edema. In addition, a constituent of surfactant, phosphatidylglycerol, could mitigate COVID-19-induced lung pathology by: (3) decreasing excessive innate immune system stimulation via its inhibition of toll-like receptor-2 and -4 activation by microbial components and cellular proteins released by damaged cells, thereby limiting inflammation and the resultant pulmonary edema, and (4) possibly blocking spread of the viral infection to non-infected cells in the lung. Therefore, it is suggested that surfactant preparations containing phosphatidylglycerol be tested for their ability to improve lung function in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| | - Joyce N Gonzales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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Choudhary V, Griffith S, Chen X, Bollag WB. Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern-Induced TLR2 and TLR4 Activation Increases Keratinocyte Production of Inflammatory Mediators and is Inhibited by Phosphatidylglycerol. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:324-335. [PMID: 32173651 PMCID: PMC7174787 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin serves not only as a protective barrier to microbial entry into the body but also as an immune organ. The outer layer, the epidermis, is composed predominantly of keratinocytes, which can be stimulated to produce proinflammatory mediators. Although some inflammation is useful to defend against infection, excessive or persistent inflammation can lead to the development of inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis, a common skin disorder affecting approximately 2% of the US population. We have previously found that phosphatidylglycerol (PG) derived from soy can inhibit inflammation in a contact irritant ear edema mouse model. Here, we investigated the ability of soy PG to inhibit inflammatory mediator expression in response to activators of the pattern recognition receptors, toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and -4 (TLR4). We found that in epidermal keratinocytes, soy PG inhibited TLR2 and TLR4 activation and inflammatory mediator expression in response to a synthetic triacylated lipopeptide and lipopolysaccharide, respectively, as well as an endogenous danger-associated molecular pattern. However, at higher concentrations, soy PG alone enhanced the expression of some proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a narrow therapeutic window for this lipid. Dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), but not dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, exerted a similar inhibitory effect, completely blocking keratinocyte inflammatory mediator expression induced by TLR2 and TLR4 activators as well as NFκB activation in a macrophage cell line (RAW264.7); however, DOPG was not itself proinflammatory even at high concentrations. Furthermore, DOPG had no effect on NFκB activation in response to a TLR7/8 agonist. Our results suggest that DOPG could be used to inhibit excessive skin inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although inflammation is beneficial for clearing an infection, in some cases, the infection can be excessive and/or become chronic, thereby resulting in considerable tissue damage and pathological conditions. We show here that the phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol can inhibit the activation of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 of the innate immune system as well as the downstream inflammatory mediator expression in response to microbial component-mimicking agents in epidermal keratinocytes that form the physical barrier of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Choudhary
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); and Departments of Physiology (V.C., S.G., X.C., W.B.B.) and Dermatology (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Shantelle Griffith
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); and Departments of Physiology (V.C., S.G., X.C., W.B.B.) and Dermatology (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xunsheng Chen
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); and Departments of Physiology (V.C., S.G., X.C., W.B.B.) and Dermatology (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); and Departments of Physiology (V.C., S.G., X.C., W.B.B.) and Dermatology (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Broberg E, Andreasson J, Fakhro M, Olin AC, Wagner D, Hyllén S, Lindstedt S. Mechanically ventilated patients exhibit decreased particle flow in exhaled breath as compared to normal breathing patients. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00198-2019. [PMID: 32055633 PMCID: PMC7008139 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00198-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this cohort study, we evaluated whether the particles in exhaled air (PExA) device can be used in conjunction with mechanical ventilation during surgery. The PExA device consists of an optical particle counter and an impactor that collects particles in exhaled air. Our aim was to establish the feasibility of the PExA device in combination with mechanical ventilation (MV) during surgery and if collected particles could be analysed. Patients with and without nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing lung surgery were compared to normal breathing (NB) patients with NSCLC. Methods A total of 32 patients were included, 17 patients with NSCLC (MV-NSCLC), nine patients without NSCLC (MV-C) and six patients with NSCLC and not intubated (NB). The PEx samples were analysed for the most common phospholipids in surfactant using liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry (LCMS). Results MV-NSCLC and MV-C had significantly lower numbers of particles exhaled per minute (particle flow rate; PFR) compared to NB. MV-NSCLC and MV-C also had a siginificantly lower amount of phospholipids in PEx when compared to NB. MV-NSCLC had a significantly lower amount of surfactant A compared to NB. Conclusion We have established the feasibility of the PExA device. Particles could be collected and analysed. We observed lower PFR from MV compared to NB. High PFR during MV may be due to more frequent opening and closing of the airways, known to be harmful to the lung. Online use of the PExA device might be used to monitor and personalise settings for mechanical ventilation to lower the risk of lung damage. The PExA device is safe to use in conjunction with mechanical ventilation during surgery, and can measure and collect particles in exhaled air for subsequent biochemical analysishttp://bit.ly/2ofo6gw
