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Koike T, Tanaka S, Hirahara Y, Oe S, Kurokawa K, Maeda M, Suga M, Kataoka Y, Yamada H. Morphological characteristics of p75 neurotrophin receptor‐positive cells define a new type of glial cell in the rat dorsal root ganglia. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2047-2060. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Souichi Oe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kurokawa
- Department of Human Health ScienceOsaka International University Moriguchi Osaka Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Maeda
- Multi‐Modal Microstructure Analysis UnitRIKEN‐JEOL Collaboration Center Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Multi‐Modal Microstructure Analysis UnitRIKEN‐JEOL Collaboration Center Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- Multi‐Modal Microstructure Analysis UnitRIKEN‐JEOL Collaboration Center Kobe Hyogo Japan
- Laboratory for Cellular Function ImagingRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
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Attwell CL, van Zwieten M, Verhaagen J, Mason MRJ. The Dorsal Column Lesion Model of Spinal Cord Injury and Its Use in Deciphering the Neuron-Intrinsic Injury Response. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:926-951. [PMID: 29717546 PMCID: PMC6221129 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuron‐intrinsic response to axonal injury differs markedly between neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system. Following a peripheral lesion, a robust axonal growth program is initiated, whereas neurons of the central nervous system do not mount an effective regenerative response. Increasing the neuron‐intrinsic regenerative response would therefore be one way to promote axonal regeneration in the injured central nervous system. The large‐diameter sensory neurons located in the dorsal root ganglia are pseudo‐unipolar neurons that project one axon branch into the spinal cord, and, via the dorsal column to the brain stem, and a peripheral process to the muscles and skin. Dorsal root ganglion neurons are ideally suited to study the neuron‐intrinsic injury response because they exhibit a successful growth response following peripheral axotomy, while they fail to do so after a lesion of the central branch in the dorsal column. The dorsal column injury model allows the neuron‐intrinsic regeneration response to be studied in the context of a spinal cord injury. Here we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this model. We describe the surgical methods used to implement a lesion of the ascending fibers, the anatomy of the sensory afferent pathways and anatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral techniques to quantify regeneration and functional recovery. Subsequently we review the results of experimental interventions in the dorsal column lesion model, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms that govern the neuron‐intrinsic injury response and manipulations of these after central axotomy. Finally, we highlight a number of recent advances that will have an impact on the design of future studies in this spinal cord injury model, including the continued development of adeno‐associated viral vectors likely to improve the genetic manipulation of dorsal root ganglion neurons and the use of tissue clearing techniques enabling 3D reconstruction of regenerating axon tracts. © 2018 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000–000, 2018
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Affiliation(s)
- Callan L Attwell
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105BA, The Netherlands
| | - Mike van Zwieten
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105BA, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105BA, The Netherlands.,Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R J Mason
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105BA, The Netherlands
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Nascimento AI, Mar FM, Sousa MM. The intriguing nature of dorsal root ganglion neurons: Linking structure with polarity and function. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:86-103. [PMID: 29729299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are the first neurons of the sensory pathway. They are activated by a variety of sensory stimuli that are then transmitted to the central nervous system. An important feature of DRG neurons is their unique morphology where a single process -the stem axon- bifurcates into a peripheral and a central axonal branch, with different functions and cellular properties. Distinctive structural aspects of the two DRG neuron branches may have important implications for their function in health and disease. However, the link between DRG axonal branch structure, polarity and function has been largely neglected in the field, and relevant information is rather scattered across the literature. In particular, ultrastructural differences between the two axonal branches are likely to account for the higher transport and regenerative ability of the peripheral DRG neuron axon when compared to the central one. Nevertheless, the cell intrinsic factors contributing to this central-peripheral asymmetry are still unknown. Here we critically review the factors that may underlie the functional asymmetry between the peripheral and central DRG axonal branches. Also, we discuss the hypothesis that DRG neurons may assemble a structure resembling the axon initial segment that may be responsible, at least in part, for their polarity and electrophysiological features. Ultimately, we suggest that the clarification of the axonal ultrastructure of DRG neurons using state-of-the-art techniques will be crucial to understand the physiology of this peculiar cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Nascimento
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Milhazes Mar
