1
|
Mainz L, Sarhan MAFE, Roth S, Sauer U, Kalogirou C, Eckstein M, Gerhard-Hartmann E, Seibert HD, Voelker HU, Geppert C, Rosenwald A, Eilers M, Schulze A, Diefenbacher M, Rosenfeldt MT. Acute systemic knockdown of Atg7 is lethal and causes pancreatic destruction in shRNA transgenic mice. Autophagy 2022; 18:2880-2893. [PMID: 35343375 PMCID: PMC9673934 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2052588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion that macroautophagy/autophagy is a potentially attractive therapeutic target for a variety of diseases, including cancer, largely stems from pre-clinical mouse studies. Most of these examine the effects of irreversible and organ confined autophagy deletion using site specific Cre-loxP recombination of the essential autophagy regulating genes Atg7 or Atg5. Model systems with the ability to impair autophagy systemically and reversibly at all disease stages would allow a more realistic approach to evaluate the consequences of authophagy inhibition as a therapeutic concept and its potential side effects. Here, we present shRNA transgenic mice that via doxycycline (DOX) regulable expression of a highly efficient miR30-E-based shRNA enabled knockdown of Atg7 simultaneously in the majority of organs, with the brain and spleen being noteable exceptions. Induced animals deteriorated rapidly and experienced profound destruction of the exocrine pancreas, severe hypoglycemia and depletion of hepatic glycogen storages. Cessation of DOX application restored apparent health, glucose homeostasis and pancreatic integrity. In a similar Atg5 knockdown model we neither observed loss of pancreatic integrity nor diminished survival after DOX treatment, but identified histological changes consistent with steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis in the recovery period after termination of DOX. Regulable Atg7-shRNA mice are valuable tools that will enable further studies on the role of autophagy impairment at various disease stages and thereby help to evaluate the consequences of acute autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic concept.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; AMY: amylase complex; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B, cysteine peptidase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; Cag: CMV early enhancer/chicken ACTB promoter; Col1a1: collagen, type I, alpha 1; Cre: cre recombinase; DOX: doxycycline; GCG: glucagon; GFP: green fluorescent protein; INS: insulin; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; miR30-E: optimized microRNA backbone; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; PNLIP: pancreatic lipase; rtTA: reverse tetracycline transactivator protein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestome 1; TRE: tetracycline responsive element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mainz
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. F. E. Sarhan
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Roth
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Sauer
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charis Kalogirou
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elena Gerhard-Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helen-Desiree Seibert
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Voelker
- Department of Pathology, Leopoldina Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Carol Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Eilers
- Biocenter, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Almut Schulze
- Division of Metabolism and Microenvironment, Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Biocenter, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias T. Rosenfeldt
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,CONTACT Mathias T. Rosenfeldt Institute of Pathology – University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2,97080Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Madácsy T, Pallagi P, Maleth J. Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas: The Role of CFTR Channel in the Regulation of Intracellular Ca 2+ Signaling and Mitochondrial Function in the Exocrine Pancreas. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1585. [PMID: 30618777 PMCID: PMC6306458 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disorder that causes a significant damage in secretory epithelial cells due to the defective ion flux across the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel. Pancreas is one of the organs most frequently damaged by the disease leading to pancreatic insufficiency, abdominal pain and an increased risk of acute pancreatitis in CF patients causing a significant decrease in the quality of life. CFTR plays a central role in the pancreatic ductal secretory functions by carrying Cl- and HCO3 - ions across the apical membrane. Therefore pathophysiological studies in CF mostly focused on the effects of impaired ion secretion by pancreatic ductal epithelial cells leading to exocrine pancreatic damage. However, several studies indicated that CFTR has a central role in the regulation of intracellular signaling processes and is now more widely considered as a signaling hub in epithelial cells. In contrast, elevated intracellular Ca2+ level was observed in the lack of functional CFTR in different cell types including airway epithelial cells. In addition, impaired CFTR expression has been correlated with damaged mitochondrial function in epithelial cells. These alterations of intracellular signaling in CF are not well characterized in the exocrine pancreas yet. Therefore in this review we would like to summarize the complex role of CFTR in the exocrine pancreas with a special focus on the intracellular signaling and mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Madácsy