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Broberg
- Dept of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jesper Andreasson
- Dept of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Fakhro
- Dept of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dept of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Darcy Wagner
- Lund University, Experimental Medical Sciences, Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Snejana Hyllén
- Dept of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindstedt
- Dept of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Klein ME, Mauch S, Rieckmann M, Martínez DG, Hause G, Noutsias M, Hofmann U, Lucas H, Meister A, Ramos G, Loppnow H, Mäder K. Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) nanodispersions as potential anti-inflammatory therapeutics: Comparison of in vitro activity and impact of pegylation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 23:102096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Broberg E, Pierre L, Fakhro M, Algotsson L, Malmsjö M, Hyllén S, Lindstedt S. Different particle flow patterns from the airways after recruitment manoeuvres using volume-controlled or pressure-controlled ventilation. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019; 7:16. [PMID: 30868309 PMCID: PMC6419649 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-019-0231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Noninvasive online monitoring of different particle flows from the airways may serve as an additional tool to assess mechanical ventilation. In the present study, we used a customised PExA, an optical particle counter for monitoring particle flow and size distribution in exhaled air, to analyse airway particle flow for three subsequent days. We compared volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) and performed recruitment manoeuvres (RM). Methods Six animals were randomised into two groups: half received VCV before PCV and the other half received PCV before VCV. Measurements were taken daily for 1 h in each mode during three subsequent days in six fully anaesthetised domestic pigs. A RM was performed twice daily for 60 s at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10, 4 breaths/min and inspiratory-expiratory ratio (I:E) of 2:1. Measurements were taken for 3 min before the RM, 1 min during the RM and for 3 min after the RM. The particle sizes measured were between 0.48 and 3.37 μm. Results A significant stepwise decrease was observed in total particle count from day 1 to day 3, and at the same time, an increase in fluid levels was seen. Comparing VCV to PCV, a significant increase in total particle count was observed on day 2, with the highest particle count occurring during VCV. A significant increase was observed comparing before and after RM on day 1 and 2 but not on day 3. One animal developed ARDS and showed a different particle pattern compared to the other animals. Conclusions This study shows the safety and useability of the PExA technique used in conjunction with mechanical ventilation. We detected differences between the ventilation modes VCV and PCV in total particle count without any significant changes in ventilator pressure levels, FiO2 levels or the animals’ vital parameters. The findings during RM indicate an opening of the small airways, but the effect is short lived. We have also showed that VCV and PCV may affect the lung physiology differently during recruitment manoeuvres. These findings might indicate that this technique may provide more refined information on the impact of mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Broberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Pierre
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Fakhro
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Algotsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Malmsjö
- Department of Ophthalmology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Snejana Hyllén
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindstedt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Xie D, Choudhary V, Seremwe M, Edwards JG, Wang A, Emmons AC, Bollag KA, Johnson MH, Bollag WB. Soy Phosphatidylglycerol Reduces Inflammation in a Contact Irritant Ear Edema Mouse Model In Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:1-8. [PMID: 29695409 PMCID: PMC5988020 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that phosphatidylglycerol (PG) regulates the function of keratinocytes, the predominant cells that compose the epidermis, inhibiting the proliferation of rapidly dividing keratinocytes. In particular, soy PG, a PG mixture with a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, is efficacious at inhibiting these proliferating keratinocytes. Psoriasis is a skin disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and inflammation. Data in the lung suggest that PG in pulmonary surfactant inhibits inflammation. To investigate the possibility of using PG containing polyunsaturated fatty acids for the treatment of psoriasis, we examined the effect of soy PG on inflammation induced by the