1
|
Globus pallidus, but not entopeduncular nucleus, 6-OHDA-induced lesion attenuates L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia in the rat model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
2
|
Marin C, Bonastre M, Fuentes M, Mullol J. Lack of correlation between dyskinesia and pallidal serotonin transporter expression-induced by L-Dopa and Pramipexole in hemiparkinsonian rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173012. [PMID: 32750392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of pallidal serotonergic terminals in the development of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been recently highlighted correlating pallidal serotonin transporter (SERT) expression levels with dyskinesias severity. However, the role of external globus pallidus (GPe, GP in rodents) serotonergic function in LIDs is still controversial since several studies have shown no differences in GPe serotonin (SER) and SERT levels between dyskinetic and non-dyskinetic PD patients. In addition, the increase in pallidal SERT/dopamine transporter (DAT) binding ratio obtained in positron emission tomography studies has been shown similar in both subtypes of PD patients. Based on these controversial results, further studies are required to clarify the possible involvement of GPe serotonergic activity in LIDs expression. We investigated the pallidal SER and SERT expression changes and the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) induced by L-Dopa or the D3/D2 dopamine (DA) agonist, Pramipexole, in partial unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. L-Dopa treatment led to an increment of axial (p < 0.01), limb (p < 0.01), and orolingual (p < 0.01) AIMs. However, Pramipexole treatment did not induce AIMs. The number of GP SERT-positive axon varicosities was increased in L-Dopa (p < 0.05) and Pramipexole (p < 0.01) treated rats. No differences were observed in the number of GP SERT-positive varicosities between L-Dopa and Pramipexole treatments. Our results indicate a lack of correlation between GP SERT expression levels and the development of AIMs suggesting that pallidal serotonergic fibers are not responsible for LIDs. The possible involvement of the SER system in dyskinesia may include other mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Mercè Bonastre
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireya Fuentes
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coherence of neuronal firing of the entopeduncular nucleus with motor cortex oscillatory activity in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson’s disease with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1105-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
4
|
Marin C, Bonastre M, Mengod G, Cortés R, Rodríguez-Oroz M. From unilateral to bilateral parkinsonism: Effects of lateralization on dyskinesias and associated molecular mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:365-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
5
|
Cilia R, Akpalu A, Sarfo FS, Cham M, Amboni M, Cereda E, Fabbri M, Adjei P, Akassi J, Bonetti A, Pezzoli G. The modern pre-levodopa era of Parkinson's disease: insights into motor complications from sub-Saharan Africa. Brain 2014; 137:2731-42. [PMID: 25034897 PMCID: PMC4163032 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Delaying the initiation of levodopa has been proposed to reduce the risk of motor complications in Parkinson’s disease. In a 4-year multicentre study in Ghana, Cilia et al. find that motor fluctuations and dyskinesias are predicted by disease duration and levodopa dose, but not by the duration of levodopa therapy. During the past decade, a number of large drug trials suggested that the initiation of levodopa therapy should be delayed to reduce the risk of motor complications in patients with Parkinson’s disease. However, the relative contribution of the cumulative exposure to levodopa and of disease progression to the pathophysiology of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias is still poorly understood. In this 4-year multicentre study, we investigated a large cohort of patients with Parkinson’s disease in a sub-Saharan African country (Ghana), where access to medication is limited and the initiation of levodopa therapy often occurs many years after onset. The primary objective was to investigate whether the occurrence of motor complications is primarily related to the duration of levodopa therapy or to disease-related factors. Study design included a cross-sectional case-control analysis of data collected between December 2008 and November 2012, and a prospective study of patients followed-up for at least 6 months after the initiation of levodopa therapy. Ninety-one patients fulfilled criteria for clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (58 males, mean age at onset 60.6 ± 11.3 years). Demographic data were compared to those of 2282 consecutive Italian patients recruited during the same period, whereas nested matched subgroups were used to compare clinical variables. Demographic features, frequency and severity of motor and non-motor symptoms were comparable between the two populations, with the only exception of more frequent tremor-dominant presentation in Ghana. At baseline, the proportion of Ghanaian patients with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias was 56% and 14%, respectively. Although levodopa therapy was introduced later in Ghana (mean disease duration 4.2 ± 2.8 versus 2.4 ± 2.1 years, P < 0.001), disease duration at the occurrence of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias was similar in the two populations. In multivariate analysis, disease duration and levodopa daily dose (mg/kg of body weight) were associated with motor complications, while the disease duration at the initiation of levodopa was not. Prospective follow-up for a mean of 2.6 ± 1.3 years of a subgroup of 21 patients who were drug-naïve at baseline [median disease duration 4.5 (interquartile range, 2.3–5) years] revealed that the median time to development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias after initiation of levodopa therapy was 6 months. We conclude that motor fluctuations and dyskinesias are not associated with the duration of levodopa therapy, but rather with longer disease duration and higher levodopa daily dose. Hence, the practice to withhold levodopa therapy with the objective of delaying the occurrence of motor complications is not justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cilia
