The management of acute severe colitis: ACPGBI position statement

[Loss of response and frequency of adverse events in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease when switching from the original infliximab to its biosimilars]

AIM

To define the frequency of adverse events and loss of the response in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), treated with original medicine infliximab (IFX) “Remicaide” and its biosimilars.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We included 154 patients with IBD: 78 UC patients (50.6%) и 76 CD patients (49.4%), treated with original medicine IFX Remicade and its biosimilars. In our study we did not include patients, who previously underwent induction treatment with IFX and its biosimilar.

RESULTS

Among 78 UC patients, IFX was cancelled in 25 (32.0%) patients and they were switched to the other anti-TNF inhibitor or medicine with the another mechanism of action; in patients group, treated with biosimilar – 16 (20.5%) and 9 (11.5%) patients, who were interchanged biosimilar and/or original IFX. Among 76 CD patients IFX was cancelled in 20 (26.3%) patients: 11 (14.5%) patients in group, treated with similar trade name biosimilar, 8 (10.5%) patients, who were interchanged biosimilar and/or original IFX and 1 patient (1,3%), receiving original IFX. We found no difference in the secondary loss of response and adverse events in patients with CD and UC, switched from original IFX to biosimilar (p=0.6257 and p=0.6635, correspondingly). The frequency of the secondary loss of response or adverse events in patients with UC and CD, switched from original IFX to IFX biosimilar, was similar (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

Approximately 30% of IBD patients, receiving IFX biosimilar, will be switched to the other anti-TNF therapy or medicine with the another mechanism of action because of secondary loss of response or adverse events.

Inflammatory bowel disease position statement of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR): Crohn's disease

The Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR) promoted the project reported here, which consists of a position statement of Italian colorectal surgeons to address the surgical aspects of Crohn's disease management. Members of the society were invited to express their opinions on several items proposed by the writing committee, based on evidence available in the literature. The results are presented, focusing on relevant points. The present paper is not an alternative to available guidelines; rather, it offers a snapshot of the attitudes of SICCR surgeons about the surgical treatment of Crohn's disease. The committee was able to identify some points of major disagreement and suggested strategies to improve quality of available data and acceptance of guidelines.

Up-to-date surgery for ulcerative colitis in the era of biologics

Introduction: In recent decades, biologics have resulted in significantly improved medical management of ulcerative colitis (UC). Rates of surgery for UC are declining. However, there is still a controversial question of the relation of biologics to postoperative adverse outcomes and the most appropriate timing for operative intervention.Areas covered: In this review, we explore the updated treatment algorithm of acute severe colitis, describe postoperative outcomes in patients exposed to biologics preoperatively, and discuss the primary indications for staging surgery in chronic refractory cases, largely with prolonged medical therapy.Expert opinion: Delaying pouch construction to when patients are in better health is suggested as a safer strategy over the long term. The surgical management of UC patients in the biologic era needs to be individualized, and a case-based multidisciplinary decision is critical for improved outcomes and a reduction of morbidity and mortality.

[Evaluation of efficacy and comparative frequency of adverse events in patients with ulcerative colitis receiving the original infliximab and its biosimilar. One year of observation]

Real - life data on the effectiveness and safety of biosimilar and biologic drugs licensed for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is lacking.

AIM

To investigate efficacy of original Infliximab (IFX) and its biosimilar in treating patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and determine the frequency of adverse events during 1 year follow - up period.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our cohort consisted of 98 ulcerative colitis patients, treated with original IFX and its biosimilar since December 2017 till December 2018 years. Original Infliximab was prescribed in 56 UC patients (57.1%) during 5 years and longer; 16 patients (16.3%) were switched to IFX biosimilar; 13 UC bio - naïve patients (13.3%) received original IFX, 29 (29.6%) patients - biosimilar IFX. In 14 patients (14.3%) original infliximab was rotated with biosimilar. We picked out 42 patients to assess efficacy of original IFX and biosimilar.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Twelve patients, received original IFX and 28 patients, treated with its biosimilar, showed significant clinical improvement by decreasing Mayo index from 9.7±0.4 and 10.2±0.2 points to 1.9±0.09 and 2.1±0.1 points, accordingly. Also we noticed positive change in laboratory markers - CRP decrease from 89.6±8.7 mg/l and 77.5±8.0 mg/l to 6.5±0.8 mg/l and 6.9±0.8 mg/l (p>0.05), albumin increase from 30.1±4.7 g/l and 29.6±3.6 g/l to 34.1±6.3 g/l and 32.8±5.9 g/l (p>0.05), increase of serum iron levels from 6.4±0.5 mcg/l and 7.1±0.65 mcg/l to 14.6±4.4 mcg/l and 15.9±5.1 mcg/l (p>0.05), hemoglobin increase from 104.7±9.8 g/l and 102.2±8.8 g/l till 124±11.3 g/l and 121±10.9 g/l (p>0.05), and fecal calprotectin decrease from 1680±134 mcg/g and 1720±126 mcg/g till 245.5±33.4 mcg/g and 230.5±29.8 mcg/g (p>0.05). During 1 year follow - up 12 UC patients, treated with original IFX and its biosimilar, developed adverse events. The majority of adverse events (n=8) were registered in patients, rotating administration of original IFX and its biosimilar.

