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Luo X, Liu Y, Li S, He X. Interplant carbon and nitrogen transfers mediated by common arbuscular mycorrhizal networks: beneficial pathways for system functionality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1169310. [PMID: 37502701 PMCID: PMC10369077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1169310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous in soil and form nutritional symbioses with ~80% of vascular plant species, which significantly impact global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycles. Roots of plant individuals are interconnected by AMF hyphae to form common AM networks (CAMNs), which provide pathways for the transfer of C and N from one plant to another, promoting plant coexistence and biodiversity. Despite that stable isotope methodologies (13C, 14C and 15N tracer techniques) have demonstrated CAMNs are an important pathway for the translocation of both C and N, the functioning of CAMNs in ecosystem C and N dynamics remains equivocal. This review systematically synthesizes both laboratory and field evidence in interplant C and N transfer through CAMNs generated through stable isotope methodologies and highlights perspectives on the system functionality of CAMNs with implications for plant coexistence, species diversity and community stability. One-way transfers from donor to recipient plants of 0.02-41% C and 0.04-80% N of recipient C and N have been observed, with the reverse fluxes generally less than 15% of donor C and N. Interplant C and N transfers have practical implications for plant performance, coexistence and biodiversity in both resource-limited and resource-unlimited habitats. Resource competition among coexisting individuals of the same or different species is undoubtedly modified by such C and N transfers. Studying interplant variability in these transfers with 13C and 15N tracer application and natural abundance measurements could address the eco physiological significance of such CAMNs in sustainable agricultural and natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Luo
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Base of International Science and Technology (S&T) Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yining Liu
- National Base of International Science and Technology (S&T) Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyue Li
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua He
- National Base of International Science and Technology (S&T) Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Kafle A, Garcia K. Cesium could be used as a proxy for potassium in mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2134676. [PMID: 36259539 PMCID: PMC9586695 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2134676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi interact with the roots of most land plants and help them to acquire various mineral resources from the soil, including potassium (K+). However, tracking K+ movement in AM symbiosis remains challenging. Recently, we reported that rubidium can be used as a proxy for K+ in mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula. In the present work, we investigated the possibility of using cesium (Cs+) as another proxy for K+ in AM symbiosis. Plants were placed in growing systems that include a separate compartment only accessible to the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis isolate 09 and in which various amounts of cesium chloride (0 mM, 0.5 mM, 1.5 mM, or 3.75 mM) were supplied. Plants were watered with sufficient K+ or K+-free nutrient solutions, and shoot and root biomass, fungal colonization, and K+ and Cs+ concentrations were recorded seven weeks after inoculation. Our results indicate that Cs+ accumulated in plant tissues only when K+ was present in the nutrient solution and when the highest concentration of Cs+ was used in the fungal compartment. Consequently, we conclude that Cs+ could be used as a proxy for K+ in AM symbiosis, but with serious limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Figueiredo AF, Boy J, Guggenberger G. Common Mycorrhizae Network: A Review of the Theories and Mechanisms Behind Underground Interactions. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:735299. [PMID: 37744156 PMCID: PMC10512311 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.735299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Most terrestrial plants establish symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi for accessing essential plant nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi have been frequently reported to interconnect plants via a common mycelial network (CMN), in which nutrients and signaling compounds can be exchanged between the connected plants. Several studies have been performed to demonstrate the potential effects of the CMN mediating resource transfer and its importance for plant fitness. Due to several contrasting results, different theories have been developed to predict benefits or disadvantages for host plants involved in the network and how it might affect plant communities. However, the importance of the mycelium connections for resources translocation compared to other indirect pathways, such as leakage of fungi hyphae and subsequent uptake by neighboring plant roots, is hard to distinguish and quantify. If resources can be translocated via mycelial connections in significant amounts that could affect plant fitness, it would represent an important tactic for plants co-existence and it could shape community composition and dynamics. Here, we report and critically discuss the most recent findings on studies aiming to evaluate and quantify resources translocation between plants sharing a CMN and predict the pattern that drives the movement of such resources into the CMN. We aim to point gaps and define open questions to guide upcoming studies in the area for a prospect better understanding of possible plant-to-plant interactions via CMN and its effect in shaping plants communities. We also propose new experiment set-ups and technologies that could be used to improve previous experiments. For example, the use of mutant lines plants with manipulation of genes involved in the symbiotic associations, coupled with labeling techniques to track resources translocation between connected plants, could provide a more accurate idea about resource allocation and plant physiological responses that are truly accountable to CMN.