- 1 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | - Albert Akpalu
- 2 Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Greater Accra region, Ghana
| | | | - Momodou Cham
- 4 Comboni Hospital, Sogakope, Volta region, Ghana
| | - Marianna Amboni
- 5 Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy 6 IDC Hermitage-Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cereda
- 7 Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Patrick Adjei
- 2 Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Greater Accra region, Ghana
| | - John Akassi
- 3 Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ashanti region, Ghana
| | - Alba Bonetti
- 1 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- 1 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Niñerola-Baizán A, Rojas S, Bonastre M, Tudela R, Lomeña F, Pavía J, Marin C, Ros D. In vivo evaluation of the dopaminergic neurotransmission system using [123I]FP-CIT SPECT in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:67-73. [PMID: 24888455 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rodent model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been used to evaluate the nigrostriatal pathway. The aim of this work was to explore the relationship between the degree of 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic degeneration and [(123)I]FP-CIT binding using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Fourteen rats received a 6-OHDA injection (4 or 8 µg) into the left medial forebrain bundle. After 3 weeks, magnetic resonance imaging and scans with a small-animal SPECT system were performed. Finally, the nigrostriatal lesion was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed two levels of dopaminergic degeneration. Lesions induced by 6-OHDA diminished the ipsilateral [(123)I]FP-CIT binding by 61 and 76%, respectively. The decrease in tracer uptake between control and lesioned animals was statistically significant, as was the difference between the two 6-OHDA lesioned groups. Results concluded that [(123)I]FP-CIT SPECT is a useful technique to discriminate the degree of dopaminergic degeneration in a rat model of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Niñerola-Baizán
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marin C, Bonastre M, Mengod G, Cortés R, Giralt A, Obeso J, Schapira A. Early L-dopa, but not pramipexole, restores basal ganglia activity in partially 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 64:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
8
|
Zúñiga-Ramírez C, Micheli F. Preladenant: an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist for Parkinson’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preladenant (SCH 420814) is a potent selective antagonist at the adenosine A2A receptor that is being studied for treatment in early Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a monotherapy, and in moderate-to-severe PD as an add on to levodopa therapy. Unlike other drugs used for this disease, preladenant modulates adenosine action at the striatal level in order to block the inhibitory action of the basal ganglia output nuclei. Animal models of PD suggested that preladenant could be an effective treatment, which was further supported in a Phase II study of subjects with idiopathic PD who demonstrated a benefit in reducing off-time with an increase in on-time. In this article, we review current perspectives concerning pharmacological approaches to PD, the pharmacological properties of preladenant, its efficiency and safety, as well as the results reported for parkinsonian subjects treated with this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zúñiga-Ramírez
- Movement Disorders & Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara ‘Fray Antonio Alcalde’, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Federico Micheli
- Parkinson’s Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Hospital de Clínicas ‘José de San Martín’, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marin C, Bonastre M, Mengod G, Cortés R, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Obeso JA. Subthalamic 6-OHDA-induced lesion attenuates levodopa-induced dyskinesias in the rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:304-12. [PMID: 24140562 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives direct dopaminergic innervation from the substantia nigra pars compacta that degenerates in Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to investigate the role of dopaminergic denervation of STN in the origin of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Rats were distributed in four groups which were concomitantly lesioned with 6-OHDA or vehicle (sham) in the STN and in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) as follows: a) MFB-sham plus STN-sham, b) MFB-sham plus STN-lesion, c) MFB-lesion plus STN-sham, and d) MFB-lesion plus STN-lesion. Four weeks after lesions, animals were treated with levodopa (6mg/kg with 15mg/kg benserazide i.p.) twice daily for 22 consecutive days. Abnormal involuntary movements were measured. In situ hybridization was performed measuring the expression of striatal preproenkephalin, preprodynorphin, STN cytochrome oxidase (CO) and nigral GAD67 mRNAs. STN 6-OHDA denervation did not induce dyskinesias in levodopa-treated MFB-sham animals but attenuated axial (p<0.05), limb (p<0.05) and orolingual (p<0.01) dyskinesias in rats with a concomitant lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. The attenuation of dyskinesias was associated with a decrease in the ipsilateral STN CO mRNA levels (p<0.05). No significant differences between MFB-lesion plus STN-sham and MFB-lesion plus STN-lesion groups in the extent of STN