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HAS-USZ Momentum Epithel Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petra Pallagi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Maleth
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HAS-USZ Momentum Epithel Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang LP, Ma F, Abshire SM, Westlund KN. Prolonged high fat/alcohol exposure increases TRPV4 and its functional responses in pancreatic stellate cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R702-11. [PMID: 23447134 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00296.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) ion channels in pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) isolated from rats with high-fat and alcohol diet (HFA)-induced chronic pancreatitis. TRPV4 is a calcium-permeable nonselective ion channel responsive to osmotic changes, alcohol metabolites arachidonic acid, anandamide, their derivatives, and injury-related lipid mediators. Male Lewis rats were fed HFA for 6-8 wk before isolation and primary culture of PSCs. Control PSCs were harvested from rats fed standard chow. Immunoreactivity for cytoskeletal protein activation product α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β subunit (PDGFR-β) characterized the cells as PSCs. TRPV4 expression increased in PSCs of HFA-fed rats and control cultures after alcohol treatment (50 mM). Cell responses to activation of inducible TRPV4 were assessed with live cell calcium imaging. Threefold increased and sustained intracellular calcium mobilization responses occurred in 70% of pancreatic stellate cells from HFA-fed rats in response to TRPV4 activators arachidonic acid, lipid second messenger, phorbol ester 4 α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4αPDD), and 50% hypoosmotic media compared with relatively unresponsive PSCs from control rats. Activation responses were attenuated by nonselective TRPV channel blocker ruthenium red. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 1 ng/ml, 16 h) increased responses to 4αPDD in control PSCs. These findings implicate TRPV4-mediated calcium responses inducible after HFA exposure and inflammation in reactive responses of activated PSCs that impair pancreatic function, such as responsiveness to cytokines and the deposition of collagen fibrosis that precipitates ductal blockage and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0298, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Can we expect progress in the treatment of fibrosis in the course of chronic pancreatitis? Adv Med Sci 2012; 56:132-7. [PMID: 21940269 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-011-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a necroinflammatory process characterized by loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. To date, the disease has been treated symptomatically. Real advances in CP management can be expected once the pathophysiology of the disease is elucidated and individual stages of its development are properly managed. A key role in the CP pathogenesis is played by activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) that cooperate with the remaining pancreatic cells. All these cells produce cytokines, growth factors, angiotensin and other substances, which paracrinally or autocrinally induce further, persistent activation of PSCs. The activated PSCs are capable of producing and modifying the extracellular matrix. An optimal therapeutic preparation should exert beneficial effects on all the above-mentioned phenomena observed in CP. The most promising treatment modalities include blocking of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPAR-γ), influence on the remaining PSC signaling pathways, blocking of substances produced by activated PSCs, and antioxidants. The findings of many recent experimental studies are highly encouraging; however, their efficacy should be confirmed in well-designed clinical trials.
Collapse
|
5
|
van Geenen EJM, Smits MM, Schreuder TCMA, van der Peet DL, Bloemena E, Mulder CJJ. Smoking is related to pancreatic fibrosis in humans. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:1161-6; quiz 1167. [PMID: 21577244 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smokers are at risk for pancreatic cancer (PC) and other pancreatic diseases. Cigarette smoking also aggravates the risk of PC in patients with hereditary and chronic pancreatitis (CP) and results in a higher incidence of acute pancreatitis and relapses in CP. Both PC and CP are characterized by a progressive fibrosis. Recently, two studies on rats reported that tobacco smoking is associated with chronic pancreatic inflammation with fibrosis and scarring of pancreatic acinar structures. In this study, we aimed to confirm a relationship between cigarette smoking and pancreatic fibrosis (PF) in humans. METHODS In this retrospective study, pancreatic and liver tissue acquired during autopsy was collected and analyzed. PF was scored by assessing severity of intralobular, extralobular, and total PF: grade 0 (normal or mild; 0-25% PF), grade 1 (moderate; 25-50% PF), and grade 2 (severe; >50%). Information on smoking habits was extracted from (electronic) medical records. RESULTS Of 900 autopsies performed from January 2005 to December 2007, a minority of patients (n=111) met all inclusion criteria for analysis. Grade 2-3 total PF and intralobular PF was significantly more present in smokers vs. "never-smokers" (total: 42.9 vs. 26.5%, P=0.027 and intralobular: 39.3 vs. 15.6%, P=0.013), whereas no differences could be found between never-smokers and ex-smokers and between ex-smokers and smokers. When we took into account interlobular PF, no differences between all groups were observed. No relationship between PF and age (P=0.893), body mass index (P=0.707), and pancreatic lipomatosis (P=0.916) was observed. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, no study in humans had studied the effect of tobacco smoking on pancreatic tissue. We have demonstrated for the first time that current cigarette smoking is associated with total PF-specifically, intralobular PF-as compared with nonsmokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin J M van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Insights into the development of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis at Soweto, South Africa: a controlled cross-sectional study. Pancreas 2011; 40:508-16. [PMID: 21499204 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318214f94a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We asked why so few working-class Africans of Soweto have chronic pancreatitis (CP) when alcoholism is the norm. METHODS Twenty-one alcoholics with acute psychosis but normal pancreas were investigated for lifestyle, micronutrient status, electrophilic stress, and iron overload. RESULTS Alcoholics consumed more ethanol daily than did 14 previously studied patients with CP (P = 0.003); cigarette usage was similar; both groups had even poorer vitamin C status than 14 healthy controls, and no participant had iron overload. The CP group had higher scores for exposure to occupational xenobiotics than did alcoholics (P < 0.05), with lower plasma glutathione (P = 0.047) and urinary inorganic sulfate (P = 0.009). Further analysis identified hyperhomocysteinemia in the alcoholic set, with lower vitamin B12 (P < 0.001), higher folic acid (P = 0.003), and similar vitamin B6 levels compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The transition from alcoholism to CP in Soweto is associated with occupational exposure to xenobiotics. Among detoxification systems that are strained thereby, glutathione and inorganic sulfate depend on methionine intake, which is ample in Sowetans, whereas vitamin C, which exerts a glutathione-sparing effect, is deficient. Hence, a daily tablet of vitamin C may enable community prophylaxis against the disease--but homocysteine status would need monitoring.
Collapse
|
7
|
Koo HC, Moon JH, Choi HJ, Hwang KH, Maeng HJ, Kim HK, Park JK, Hong SJ, Cheon YK, Cho YD, Lee JS, Lee MS. Effect of transdermal fentanyl patches on the motility of the sphincter of oddi. Gut Liver 2010; 4:368-72. [PMID: 20981215 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2010.4.3.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pain is one of the most troublesome symptoms of pancreatitis. Transdermal fentanyl patches (TFPs) are long-acting analgesics with a reduced risk of dependency. This prospective study evaluated the effect of TFPs on sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility for the management of pain in pancreatitis. METHODS SO manometry (SOM) was performed using triple-lumen catheters anterogradely inserted through the percutaneous transhepatic route during cholangioscopy in 16 patients. The basal pressure, amplitude, and frequency of the SO were assessed before and after applying a TFP at 24 hour at doses of 25 and 12.5µg/hr, respectively. RESULTS Two of 16 patients receiving a 25µg/hr. TFP were excluded because of adverse side effects (headache and/or nausea). The mean basal pressure, amplitude, and frequency of SOM did not change significantly in the 25µg/hr TFP group (n=4 patients). Parameters of SO function also did not significantly change in the 12.5µg/hr TFP group (n=11 patients). CONCLUSIONS TFPs below a dose of 25µg/hr may not affect the motility of the SO. Administration of TFPs at lower dosages seems to be a safe analgesic treatment for the pain control of patients with pancreatitis without affecting the function of the SO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Cheol Koo
- Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon and Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brendle TA. Preventing Surgically Induced Diabetes After Total Pancreatectomy via Autologous Islet Cell Reimplantation. AORN J 2010; 92:169-81; quiz 182-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aorn.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
9
|
