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Deng P, Yu Q, Tang H, Lu Y, He Y. Age at Menarche Mediating Visceral Adipose Tissue's Influence on Pre-eclampsia: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:405-413. [PMID: 36184738 PMCID: PMC9844965 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and pre-eclampsia (PE) shows inconsistent results and the underlying mediator remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the causal effect of VAT on PE risks and the mediation role of age at menarche (AAM) in explaining this relationship. METHODS Summary data for PE were obtained from the FinnGen genome-wide association study (3556 cases and 114 735 controls). For exposure data, 70 genetic variants associated with the predicted VAT in 161 149 European women from UK Biobank were used as instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighted and multiple sensitivity analyses were applied. We also conducted multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to test the association between VAT-associated single-nucleotide variations and PE. Next, mediation analyses were performed to study whether the association between VAT and PE was mediated via AAM. RESULTS In univariable MR analysis, higher volume of VAT was associated with the advancement of AAM and increased PE risk (beta = -0.33; 95% CI, -0.49 to -0.16 for AAM; odds ratio 1.65, 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.20 for PE). After adjusting for waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, and hip circumference, the multivariable MR results presented the consistent positive causality of VAT on PE. Two-step MR analysis proved an estimated 14.3% of the positive effect of VAT on PE was mediated by AAM. CONCLUSION Our findings provided evidence of the causal relationship between VAT and PE and proved VAT could accelerate AAM and then contribute to the risk of incident PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Deng
- Clinical Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qingwei Yu
- Clinical Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Haibo Tang
- Clinical Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Clinical Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London WC2R2ls, UK
| | - Yingdong He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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Bovet J. Evolutionary Theories and Men's Preferences for Women's Waist-to-Hip Ratio: Which Hypotheses Remain? A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1221. [PMID: 31244708 PMCID: PMC6563790 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 25 years, a large amount of research has been dedicated to identifying men's preferences for women's physical features, and the evolutionary benefits associated with such preferences. Today, this area of research generates substantial controversy and criticism. I argue that part of the crisis is due to inaccuracies in the evolutionary hypotheses used in the field. For this review, I focus on the extensive literature regarding men's adaptive preferences for women's waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), which has become a classic example of the just-so storytelling contributing to the general mistrust toward evolutionary explanations of human behavior. The issues in this literature originate in the vagueness and incompleteness of the theorizing of the evolutionary mechanisms leading to mate preferences. Authors seem to have rushed into testing and debating the effects of WHR on women's attractiveness under various conditions and using different stimuli, without first establishing (a) clear definitions of the central evolution concepts (e.g., female mate value is often reduced to an imprecise concept of "health-and-fertility"), and (b) a complete overview of the distinct evolutionary paths potentially at work (e.g., focusing on fecundability while omitting descendants' quality). Unsound theoretical foundations will lead to imprecise predictions which cannot properly be tested, thus ultimately resulting in the premature rejection of an evolutionary explanation to human mate preferences. This paper provides the first comprehensive review of the existing hypotheses on why men's preferences for a certain WHR in women might be adaptive, as well as an analysis of the theoretical credibility of these hypotheses. By dissecting the evolutionary reasoning behind each hypothesis, I show which hypotheses are plausible and which are unfit to account for men's preferences for female WHR. Moreover, the most cited hypotheses (e.g., WHR as a cue of health or fecundity) are found to not necessarily be the ones with the strongest theoretical support, and some promising hypotheses (e.g., WHR as a cue of parity or current pregnancy) have seemingly been mostly overlooked. Finally, I suggest some directions for future studies on human mate choice, to move this evolutionary psychology literature toward a stronger theoretical foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Bovet
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Kennedy N, Quinton A, Peek MJ, Robledo K, Benzie R, Nanan R. A novel evaluation of density differences in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue layers in pregnancy using elastography. Australas J Ultrasound Med 2018; 21:227-233. [DOI: 10.1002/ajum.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Kennedy
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology; Sydney Medical School Nepean; University of Sydney; Nepean Hospital; Penrith New South Wales 2750 Australia
- Christopher Kohlenberg Department of Perinatal Ultrasound; Nepean Hospital; Penrith New South Wales 2750 Australia
| | - Ann Quinton
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology; Sydney Medical School Nepean; University of Sydney; Nepean Hospital; Penrith New South Wales 2750 Australia
- Medical Sonography; School of Health, Medical and Applied Science; Central Queensland University; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
| | - Michael John Peek
- Australian National University Medical School; College of Health and Medicine; The Australian National University; Centenary Hospital for Women and Children; Garran Australian Capital Territory 2605 Australia
| | - Kristy Robledo
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
| | - Ron Benzie
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology; Sydney Medical School Nepean; University of Sydney; Nepean Hospital; Penrith New South Wales 2750 Australia
- Christopher Kohlenberg Department of Perinatal Ultrasound; Nepean Hospital; Penrith New South Wales 2750 Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre; University of Sydney; Nepean Hospital; Penrith New South Wales 2750 Australia
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Pawłowski B, Dunbar RIM. Waist-to-hip ratio versus body mass index as predictors of fitness in women. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2015; 16:164-77. [PMID: 26189621 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-005-1002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The claim that men prefer women with low waist-to-hip ratios (WHR) has been vigorously disputed. We examine self-report data from 359 primiparous Polish women (with normal singleton births and healthy infants) and show that WHR correlates with at least one component of a woman's biological fitness (her first child's birth weight, a variable that significantly affects infant survival rates). However, a woman's Body Mass Index (BMI) is a better predictor of her child's neonatal weight in small-bodied women (<54 kg). The failure to find a preference for low WHR in some traditional populations may thus be a consequence of the fact that, even in western populations, body mass is a better predictor of fitness in those cases characterized by low maternal body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pawłowski
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wrocław, u. Kuznicza 35, 50-138, Wrocław, Poland.