application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a contact irritant, to mouse ears in vivo. We monitored ear thickness and weight as a measure of ear edema, as well as CD45-positive immune cell infiltration. Our results indicate that soy PG when applied together with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D), an agent known to acutely disrupt the skin barrier, suppressed ear edema and inhibited the infiltration of CD45-positive immune cells. On the other hand, neither PG nor vitamin D alone was effective. The combination also decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) levels. This result suggested the possibility that PG was not permeating the skin barrier efficiently. Therefore, in a further study we applied PG in a penetration-enhancing vehicle and found that it inhibited inflammation induced by the phorbol ester and decreased CD45-positive immune cell infiltration. Our results suggest the possibility of using soy PG as a topical treatment option for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xie
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
| | - Vivek Choudhary
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
| | - Mutsa Seremwe
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
| | - John G Edwards
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
| | - Angela Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
| | - Aaron C Emmons
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
| | - Katherine A Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
| | - Maribeth H Johnson
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (V.C., W.B.B.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine (D.X., M.S., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (D.X., V.C., M.S., A.W., A.C.E., K.A.B., W.B.B.), Department of Family Medicine (D.X.), Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (M.H.J.), and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.G.E., W.B.B.)
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10
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Pulmonary Surfactant Promotes Virulence Gene Expression and Biofilm Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00135-18. [PMID: 29712730 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00135-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between Klebsiella pneumoniae and the host environment at the site of infection are largely unknown. Pulmonary surfactant serves as an initial point of contact for inhaled bacteria entering the lung and is thought to contain molecular cues that aid colonization and pathogenesis. To gain insight into this ecological transition, we characterized the transcriptional response of K. pneumoniae MGH 78578 to purified pulmonary surfactant. This work revealed changes within the K. pneumoniae transcriptome that likely contribute to host colonization, adaptation, and virulence in vivo Notable transcripts expressed under these conditions include genes involved in capsule synthesis, lipopolysaccharide modification, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and metabolism. In addition, we tested the contributions of other surfactant-induced transcripts to K. pneumoniae survival using engineered isogenic KPPR1 deletion strains in a murine model of acute pneumonia. In these infection studies, we identified the MdtJI polyamine efflux pump and the ProU glycine betaine ABC transporter to be significant mediators of K. pneumoniae survival within the lung and confirmed previous evidence for the importance of de novo leucine synthesis to bacterial survival during infection. Finally, we determined that pulmonary surfactant promoted type 3 fimbria-mediated biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae and identified two surfactant constituents, phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, that drive this response. This study provides novel insight into the interactions occurring between K. pneumoniae and the host at an important infection site and demonstrates the utility of purified lung surfactant preparations for dissecting host-lung pathogen interactions in vitro.
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11
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Kumar A, Abdelmalak B, Inoue Y, Culver DA. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in adults: pathophysiology and clinical approach. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2018; 6:554-565. [PMID: 29397349 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(18)30043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a diffuse lung disease that results from the accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material in the alveoli and alveolar macrophages due to abnormal surfactant homoeostasis. Identification of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an indispensable mediator of macrophage maturation and surfactant catabolism was the key discovery leading to the current understanding of the pathogenesis of most forms of PAP. Impaired GM-CSF bioavailability due to anti-GM-CSF autoimmunity is the cause of approximately 90% of adult PAP cases. Abnormal macrophage function due to endogenous or exogenous triggers, GM-CSF receptor defects, and other genetic abnormalities of surfactant production account for the remainder of causes. The usual physiological consequence of PAP is impairment of gas exchange, which can lead to dyspnoea, hypoxaemia, or even respiratory failure and death. Pulmonary fibrosis occurs occasionally in patients with PAP. For patients with moderate to severe disease, whole lung lavage is still the first-line treatment of choice. Supplemental GM-CSF is also useful, but details about indications, choice of agent, and dosing remain unclear. Other therapies, including rituximab, plasmapheresis, and lung transplantation have been described but should be reserved for refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Kumar