CONCLUSION

IFX biosimilar is effective as well as original IFX. Frequency of adverse events, occurred in patients, treated with original IFX, was comparable with adverse events frequency in patients, received biosimilar IFX. Frequency of adverse events was significantly higher in UC patients, rotating original IFX and its biosimilar.

Systematic Review: Efficacy and Safety of Accelerated Induction Regimes in Infliximab Rescue Therapy for Hospitalized Patients with Acute Severe Colitis

BACKGROUND

Pharmacokinetic data suggest that standard induction dosing schedules may not be sufficient in patients with acute severe colitis (ASUC). Hence, intensified induction regimes are increasingly used in the rescue treatment of hospitalized patients with ASUC to avoid the need for colectomy although the evidence for this is uncertain.

AIM

To conduct a systematic review of short- and long-term efficacy outcomes from accelerated infliximab induction studies.

METHODS

Systematic search of relevant databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and relevant conference proceedings (Digestive Diseases Week, European Colitis and Crohn's Organisation Congress, United European Gastroenterology Week) was done.

RESULTS

We identified ten relevant studies with a total of 705 patients, of whom 308 received an intensified infliximab regime. Pooled analysis showed no difference in short-term or long-term colectomy rates in those receiving accelerated induction regimes when compared to standard induction. No significant differences in complication rates were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The available uncontrolled studies so far do not suggest short-term or long-term benefit in using accelerated induction in hospitalized ASUC. The overall poor quality of available studies with confounding variables indicates the need for a randomized controlled trial with personalized risk stratification.

The rectal remnant after total colectomy for colitis - intra-operative,post-operative and longer-term considerations

OBJECTIVES

Acute severe colitis requires surgery in around 30% of the cases. Total colectomy with ileostomy is the standard procedure with distinct advantages to a laparoscopic approach. Less agreement exists regarding the formation or configuration of the retained rectal stump and its short-term and long-term management. In this review, aspects of management of the rectal remnant, including perioperative considerations, potential complications, medical treatment, surveillance and implications for proctectomy and reconstructive surgery are explored.

METHODS

A thorough literature review exploring the PubMed and EMBASE databases was undertaken to clarify the evidence base surrounding areas of controversy in the surgical approach to acute severe colitis. In particular, focus was given to evidence surrounding management of the rectal remnant.

RESULTS

There is a paucity of high quality evidence for optimal management of the rectal stump following colectomy, and randomised trials are lacking. Establishment of laparoscopic colectomy has been associated with distinct advantages as well as the emergence of unique considerations, including those specific to rectal remnant management.

CONCLUSIONS

Early surgical involvement and a multidisciplinary approach to the management of acute severe colitis are advocated. Laparoscopic subtotal colectomy and ileostomy should be the operation of choice, with division of the rectum at the pelvic brim leaving a closed intraperitoneal remnant. If the rectum is severely inflamed, a mucus fistula may be useful, and an indwelling rectal catheter is probably advantageous to reduce the complications associated with stump dehiscence. Patients electing not to proceed to proctectomy should undergo surveillance for dysplasia of the rectum.

The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland consensus guidelines in surgery for inflammatory bowel disease

AIM

There is a requirement of an expansive and up to date review of surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can dovetail with the medical guidelines produced by the British Society of Gastroenterology.

METHODS

Surgeons who are members of the ACPGBI with a recognised interest in IBD were invited to contribute various sections of the guidelines. They were directed to produce a procedure based document using literature searches that were systematic, comprehensible, transparent and reproducible. Levels of evidence were graded. An editorial board was convened to ensure consistency of style, presentation and quality. Each author was asked to provide a set of recommendations which were evidence based and unambiguous. These recommendations were submitted to the whole guideline group and scored. They were then refined and submitted to a second vote. Only those that achieved >80% consensus at level 5 (strongly agree) or level 4 (agree) after 2 votes were included in the guidelines.