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5
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Early pregnancy waist-to-hip ratio and risk of preeclampsia: a prospective cohort study. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:80-3. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Founds SA, Ren D, Roberts JM, Jeyabalan A, Powers RW. Follistatin-like 3 across gestation in preeclampsia and uncomplicated pregnancies among lean and obese women. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:402-9. [PMID: 24700053 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114529372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine circulating maternal follistatin-like 3 (FSTL-3) by gestational age and obesity in pregnancy and preeclampsia. FSTL-3 was quantified in maternal plasma collected in each trimester from prepregnancy body mass index-determined groups: 15 lean and 24 obese controls and 20 obese women who developed preeclampsia. Repeated measures mixed models and logistic regression were conducted (P ≤ .05). FSTL-3 was not related to maternal adiposity. FSTL-3 changed across pregnancy in lean controls and obese preeclampsia but not in obese controls. FSTL-3 was higher in preeclampsia in the second trimester compared to lean controls and in the third trimester compared to both control groups. Elevated FSTL-3 at mid-gestation was associated with an increased odds of preeclampsia (odds ratio 3.15; 95% confidence interval 1.19-8.36; P = .02). Elevated FSTL-3 concentrations were attributable to preeclampsia and were associated with increased likelihood of later developing preeclampsia, suggesting further study as a biomarker prior to clinically evident disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Founds
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dianxu Ren
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Center for Research and Evaluation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Roberts
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arun Jeyabalan
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert W Powers
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Okereke CE, Anyaehie UB, Dim CC, Iyare EE, Nwagha UI. Evaluation of some anthropometric indices for the diagnosis of obesity in pregnancy in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:1034-40. [PMID: 24940329 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i4.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity in pregnancy is a global health problem which is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. The use of weight and height, measured at about ten weeks of gestation, to produce pre-gestational body mass index is recommended for the diagnoses of the condition but limitations abound in under resourced settings. OBJECTIVES To measure anthropometric indices such as mid upper arm circumference, calf circumference, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio, for identification of obesity in pregnancy. METHODS Anthropometric measurements were carried out on cohorts of pregnant women from 4 hospitals in Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria. RESULTS There were no significant difference in the mean mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC) across the trimester groups. The mean values of waist circumferences, hip circumference and waist to hip ratios changed significantly across the trimesters. The 75(th) percentile of MUAC (33 cm) and CC (39 cm) in all trimesters, had sensitivity and specificity of more than 70% for identifying obesity in pregnancy. CONCLUSION MUAC and CC values of 33cm and 39cm respectively might be reliable cut off points for diagnoses of obesity throughout pregnancy in Enugu, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Okereke
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu Nigeria
| | - U B Anyaehie
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu Nigeria
| | - C C Dim
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology/Physiology, College of Medicine UNEC, Enugu Nigeria
| | - E E Iyare
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu Nigeria
| | - U I Nwagha
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology/Physiology, College of Medicine UNEC, Enugu Nigeria
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Weichert J, Hartge DR. Obstetrical sonography in obese women: a review. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2011; 39:209-216. [PMID: 21480286 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Obstetric sonographic imaging in pregnant women is adversely affected by obesity with a negative impact on the detection rate of congenital anomalies. This review aims to analyze relevant data regarding this issue and to discuss clinical and technical problems associated with sonographic examination of obese pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Weichert
- Division of Prenatal Medicine, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Germany
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Cashdan E. Waist‐to‐Hip Ratio across Cultures: Trade‐Offs between Androgen‐ and Estrogen‐Dependent Traits. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1086/593036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Maul H. Adipositas und Schwangerschaft. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-007-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cnossen JS, Leeflang MMG, de Haan EEM, Mol BWJ, van der Post JAM, Khan KS, ter Riet G. Systematic review: Accuracy of body mass index in predicting pre-eclampsia: bivariate meta-analysis. BJOG 2007; 114:1477-85. [PMID: 17903233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) (pre-pregnancy or at booking) in predicting pre-eclampsia and to explore its potential for clinical application. DESIGN Systematic review and bivariate meta-analysis. SETTING Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDION, manual searching of reference lists of review articles and eligible primary articles, and contact with experts. POPULATION Pregnant women at any level of risk in any healthcare setting. METHODS Reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data on study characteristics, quality, and accuracy. No language restrictions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pooled