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health-Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Basem Abdelmalak
- Departments of General Anesthesiology and Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel A Culver
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, and Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Scheiermann J, Klinman DM. Three distinct pneumotypes characterize the microbiome of the lung in BALB/cJ mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180561. [PMID: 28683098 PMCID: PMC5500332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can rarely be isolated from normal healthy lungs using conventional culture techniques, supporting the traditional belief that the lungs are sterile. Yet recent studies using next generation sequencing report that bacterial DNA commonly found in the upper respiratory tract (URT) is present at lower levels in the lungs. Interpretation of that finding is complicated by the technical limitations and potential for contamination introduced when dealing with low biomass samples. The current work sought to overcome those limitations to clarify the number, type and source of bacteria present in the lungs of normal mice. Results showed that the oral microbiome is diverse and highly conserved whereas murine lung samples fall into three distinct patterns. 33% of the samples were sterile, as they lacked culturable bacteria and their bacterial DNA content did not differ from background. 9% of samples contained comparatively higher amounts of bacterial DNA whose composition mimicked that detected in the URT. A final group (58%) contained smaller amounts of microbial DNA whose composition was correlating to that of rodent chow and cage bedding, likely acquired by inspiration of food and bedding fragments. By analyzing each sample independently rather than working with group averages, this work eliminated the bias introduced by aspiration-contaminated samples to establish that three distinct microbiome pneumotypes are present in normal murine lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheiermann
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dennis M. Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Chai AB, Ammit AJ, Gelissen IC. Examining the role of ABC lipid transporters in pulmonary lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Respir Res 2017; 18:41. [PMID: 28241820 PMCID: PMC5330150 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterised by excessive and persistent inflammation. Current treatments are often inadequate for symptom and disease control, and hence new therapies are warranted. Recent emerging research has implicated dyslipidaemia in pulmonary inflammation. Three ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are found in the mammalian lung – ABCA1, ABCG1 and ABCA3 – that are involved in movement of cholesterol and phospholipids from lung cells. The aim of this review is to corroborate the current evidence for the role of ABC lipid transporters in pulmonary lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we summarise results from murine knockout studies, human diseases associated with ABC transporter mutations, and in vitro studies. Disruption to ABC transporter activity results in lipid accumulation and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue. Furthermore, these ABC-knockout mice exhibit signs of respiratory distress. ABC lipid transporters appear to have a crucial and protective role in the lung. However, our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms for these benefits requires further attention. Understanding the relationship between cholesterol and inflammation in the lung, and the role that ABC transporters play in this may illuminate new pathways to target for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Chai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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14
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Almstrand AC, Voelker D, Murphy RC. Identification of oxidized phospholipids in bronchoalveolar lavage exposed to low ozone levels using multivariate analysis. Anal Biochem 2015; 474:50-8. [PMID: 25575758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions with unsaturated phospholipids in the respiratory tract lining fluid have been identified as one of the first important steps in the mechanisms mediating environmental ozone toxicity. As a consequence of these reactions, complex mixtures of oxidized lipids are generated in the presence of mixtures of non-oxidized naturally occurring phospholipid molecular species, which challenge methods of analysis. Untargeted mass spectrometry and statistical methods were employed to approach these complex spectra. Human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was exposed to low levels of ozone, and samples with and without derivatization of aldehydes were analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Data processing was carried out using principal component analysis (PCA). Resulting PCA scores plots indicated an ozone dose-dependent increase, with apparent separation between BAL samples exposed to 60 ppb ozone and non-exposed BAL samples as well as a clear separation between ozonized samples before and after derivatization. Corresponding loadings plots revealed that more than 30 phosphatidylcholine (PC) species decreased due to ozonation. A total of 13 PC and 6 phosphatidylglycerol oxidation products were identified, with the majority being structurally characterized as chain-shortened aldehyde products. This method exemplifies an approach for comprehensive detection of low-abundance, yet important, components in complex lipid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte Almstrand
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dennis Voelker