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Fan WL, Liu P, Wang G, Pu JG, Xue X, Zhao JH. Transplantation of hypoxic preconditioned neural stem cells benefits functional recovery via enhancing neurotrophic secretion after spinal cord injury in rats. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4339-4351. [PMID: 28884834 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating, costly, and common pathological condition that affects the function of central nervous system (CNS). To date, there are few promising therapeutic strategies available for SCI. To look for a suitable therapeutic strategy, we have developed a sublethal hypoxic preconditioning procedure using Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, LDH releasing, and cell viability assays in vitro. Meanwhile, we have examined the benefits of neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation prior to hypoxic preconditioning on functional recovery and potential mechanism via MRI screening, H&E, and Nissl staining, immunofluorescence staining and Elisa assays. Our data showed that transplantation of hypoxic prconditioned NSCs could enhance neuronal survival, especially 5-TH+ and ChAT+ neurons, in the injured spinal cord to reinforce functional benefits. The hypoxia exposure upregulated HIF-1α, neurotrophic and growth factors including neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, functional recovery, including locomotor and hypersensitivities to mechanical and thermal stimulation assessed via behavioral and sensory tests, improved significantly in rats with engraftment of NSCs after hypoxia exposure from day 14 post-SCI, compared with the control and N-NSCs groups. In short, the approach employed in this study could result in functional recovery via upregulating neurotrophic and growth factors, which implies that hypoxic preconditioning strategy could serve as an effective and feasible strategy for cell-based therapy in the treatment of SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Fan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Gang Pu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xue
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Koizumi S, Hirayama Y, Morizawa YM. New roles of reactive astrocytes in the brain; an organizer of cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:107-114. [PMID: 29360494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The brain consists of neurons and much higher number of glial cells. They communicate each other, by which they control brain functions. The brain is highly vulnerable to several insults such as ischemia, but has a self-protective and self-repairing mechanisms against these. Ischemic tolerance or preconditioning is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon, where a mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Glial cells are structurally in close association with synapses. Recent studies have uncovered the active roles of astrocytes in modulating synaptic connectivity, such as synapse formation, elimination and maturation, during development or pathology. However, glia-mediated ischemic tolerance and/or neuronal repairing have received only limited attention. We and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in regulation of induction of ischemic tolerance as well as repairing/remodeling of neuronal networks by phagocytosis. Here, we review our current understanding of (1) glial-mediated ischemic tolerance and (2) glia-mediated repairing/remodeling of the penumbra neuronal networks, and highlight their mechanisms as well as their potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yosuke M Morizawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Ni XJ, Wang XD, Zhao YH, Sun HL, Hu YM, Yao J, Wang Y. The Effect of Low-Intensity Ultrasound on Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Expression in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Crushed Injury Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:461-468. [PMID: 27816247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity ultrasound (LIU) can improve nerve regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve crush injury, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of LIU on rat sciatic crush injury and to investigate a possible molecular mechanism. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left sciatic nerve crush surgery and were then randomized into two groups: a treatment group that received LIU every other d, and a control group that received sham exposure. Compared with rats in the control group, rats in the treatment group had higher sciatic nerve function indexes, compound muscle action potentials, wet weight ratios of the target muscle and mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in the crushed nerve and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia. Our findings suggest that LIU might promote injured nerve regeneration by stimulating BDNF release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Ni
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology of Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Hong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua-Lin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Ming Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital to Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Histology and Embryology of Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Matusica D, Alfonsi F, Turner BJ, Butler TJ, Shepheard SR, Rogers ML, Skeldal S, Underwood CK, Mangelsdorf M, Coulson EJ. Inhibition of motor neuron death in vitro and in vivo by a p75 neurotrophin receptor intracellular domain fragment. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:517-30. [PMID: 26503157 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR); also known as NGFR) can mediate neuronal apoptosis in disease or following trauma, and facilitate survival through interactions with Trk receptors. Here we tested the ability of a p75(NTR)-derived trophic cell-permeable peptide, c29, to inhibit p75(NTR)-mediated motor neuron death. Acute c29 application to axotomized motor neuron axons decreased cell death, and systemic c29 treatment of SOD1(G93A) mice, a common model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, resulted in increased spinal motor neuron survival mid-disease as well as delayed disease onset. Coincident with this, c29 treatment of these mice reduced the production of p75(NTR) cleavage products. Although c29 treatment inhibited mature- and pro-nerve-growth-factor-induced death of cultured motor neurons, and these ligands induced the cleavage of p75(NTR) in motor-neuron-like NSC-34 cells, there was no direct effect of c29 on p75(NTR) cleavage. Rather, c29 promoted motor neuron survival in vitro by enhancing the activation of TrkB-dependent signaling pathways, provided that low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were present, an effect that was replicated in vivo in SOD1(G93A) mice. We conclude that the c29 peptide facilitates BDNF-dependent survival of motor neurons in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Matusica