Rehm J, Baliunas D, Borges GLG, Graham K, Irving H, Kehoe T, Parry CD, Patra J, Popova S, Poznyak V, Roerecke M, Room R, Samokhvalov AV, Taylor B. The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. Addiction 2010; 105:817-43. [PMID: 20331573 PMCID: PMC3306013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As part of a larger study to estimate the global burden of disease and injury attributable to alcohol: to evaluate the evidence for a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption and pattern of drinking on diseases and injuries; to quantify relationships identified as causal based on published meta-analyses; to separate the impact on mortality versus morbidity where possible; and to assess the impact of the quality of alcohol on burden of disease. METHODS Systematic literature reviews were used to identify alcohol-related diseases, birth complications and injuries using standard epidemiological criteria to determine causality. The extent of the risk relations was taken from meta-analyses. RESULTS Evidence of a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption was found for the following major diseases: tuberculosis, mouth, nasopharynx, other pharynx and oropharynx cancer, oesophageal cancer, colon and rectum cancer, liver cancer, female breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use disorders, unipolar depressive disorders, epilepsy, hypertensive heart disease, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, conduction disorders and other dysrhythmias, lower respiratory infections (pneumonia), cirrhosis of the liver, preterm birth complications and fetal alcohol syndrome. Dose-response relationships could be quantified for all disease categories except for depressive disorders, with the relative risk increasing with increased level of alcohol consumption for most diseases. Both average volume and drinking pattern were linked causally to IHD, fetal alcohol syndrome and unintentional and intentional injuries. For IHD, ischaemic stroke and diabetes mellitus beneficial effects were observed for patterns of light to moderate drinking without heavy drinking occasions (as defined by 60+ g pure alcohol per day). For several disease and injury categories, the effects were stronger on mortality compared to morbidity. There was insufficient evidence to establish whether quality of alcohol had a major impact on disease burden. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings indicate that alcohol impacts many disease outcomes causally, both chronic and acute, and injuries. In addition, a pattern of heavy episodic drinking increases risk for some disease and all injury outcomes. Future studies need to address a number of methodological issues, especially the differential role of average volume versus drinking pattern, in order to obtain more accurate risk estimates and to understand more clearly the nature of alcohol-disease relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blaine SA, Ray KC, Branch KM, Robinson PS, Whitehead RH, Means AL. Epidermal growth factor receptor regulates pancreatic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G434-41. [PMID: 19608732 PMCID: PMC2739824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of pancreatic fibrosis has been shown to be a major component in several diseases of the pancreas including pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its actual role in the progression of these disorders is still unknown. This fibrosis is characterized by stromal expansion and the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) that replaces pancreatic tissue. This eventually leads to dysregulation of ECM turnover, production of cytokines, restriction of blood flow, and often exocrine and endocrine insufficiencies. Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have been identified as key mediators in the progression of pancreatic fibrosis, serving as the predominant source of excess ECM proteins. Previously, we found that overexpression of the growth factor heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in pancreatic islets led to intraislet fibrosis. HB-EGF binds to and activates two receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB4, as well as heparin moieties and CD9/DRAP27. To understand the mechanism underlying the induction of fibrogenesis by HB-EGF, we utilized a hypomorphic allele of Egfr, the Waved-2 allele, to demonstrate that EGFR signaling regulates fibrogenesis in vivo. Using an in vitro cell migration assay, we show that HB-EGF regulates both chemoattraction and stimulation of proliferation of PSCs via EGFR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A. Blaine
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin C. Ray
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin M. Branch
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Pamela S. Robinson
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert H. Whitehead
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anna L. Means
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Greer JB, Whitcomb DC. Inflammation and pancreatic cancer: an evidence-based review. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:411-8. [PMID: 19589727 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that inflammation plays a contributory role in numerous pathologies, including pancreatic carcinogenesis. Inflammatory states are characterized by the creation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of cell cycling for tissue growth and repair. The initiation, promotion and expansion of tumors may be influenced by numerous components that function in the inflammatory response. Recognized risk factors for pancreatic cancer include cigarette smoking, chronic/hereditary pancreatitis, obesity and type II diabetes. Each risk factor is linked by the fact that the inflammatory state significantly drives its pathology. This article will outline how inflammatory mechanisms are etiologically linked to pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Greer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical Arts Building, 4th floor, Office 400.5, 3708 5th Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|