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Xie D, Seremwe M, Edwards JG, Podolsky R, Bollag WB. Distinct effects of different phosphatidylglycerol species on mouse keratinocyte proliferation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107119. [PMID: 25233484 PMCID: PMC4169417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that liposomes composed of egg-derived phosphatidylglycerol (PG), with a mixed fatty acid composition (comprising mainly palmitate and oleate), inhibit the proliferation and promote the differentiation of rapidly dividing keratinocytes, and stimulate the growth of slowly proliferating epidermal cells. To determine the species of PG most effective at modulating keratinocyte proliferation, primary mouse keratinocytes were treated with different PG species, and proliferation was measured. PG species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids were effective at inhibiting rapidly proliferating keratinocytes, whereas PG species with monounsaturated fatty acids were effective at promoting proliferation in slowly dividing cells. Thus, palmitoyl-arachidonyl-PG (16∶0/20∶4), palmitoyl-linoleoyl-PG (16∶0/18∶2), dilinoleoyl-PG (18∶2/18∶2) and soy PG (a PG mixture with a large percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids) were particularly effective at inhibiting proliferation in rapidly dividing keratinocytes. Conversely, palmitoyl-oleoyl-PG (16∶0/18∶1) and dioleoyl-PG (18∶1/18∶1) were especially effective proproliferative PG species. This result represents the first demonstration of opposite effects of different species of a single class of phospholipid and suggests that these different PG species may signal to diverse effector enzymes to differentially affect keratinocyte proliferation and normalize keratinocyte proliferation. Thus, different PG species may be useful for treating skin diseases characterized by excessive or insufficient proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xie
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mutsa Seremwe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John G. Edwards
- Apeliotus Technologies, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert Podolsky
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Barreira ER, Precioso AR, Bousso A. Pulmonary surfactant in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: the role in pathogenesis and clinical implications. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:415-20. [PMID: 21194166 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection, and the most frequent reason for hospitalization among infants throughout the world. In addition to the acute consequences of the disease, RSV bronchiolitis in early childhood is related to further development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. Despite the medical and economic burden of the disease, therapeutic options are limited to supportive measures, and mechanical ventilation in severe cases. Growing evidence suggests an important role of changes in pulmonary surfactant content and composition in the pathogenesis of severe RSV bronchiolitis. Besides the well-known importance of pulmonary surfactant in maintenance of pulmonary homeostasis and lung mechanics, the surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D are essential components of the pulmonary innate immune system. Deficiencies of such proteins, which develop in severe RSV bronchiolitis, may be related to impairment in viral clearance, and exacerbated inflammatory response. A comprehensive understanding of the role of the pulmonary surfactant in the pathogenesis of the disease may help the development of new treatment strategies. We conducted a review of the literature to analyze the evidences of pulmonary surfactant changes in the pathogenesis of severe RSV bronchiolitis, its relation to the inflammatory and immune response, and the possible role of pulmonary surfactant replacement in the treatment of the disease.
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17
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Chroneos ZC, Sever-Chroneos Z, Shepherd VL. Pulmonary surfactant: an immunological perspective. Cell Physiol Biochem 2009; 25:13-26. [PMID: 20054141 DOI: 10.1159/000272047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant has two crucial roles in respiratory function; first, as a biophysical entity it reduces surface tension at the air water interface, facilitating gas exchange and alveolar stability during breathing, and, second, as an innate component of the lung's immune system it helps maintain sterility and balance immune reactions in the distal airways. Pulmonary surfactant consists of 90% lipids and 10% protein. There are four surfactant proteins named SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D; their distinct interactions with surfactant phospholipids are necessary for the ultra-structural organization, stability, metabolism, and lowering of surface tension. In addition, SP-A and SP-D bind pathogens, inflict damage to microbial membranes, and regulate microbial phagocytosis and activation or deactivation of inflammatory responses by alveolar macrophages. SP-A and SP-D, also known as pulmonary collectins, mediate microbial phagocytosis via SP-A and SP-D receptors and the coordinated induction of other innate receptors. Several receptors (SP-R210, CD91/calreticulin, SIRPalpha, and toll-like receptors) mediate the immunological functions of SP-A and SP-D. However, accumulating evidence indicate that SP-B and SP-C and one or more lipid constituents of surfactant share similar immuno-regulatory properties as SP-A and SP-D. The present review discusses current knowledge on the interaction of surfactant with lung innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zissis C Chroneos
- The Center of Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USA.