dopaminergic denervation were observed. Moreover, intrasubthalamic microinfusion of dopamine in the MFB-lesion plus STN-lesion group triggered orolingual (p<0.01), but not axial or limb, dyskinesias. These results suggest that dopaminergic STN innervation influences the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesias but also the existence of non dopaminergic-mediated mechanisms. STN noradrenergic depletion induced by 6-OHDA in the STN needs to be taken in account as a possible mechanism explaining the attenuation of dyskinesias in the combined lesion group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS-CELLEX), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Redes sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gago B, Marin C, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Obeso JA. l-dopa-induced dyskinesias in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats are not modified by excitotoxic lesion of the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Synapse 2013; 67:407-14. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Huot P, Johnston TH, Koprich JB, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The Pharmacology of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:171-222. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
12
|
Wettergren EE, Gussing F, Quintino L, Lundberg C. Novel disease-specific promoters for use in gene therapy for Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2012; 530:29-34. [PMID: 23063686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising therapeutic tool for Parkinson's disease (PD), but there is a lack of evaluated cell specific promoters that are relevant for the disease. We have chosen PD relevant promoter candidates for gene therapy vectors based on either previous studies; Drd1a, Drd2 and pDyn, or from a microarray study on parkinsonian patients; ACE, DNAJC3, GALNS, MAP1a and RNF25. These candidates have been evaluated in rat striatum to determine their suitability for use in cell specific vectors. The promoters had a neuronal specificity of 91-100%. The efficiency of the promoters was variable, but RNF25, DNAJC3 and MAP1a were comparable to widely used ubiquitous promoters. MAP1a was also affected by dopamine depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Elgstrand Wettergren
- CNS Gene Therapy Unit, BMC A11, Dept. of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Klug J, Deutch A, Colbran R, Winder D. Synaptic Triad in the Neostriatum. DOPAMINE – GLUTAMATE INTERACTIONS IN THE BASAL GANGLIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b11284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
14
|
Hsieh TH, Chen JJJ, Chen LH, Chiang PT, Lee HY, Denham W, Barrera E, Ujiki MB. Time-course gait analysis of hemiparkinsonian rats following 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Behav Brain Res 2011; 222:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
15
|
Ramlackhansingh AF, Bose SK, Ahmed I, Turkheimer FE, Pavese N, Brooks DJ. Adenosine 2A receptor availability in dyskinetic and nondyskinetic patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 2011; 76:1811-6. [PMID: 21606452 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31821ccce4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate striatal adenosine A2A receptor availability in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) with and without levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). While providing effective relief from the motor symptoms of PD, chronic levodopa use is associated with development of LIDs. A2A receptors are expressed on the bodies of indirect pathway medium spiny striatal neurons and on dopamine terminals and play a role in modulating dopamine transmission. A2A antagonists have antiparkinsonian activity by boosting levodopa efficacy. We aimed to study A2A receptor availability in patients with PD with and without LIDs using PET and [¹¹C]SCH442416, an A2A antagonist. METHODS Six patients with PD with and 6 without LIDs were studied withdrawn 12 hours from medication. Their PET findings were compared with 6 age-matched healthy controls. Using spectral analysis, [¹¹C]SCH442416 regional volumes of distribution (V(T)) were computed for the caudate, putamen, and thalamus and binding potentials (BP(ND)) reflecting the ratio of specific:nonspecific uptake were compared between groups. RESULTS A2A binding in the caudate and putamen of subjects with PD with LIDs was far higher (p = 0.026 and p = 0.036, respectively) than that of subjects with PD without LIDs, which lay within the control range. Thalamic A2A availability was similar for all 3 groups. CONCLUSION Patients with PD with LIDs show increased A2A receptor availability in the striatum. This finding is compatible with altered adenosine transmission playing a role in LIDs and provides a rationale for a trial of A2A receptor agents in the treatment of these motor complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Ramlackhansingh
- Room 244, Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W120NN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Soria G, Aguilar E, Tudela R, Mullol J, Planas AM, Marin C. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging characterization of bilateral structural changes in experimental Parkinson’s disease: a T2 relaxometry study combined with longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging and manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the 6-. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1551-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
This paper is the 32nd consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2009 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miyasaki JM. Evidence-based initiation of dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2010; 257:S309-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors in Preclinical Models as Adjuncts of l-Dopa Treatment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010; 95:191-205. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381326-8.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|