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van't Padje A, Werner GDA, Kiers ET. Mycorrhizal fungi control phosphorus value in trade symbiosis with host roots when exposed to abrupt 'crashes' and 'booms' of resource availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2933-2944. [PMID: 33124078 PMCID: PMC7898638 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological market theory provides a conceptual framework to analyse trade strategies in symbiotic partnerships. A key prediction of biological market theory is that individuals can influence resource value - meaning the amount a partner is willing to pay for it - by mediating where and when it is traded. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, characterised by roots and fungi trading phosphorus and carbon, shows many features of a biological market. However, it is unknown if or how fungi can control phosphorus value when exposed to abrupt changes in their trade environment. We mimicked an economic 'crash', manually severing part of the fungal network (Rhizophagus irregularis) to restrict resource access, and an economic 'boom' through phosphorus additions. We quantified trading strategies over a 3-wk period using a recently developed technique that allowed us to tag rock phosphate with fluorescing quantum dots of three different colours. We found that the fungus: compensated for resource loss in the 'crash' treatment by transferring phosphorus from alternative pools closer to the host root (Daucus carota); and stored the surplus nutrients in the 'boom' treatment until root demand increased. By mediating from where, when and how much phosphorus was transferred to the host, the fungus successfully controlled resource value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van't Padje
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological SciencesFaculty of Earth and Life SciencesVrije Universiteitde Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert D. A. Werner
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PSUK
- Netherlands Scientific Council for Government PolicyBuitenhof 34The Hague2513 AHthe Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological SciencesFaculty of Earth and Life SciencesVrije Universiteitde Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
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Zhang ZZ, Lou YG, Deng DJ, Rahman MM, Wu QS. Effects of Common Mycorrhizal Network on Plant Carbohydrates and Soil Properties in Trifoliate Orange-White Clover Association. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142371. [PMID: 26556792 PMCID: PMC4640507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Common mycorrhizal network (CMN) allows nutrients and signals to pass between two or more plants. In this study, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were planted in a two-compartmented rootbox, separated by a 37-μm nylon mesh and then inoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Diversispora spurca. Inoculation with D. spurca resulted in formation of a CMN between trifoliate orange and white clover, whilst the best AM colonization occurred in the donor trifoliate orange-receptor white clover association. In the trifoliate orange-white clover association, the mycorrhizal colonization of receptor plant by extraradical hyphae originated from the donor plant significantly increased shoot and root fresh weight and chlorophyll concentration of the receptor plant. Enzymatic activity of soil β-glucoside hydrolase, protease, acid and neutral phosphatase, water-stable aggregate percentage at 2-4 and 0.5-1 mm size, and mean weight diameter in the rhizosphere of the receptor plant also increased. The hyphae of CMN released more easily-extractable glomalin-related soil protein and total glomalin-related soil protein into the receptor rhizosphere, which represented a significantly positive correlation with aggregate stability. AMF inoculation exhibited diverse changes in leaf and root sucrose concentration in the donor plant, and AM colonization by CMN conferred a significant increase of root glucose in the receptor plant. These results suggested that CMN formed in the trifoliate orange-white clover association, and root AM colonization by CMN promoted plant growth, root glucose accumulation, and rhizospheric soil properties in the receptor plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Zhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Gen Lou
- School of Foreign Studies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dao-Juan Deng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Barto EK, Hilker M, Müller F, Mohney BK, Weidenhamer JD, Rillig MC. The fungal fast lane: common mycorrhizal networks extend bioactive zones of allelochemicals in soils. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27195. [PMID: 22110615 PMCID: PMC3215695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Allelopathy, a phenomenon where compounds produced by one plant limit the growth of surrounding plants, is a controversially discussed factor in plant-plant interactions with great significance for plant community structure. Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) form belowground networks that interconnect multiple plant species; yet these networks are typically ignored in studies of allelopathy. We tested the hypothesis that CMNs facilitate transport of allelochemicals from supplier to target plants, thereby affecting allelopathic interactions. We analyzed accumulation of a model allelopathic substance, the herbicide imazamox, and two allelopathic thiophenes released from Tagetes tenuifolia roots, by diffusion through soil and CMNs. We also conducted bioassays to determine how the accumulated substances affected plant growth. All compounds accumulated to greater levels in target soils with CMNs as opposed to soils without CMNs. This increased accumulation was associated with reduced growth of target plants in soils with CMNs. Our results show that CMNs support transfer of allelochemicals from supplier to target plants and thus lead to allelochemical accumulation at levels that could not be reached by diffusion through soil alone. We conclude that CMNs expand the bioactive zones of allelochemicals in natural environments, with significant implications for interspecies chemical interactions in plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kathryn Barto
- Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Ökologie der Pflanzen, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Kiers ET, Duhamel M, Beesetty Y, Mensah JA, Franken O, Verbruggen E, Fellbaum CR, Kowalchuk GA, Hart MM, Bago A, Palmer TM, West SA, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Jansa J, Bücking H. Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Science 2011; 333:880-2. [PMID: 21836016 DOI: 10.1126/science.1208473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Plants and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbionts interact in complex underground networks involving multiple partners. This increases the potential for exploitation and defection by individuals, raising the question of how partners maintain a fair, two-way transfer of resources. We manipulated cooperation in plants and fungal partners to show that plants can detect, discriminate, and reward the best fungal partners with more carbohydrates. In turn, their fungal partners enforce cooperation by increasing nutrient transfer only to those roots providing more carbohydrates. On the basis of these observations we conclude that, unlike many other mutualisms, the symbiont cannot be "enslaved." Rather, the mutualism is evolutionarily stable because control is bidirectional, and partners offering the best rate of exchange are rewarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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