sensitivities and specificities (95% CI), a summary receiver operating characteristic curve, and corresponding likelihood ratios (LRs). The potential value of BMI was assessed by combining its predictive capacity for different prevalences of pre-eclampsia and the therapeutic effectiveness (relative risk 0.90) of aspirin. RESULTS A total of 36 studies, testing 1,699,073 pregnant women (60,584 women with pre-eclampsia), met the selection criteria. The median incidence of pre-eclampsia was 3.9% (interquartile range 1.4-6.8). The area under the curve was 0.64 with 93% of heterogeneity explained by threshold differences. Pooled estimates (95% CI) for all studies with a BMI > or = 25 were 47% (33-61) for sensitivity and 73% (64-83) for specificity; and 21% (12-31) and 92% (89-95) for a BMI > or = 35. Corresponding LRs (95% CI) were 1.7 (0.3-11.9) for BMI > or = 25 and 0.73 (0.22-2.45) for BMI < 25, and 2.7 (1.0-7.3) for BMI > or = 35 and 0.86 (0.68-1.07) for BMI < 35. The number needed to treat with aspirin to prevent one case of pre-eclampsia ranges from 714 (no testing, low-risk women) to 37 (BMI > or = 35, high-risk women). CONCLUSIONS BMI appears to be a fairly weak predictor for pre-eclampsia. Although BMI is virtually free of cost, noninvasive, and ubiquitously available, its usefulness as a stand-alone test for risk stratification must await formal cost-utility analysis. The findings of this review may serve as input for such analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Cnossen
- Department of General Practice, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bartha JL, Marín-Segura P, González-González NL, Wagner F, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Hervias-Vivancos B. Ultrasound evaluation of visceral fat and metabolic risk factors during early pregnancy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:2233-9. [PMID: 17890491 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to study the relationships between ultrasound estimated visceral fat and metabolic risk factors during early pregnancy. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thirty consecutive healthy pregnant women at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation were studied. Maximum subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) and visceral fat thickness (VFT) were successfully measured by ultrasound. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and blood pressure were measured. Insulin resistance was calculated by using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). RESULTS VFT significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.37, p = 0.04), glycemia (r = 0.37, p = 0.04), insulinemia (r = 0.59, p = 0.001) insulin sensitivity (HOMA; r = 0.59, p = 0.001), triglycerides (r = 0.58, p = 0.03), HDL-C (r = -0.39, p = 0.03), and total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio (p = 0.002), whereas SFT was significantly correlated with only diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.03). VFT better significantly correlated with the metabolic risk factors than pre-gestational BMI [r = 0.39, p = 0.03 for insulinemia, r = 0.42, p = 0.02 for insulin sensitivity (HOMA), and r = 0.49, p = 0.01 for triglycerides and not significant for the rest]. DISCUSSION Visceral fat thickness can be easily measured by ultrasound at early pregnancy and correlates better than BMI with metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Bartha
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital "Puerta del Mar," Avenida Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain.
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McCarthy EA, Strauss BJG, Walker SP, Permezel M. Determination of Maternal Body Composition in Pregnancy and Its Relevance to Perinatal Outcomes. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2004; 59:731-42; quiz 745-6. [PMID: 15385859 DOI: 10.1097/01.ogx.0000140039.10861.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three models and 10 specific methods for determining maternal body composition are discussed and their perinatal relevance reviewed. English language publications (1950 to January 2004) were searched electronically and by hand. Search terms included "body composition," "human," " pregnancy," "obesity," "adiposity," "regional," "2-, 3-, 4-component," "truncal," "peripheral," "central," "visceral" along with specific techniques and outcomes listed subsequently. Three models of body composition are described: 2-component being fat and fat-free mass; 3-component being fat, water, and protein; and 4-component being fat, water, protein, and osseous mineral. Ten techniques of body composition assessment are described: 1) anthropometric techniques including skinfold thicknesses and waist-hip ratio; 2) total body water (isotopically labeled); 3) hydrodensitometry (underwater weighing); 4) air-displacement plethysmography; 5) bio-impedance analysis (BIA); 6) total body potassium (TBK); 7) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); 8) computed tomography (CT); 9) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and 10) ultrasound (USS). Most methods estimate total adiposity. Regional fat distribution-central (truncal) compared with peripheral (limb) or visceral compared with subcutaneous-is important because of regional variation in adipocyte metabolism. Skinfolds, DEXA, CT, MRI, or USS can distinguish central from peripheral fat. CT, MRI, or USS can further subdivide central fat into visceral and subcutaneous. Perinatal outcomes examined in relation to body composition include pregnancy duration, birth weight, congenital anomalies, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and the fetal origins of adult disease. A few studies suggest that central compared with peripheral fat correlates better with birth weight, gestational carbohydrate intolerance, and hypertension. Means of accurately assessing maternal body composition remain cumbersome and impractical, but may more accurately predict perinatal outcomes than traditional assessments such as maternal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A McCarthy
- University of Melbourne, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, Australia.
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