RESULTS

All aspects of surgical care for IBD have been included along with 157 recommendations for management.

CONCLUSION

These guidelines provide an up to date and evidence based summary of the current surgical knowledge in the management of IBD and will serve as a useful practical text for clinicians performing this type of surgery.

Management of Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis, Part 2: Acute Severe Colitis-An Evidence-based Consensus Guideline From the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization and the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Acute severe colitis (ASC) is one of the few emergencies in pediatric gastroenterology. Tight monitoring and timely medical and surgical interventions may improve outcomes and minimize morbidity and mortality. We aimed to standardize daily treatment of ASC in children through detailed recommendations and practice points which are based on a systematic review of the literature and consensus of experts.

METHODS

These guidelines are a joint effort of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) and the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). Fifteen predefined questions were addressed by working subgroups. An iterative consensus process, including 2 face-to-face meetings, was followed by voting of the national representatives of ECCO and all members of the Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Porto group of ESPGHAN (43 voting experts).

RESULTS

A total of 24 recommendations and 43 practice points were endorsed with a consensus rate of at least 91% regarding diagnosis, monitoring, and management of ASC in children. A summary flowchart is presented based on daily scoring of the Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index. Several topics have been altered since the previous 2011 guidelines and from those published in adults.

DISCUSSION

These guidelines standardize the management of ASC in children in an attempt to optimize outcomes of this intensive clinical scenario.

Are Truelove and Witts criteria for diagnosing acute severe colitis relevant for the Indian population? A prospective study

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Truelove and Witts criteria have been used to define acute severe colitis since the 1950s. However, hemoglobin (an additional criterion of the definition) levels in the general population in developing countries are lower than in the population of developed countries. We aimed to determine the relevance of Truelove and Witts criteria in the Indian population.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with acute severe colitis satisfying the Truelove and Witts criteria, hospitalized at a single center between April 2015 and December 2016 were included. All patients received intravenous corticosteroids and 16 required colectomy. The hemoglobin levels at admission were subsequently excluded from the classification criteria, and the effect this had on the criteria for diagnosis was determined.

RESULTS

Out of 61 patients of acute severe colitis diagnosed according to the original Truelove and Witts criteria, 12 patients (20%) had 1 additional criterion, 33 (54%) had 2 additional criteria and 16 (26%) had 3 or more additional criteria in addition to 6 or more blood stained stools on admission. On excluding hemoglobin as an additional criterion from the Truelove and Witts definition, all patients still met the criteria for acute severe colitis.

CONCLUSIONS

Truelove and Witts criteria can be used to define acute severe colitis in India, despite lower mean hemoglobin in the native population.

The use of a segmental endoscopic score may improve the prediction of clinical outcomes in acute severe ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Acute severe colitis (ASC) remains a challenging complication of ulcerative colitis. The early identification of patients who will not respond to optimal therapy is warranted. Increasing evidence suggests that endoscopy may play a role in predicting important outcomes in acute severe colitis.

METHODS

The endoscopic activity of consecutive patients with acute severe colitis was evaluated using the Mayo endoscopic sub-score (Mayo) and the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS). Two segmental indexes were also produced by summing the scores of the rectum and sigmoid (seg-Mayo and seg-UCEIS, respectively). Endpoints included the need for salvage therapy with infliximab or cyclosporine, refractoriness to corticosteroids, and colectomy.

RESULTS

Of one hundred and eight patients enrolled in the study, 60 (55.6%) were male; with a median age of 34.5 years (range 15-80). All patients received intravenous steroids. Fifty-nine patients (55.6%) showed an incomplete or absent response to steroids, 35 patients (34.3%) received salvage therapy with infliximab or cyclosporine and 38 patients (33.3%) were colectomized during the index hospitalization or within the first year of follow-up. All scores were able to predict the need for surgery, but only the seg-UCEIS significantly predicted refractoriness to steroids.

CONCLUSIONS

There was a strong correlation between endoscopic severity and unfavorable outcomes. The UCEIS outperformed the Mayo endoscopic sub-score in all important outcomes. Segmental scoring further improved the performance of the UCEIS.

Inpatient infliximab is ineffective at preventing colectomy for steroid refractory extensive colitis

BACKGROUND

Despite data suggesting safety and efficacy in ulcerative colitis patients treated with inpatient infliximab, prior studies did not focus on patients with extensive colitis, the group at highest risk for requiring surgery.