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18
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Almstrand AC, Ljungström E, Lausmaa J, Bake B, Sjövall P, Olin AC. Airway monitoring by collection and mass spectrometric analysis of exhaled particles. Anal Chem 2009; 81:662-8. [PMID: 19140778 DOI: 10.1021/ac802055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new method for simultaneously collecting particles in exhaled air for subsequent chemical analysis and measuring their size distribution. After forced exhalation, particles were counted and collected in spots on silicon wafers with a cascade impactor. Several phospholipids were identified by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis of the collected spots, suggesting that the particles originated from the lower airways. The amount of particles collected in ten exhalations was sufficient for characterizing the phospholipid composition. The feasibility of the technique in respiratory research is demonstrated by analysis of the phospholipid composition of exhaled particles from healthy controls, patients with asthma, and patients with cystic fibrosis. We believe this technology will be useful for monitoring patients with respiratory disease and has a high potential to detect new biomarkers in exhaled air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte Almstrand
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Baldán A, Gomes AV, Ping P, Edwards PA. Loss of ABCG1 results in chronic pulmonary inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3560-8. [PMID: 18292583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABCG1, a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, is highly expressed in multiple cells of the lung. Loss of ABCG1 results in severe pulmonary lipidosis in mice, with massive deposition of cholesterol in both alveolar macrophages and type 2 cells and the accumulation of excessive surfactant phospholipids. These observations are consistent with ABCG1 controlling cellular sterol metabolism. Herein, we report on the progressive and chronic inflammatory process that accompanies the lipidosis in the lungs of Abcg1-/- mice. Compared with wild-type animals, the lungs of aged chow-fed mice deficient in ABCG1 show distinctive signs of inflammation that include macrophage accumulation, lymphocytic infiltration, hemorrhage, eosinophilic crystals, and elevated levels of numerous cytokines and cytokine receptors. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavages obtained from Abcg1-/- mice revealed elevated numbers of foamy macrophages and leukocytes and the presence of multiple markers of inflammation including crystals of chitinase-3-like proteins. These data suggest that cholesterol and/or cholesterol metabolites that accumulate in Abcg1-/- lungs can trigger inflammatory signaling pathways. Consistent with this hypothesis, the expression of a number of cytokines was found to be significantly increased following increased cholesterol delivery to either primary peritoneal macrophages or Raw264.7 cells. Finally, cholesterol loading of primary mouse macrophages induced cytokine mRNAs to higher levels in Abcg1-/-, as compared with wild-type cells. These results demonstrate that ABCG1 plays critical roles in pulmonary homeostasis, balancing both lipid/cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Baldán
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Health Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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20
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Müller H, End C, Renner M, Helmke BM, Gassler N, Weiss C, Hartl D, Griese M, Hafner M, Poustka A, Mollenhauer J, Poeschl J. Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 (DMBT1) is present in hyaline membranes and modulates surface tension of surfactant. Respir Res 2007; 8:69. [PMID: 17908325 PMCID: PMC2164949 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 (DMBT1) is a secreted scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein that binds various bacteria and is thought to participate in innate pulmonary host defense. We hypothesized that pulmonary DMBT1 could contribute to respiratory distress syndrome in neonates by modulating surfactant function. Methods DMBT1 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry and mRNA in situ hybridization in post-mortem lungs of preterm and full-term neonates with pulmonary hyaline membranes. The effect of human recombinant DMBT1 on the function of bovine and porcine surfactant was measured by a capillary surfactometer. DMBT1-levels in tracheal aspirates of ventilated preterm and term infants were determined by ELISA. Results Pulmonary DMBT1 was localized in hyaline membranes during respiratory distress syndrome. In vitro addition of human recombinant DMBT1 to the surfactants increased surface tension in a dose-dependent manner. The DMBT1-mediated effect was reverted by the addition of calcium depending on the surfactant preparation. Conclusion Our data showed pulmonary DMBT1 expression in hyaline membranes during respiratory distress syndrome and demonstrated that DMBT1 increases lung surface tension in vitro. This raises the possibility that DMBT1 could antagonize surfactant supplementation in respiratory distress syndrome and could represent a candidate target molecule for therapeutic intervention in neonatal lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Müller
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline End
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcus Renner
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard M Helmke
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Griese
- Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annemarie Poustka
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Mollenhauer
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Poeschl