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Department of Anatomy & Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Fabienne Alfonsi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Tim J Butler
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Shepheard
- Department of Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise Rogers
- Department of Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sune Skeldal
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Clare K Underwood
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Marie Mangelsdorf
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Yuan Q, Su H, Wu W, Lin ZX. P75 and phosphorylated c-Jun are differentially regulated in spinal motoneurons following axotomy in rats. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:2005-11. [PMID: 25624831 PMCID: PMC4296419 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.26.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophin receptor (p75) activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Activation of JNK and its substrate c-Jun can cause apoptosis. Here we evaluate the role of p75 in spinal motoneurons by comparing immunoreactivity for p75 and phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun), the production of JNK activation in axotomized motoneurons in postnatal day (PN)1, PN7, PN14 and adult rats. Intensive p-c-Jun was induced in axotomized motoneurons in PN1 and PN7. In PN14, p-c-Jun expression was sharply reduced after the same injury. The decreased expression of p-c-Jun at this age coincided with a developmental switch of re-expression of p75 in axotomized cells. In adult animals, no p-c-Jun but intensive p75 was detected in axotomized motoneurons. These results indicate differential expression or turnover of phosphorylation of c-Jun and p75 in immature versus mature spinal motoneurons in response to axonal injury. The non-co-occurrence of p75 and p-c-Jun in injured motoneurons indicated that p75 may not activate JNK pathway, suggesting that the p75 may not be involved in cell death in axotomized motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Yuan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wutian Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; Joint Laboratory for Brain Function and Health (BFAH), Jinan University and the University of Hong Kong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Fu L, Doreswamy V, Prakash R. The biochemical pathways of central nervous system neural degeneration in niacin deficiency. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1509-13. [PMID: 25317166 PMCID: PMC4192966 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.139475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural degeneration is a very complicated process. In spite of all the advancements in the molecular chemistry, there are many unknown aspects of the phenomena of neurodegeneration which need to be put together. It is a common sequela of the conditions of niacin deficiency. Neural degeneration in Pellagra manifests as chromatolysis mainly in pyramidal followed by other neurons and glial cells. However, there is a gross lack of understanding of biochemical mechanisms of neurodegeneration in niacin deficiency states. Because of the necessity of niacin or its amide derivative NAD in a number of biochemical pathways, it is understandable that several of these pathways may be involved in the common outcome of neural degeneration. Here, we highlight five pathways that could be involved in the neuraldegeneration for which evidence has accumulated through several studies. These pathways are: 1) the tryptophan-kyneurenic acid pathway, 2) the mitochondrial ATP generation related pathways, 3) the poly (ADP-ibose) polymerase (PARP) pathway, 4) the BDNF-TRKB Axis abnormalities, 5) the genetic influences of niacin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Ravi Prakash
- Department of Physiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
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Savastano LE, Laurito SR, Fitt MR, Rasmussen JA, Gonzalez Polo V, Patterson SI. Sciatic nerve injury: A simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:166-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Dendrite-derived supernumerary axons on adult axotomized motor neurons possess proteins that are essential for the initiation and propagation of action potentials and synaptic vesicle release. J Neurosci 2011; 31:6732-40. [PMID: 21543602 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5377-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axotomy can trigger profound alterations in the neuronal polarity of adult neurons in vivo. This can manifest itself in the development of new axon-like processes emanating from the tips of distal dendrites. Previously, these processes have been defined as axonal based on their axonal morphology. This study extends this definition to determine whether, more importantly, these processes possess the prerequisite molecular machinery to function as axons. Using a combination of intracellular labeling and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that the distribution of voltage-gated sodium channels on these processes matches the arrangement of these channels that is necessary for the initiation and conduction of action potentials. At terminal bouton-like structures they possess key proteins necessary for the release of synaptic vesicles (SV2 and synaptophysin). Thus, axon-like processes emanating from the tips of distal dendrites represent a rearrangement of neuronal polarity whereby axotomized neurons can develop additional functional axons in vivo.
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Salegio EAA, Pollard AN, Smith M, Zhou XF. Macrophage presence is essential for the regeneration of ascending afferent fibres following a conditioning sciatic nerve lesion in adult rats. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:11. [PMID: 21251261 PMCID: PMC3039622 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury to the peripheral branch of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons prior to injury to the central nervous system (CNS) DRG branch results in the regeneration of the central branch. The exact mechanism mediating this regenerative trigger is not fully understood. It has been proposed that following peripheral injury, the intraganglionic inflammatory response by macrophage cells plays an important role in the pre-conditioning of injured CNS neurons to regenerate. In this study, we investigated whether the presence of macrophage cells is crucial for this type of regeneration to occur. We used a clodronate liposome technique to selectively and temporarily deplete these cells during the conditioning phase of DRG neurons. RESULTS Retrograde and anterograde tracing results indicated that in macrophage-depleted animals, the regenerative trigger characteristic of pre-conditioned DRG neurons was abolished as compared to injury matched-control animals. In addition, depletion of macrophage cells led to: (i) a reduction in macrophage infiltration into the CNS compartment even after cellular repopulation, (ii) astrocyte up-regulation at rostral regions and down-regulation in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration in the serum. CONCLUSION Activation of macrophage cells in response to the peripheral nerve injury is essential for the enhanced regeneration of ascending sensory neurons.
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates non-cell-autonomous regulation of sensory neuron position and identity. J Neurosci 2010; 30:14513-21. [PMID: 20980609 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4025-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons migrate considerable distances to reside in locations that enable their individual functional roles. Whereas migration mechanisms have been extensively studied, much less is known about how neurons remain in their ideal locations. We sought to identify factors that maintain the position of postmigratory dorsal root ganglion neurons, neural crest derivatives for which migration and final position play an important developmental role. We found that an early developing population of sensory neurons maintains the position of later born dorsal root ganglia neurons in an activity-dependent manner. Further, inhibiting or increasing the function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces or prevents, respectively, migration of dorsal root ganglia neurons out of the ganglion to locations where they acquire a new identity. Overall, the results demonstrate that neurotrophins mediate non-cell-autonomous maintenance of position and thereby the identity of differentiated neurons.
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Cui X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Roberts C, Buller B, Ion M, Chen J. Niacin treatment of stroke increases synaptic plasticity and axon growth in rats. Stroke 2010; 41:2044-9. [PMID: 20671245 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.589333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Niacin is the most effective medication in current clinical use for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We tested the hypothesis that niacin treatment of stroke promotes synaptic plasticity and axon growth in the ischemic brain. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated with or without Niaspan (a prolonged-release formulation of niacin, 40 mg/kg) daily for 14 days starting 24 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The expression of synaptophysin, Nogo receptor, Bielschowsky silver, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B were measured by immunohistostaining and Western blot, respectively, in the ischemic brain. Complementing in vivo studies, primary cultured neurons were used to test the effect of niacin and high-density lipoprotein on neurite outgrowth and brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B expression. RESULTS Niaspan treatment of stroke significantly increased synaptophysin, Bielschowsky silver, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B expression, and decreased Nogo receptor expression in the ischemic brain compared with middle cerebral artery occlusion control animals (P<0.05, n=8/group). Niacin and high-density lipoprotein treatment significantly increased neurite outgrowth and brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B expression in primary cultured neurons. Tropomyosin-related kinase B inhibitor attenuated niacin-induced neurite outgrowth (P<0.05, n=6/group). CONCLUSIONS Niacin treatment of stroke promotes synaptic plasticity and axon growth, which is mediated, at least partially, by the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mich 48202, USA
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