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Sorensen GL, Husby S, Holmskov U. Surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D variation in pulmonary disease. Immunobiology 2007; 212:381-416. [PMID: 17544823 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) have been implicated in pulmonary innate immunity. The proteins are host defense lectins, belonging to the collectin family which also includes mannan-binding lectin (MBL). SP-A and SP-D are pattern-recognition molecules with the lectin domains binding preferentially to sugars on a broad spectrum of pathogen surfaces and thereby facilitating immune functions including viral neutralization, clearance of bacteria, fungi and apoptotic and necrotic cells, modulation of allergic reactions, and resolution of inflammation. SP-A and SP-D can interact with receptor molecules present on immune cells leading to enhanced microbial clearance and modulation of inflammation. SP-A and SP-D also modulate the functions of cells of the adaptive immune system including dendritic cells and T cells. Studies on SP-A and SP-D polymorphisms and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and blood have indicated associations with a multitude of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. In addition, accumulating evidence in mouse models of infection and inflammation indicates that recombinant forms of the surfactant proteins are biologically active in vivo and may have therapeutic potential in controlling pulmonary inflammatory disease. The presence of the surfactant collectins, especially SP-D, in non-pulmonary tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract and genital organs, suggest additional actions located to other mucosal surfaces. The aim of this review is to summarize studies on genetic polymorphisms, structural variants, and serum levels of human SP-A and SP-D and their associations with human pulmonary disease.
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22
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Been JV, Zimmermann LJI. What's new in surfactant? A clinical view on recent developments in neonatology and paediatrics. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:889-99. [PMID: 17516084 PMCID: PMC7102086 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Surfactant therapy has significantly changed clinical practice in neonatology over the last 25 years. Recent trials in infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) have not shown superiority of any natural surfactant over another. Advancements in the development of synthetic surfactants are promising, yet to date none has been shown to be superior to natural preparations. Ideally, surfactant would be administered without requiring mechanical ventilation. An increasing number of studies investigate the roles of alternative modes of administration and the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure to minimise the need for mechanical ventilation. Whether children with other lung diseases benefit from surfactant therapy is less clear. Evidence suggests that infants with meconium aspiration syndrome and children with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome may benefit, while no positive effect of surfactant is seen in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. However, more research is needed to establish potential beneficial effects of surfactant administration in children with lung diseases other than RDS. Furthermore, genetic disorders of surfactant metabolism have recently been linked to respiratory diseases of formerly unknown origin. It is important to consider these disorders in the differential diagnosis of unexplained respiratory distress although no established treatment is yet available besides lung transplantation for the most severe cases. CONCLUSION Research around surfactant is evolving and recent developments include further evolution of synthetic surfactants, evaluation of surfactant as a therapeutic option in lung diseases other than RDS and the discovery of genetic disorders of surfactant metabolism. Ongoing research is essential to continue to improve therapeutic prospects for children with serious respiratory disease involving disturbances in surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper V Been
- Department of Paediatrics, Research Institute Growth and Development, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent improvements in the survival of extremely preterm infants have been accompanied by evolution in the pathogenesis and histopathology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Although oxygen and barotrauma-induced injury remain important contributing factors, pulmonary developmental arrest appears to play an equally important causal role in prolonged respiratory illness, especially among the most immature surviving preterm newborns. To date, clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a substantial benefit of a single treatment or preventive strategy for BPD. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the current evidence in favor of treatments that might prevent BPD. METHODS Review of clinical studies of preventive treatment strategies for BPD. RESULTS High frequency oscillatory ventilation, permissive hypercapnea, and inhaled nitric oxide might offer benefit to infants at risk of BPD. These and other potential preventive therapies for BPD, such as superoxide dismutase, inositol, and alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor, deserve further study. CONCLUSIONS Although some current treatments offer promise, no preventive therapy for BPD has proven safe and effective, except for intramuscular vitamin A. Additional studies of respiratory technologies, management strategies, and protective molecules are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Van Marter
- Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA.
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