METHODS

This was a single center, retrospective study (2008-2015) of consecutive patients who required admission because of severe extensive ulcerative colitis defined by preoperative symptoms and computed tomography scans and postoperative histology. Patients admitted for high-dose steroids were compared with steroid refractory inpatients provided with one or two infusions of infliximab. The primary study outcome was colectomy rates; secondary outcomes included mean length of stay and 60-d complication rates.

RESULTS

A total of 174 patients required admission with steroids for extensive ulcerative colitis. Of these, 19 (10%) also received infliximab. Among the subjects treated with infliximab, 15 (78%) required total colectomy during that admission versus 81 (52%) who received steroids alone (P = 0.03). Postoperative readmission rates, surgical-site infections, return to the operating room, and all-complication rates were similar between the cohorts (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

For steroid refractory extensive ulcerative colitis, inpatient infliximab did not lower colectomy rates or increase postoperative complications compared with patients treated with steroids alone.

Subtotal colectomy for ulcerative colitis: lessons learned from a tertiary centre

AIM

Subtotal colectomy (STC) is a well-established treatment for complicated and refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). A laparoscopic approach offers potentially improved outcomes. The aim of the study was to report our experience with STC for UC in a single large centre.

METHOD

From January 2007 to May 2015, all consecutive patients undergoing STC for UC were retrospectively analysed from a prospectively managed database. Patients with known Crohn's disease or those undergoing one-stage procedures were excluded. Demographics, perioperative outcomes and second-stage procedures were analysed.

RESULTS

During the study period, 151 STCs were performed for UC [100 emergency (66%) and 51 elective (34%)]. Acute severe colitis refractory to therapy was the most common indication (62%). Overall, 117 laparoscopic (78%) and 34 open STCs were performed, with a conversion rate of 14.5%. Mortality and morbidity rates were 0.7% and 38%, respectively. Whilst operative time was shorter for open STC (by 75 min; P = 0.001), there were fewer complications (32% vs 62%; P = 0.002) and a shorter hospital stay (by 6.9 days; P = 0.0002) following laparoscopic STC. Fewer complications and shorter hospital stay were also observed after elective STC. Patients undergoing laparoscopic STC were more likely to undergo a restorative second-stage procedure than those having open STC (75% vs 50%; P = 0.03).

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic STC for UC is feasible and safe, even in the emergency situation. A laparoscopic approach may offer advantages in terms of lower morbidity and reduced length of stay. Elective resection may offer similar advantages and is best performed whenever possible.

Update on medical and surgical options for patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis: What is new?

Acute severe ulcerative colitis (UC) is a highly morbid condition that requires both medical and surgical management through the collaboration of gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons. First line treatment for patients presenting with acute severe UC consists of intravenous steroids, but those who do not respond require escalation of therapy or emergent colectomy. The mortality of emergent colectomy has declined significantly in recent decades, but due to the morbidity of this procedure, second line agents such as cyclosporine and infliximab have been used as salvage therapy in an attempt to avoid emergent surgery. Unfortunately, protracted medical therapy has led to patients presenting for surgery in a poorer state of health leading to poorer post-operative outcomes. In this era of multiple medical modalities available in the treatment of acute severe UC, physicians must consider the advantages and disadvantages of prolonged medical therapy in an attempt to avoid surgery. Colectomy remains a mainstay in the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis not responsive to corticosteroids and rescue therapy, and timely referral for surgery allows for improved post-operative outcomes with lower risk of sepsis and improved patient survival. Options for reconstructive surgery include three-stage ileal pouch-anal anastomosis or a modified two-stage procedure that can be performed either open or laparoscopically. The numerous avenues of medical and surgical therapy have allowed for great advances in the treatment of patients with UC. In this era of options, it is important to maintain a global view, utilize biologic therapy when indicated, and then maintain an appropriate threshold for surgery. The purpose of this review is to summarize the growing number of medical and surgical options available in the treatment of acute, severe UC.

Review article: acute severe ulcerative colitis - evidence-based consensus statements

BACKGROUND

Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a potentially life-threatening complication of ulcerative colitis.

AIM

To develop consensus statements based on a systematic review of the literature of the management of ASUC to improve patient outcome.

METHODS

Following a literature review, the Delphi method was used to develop the consensus statements. A steering committee, based in Australia, generated the statements of interest. Three rounds of anonymous voting were carried out to achieve the final results. Acceptance of statements was pre-determined by ≥80% votes in 'complete agreement' or 'agreement with minor reservation'.

RESULTS

Key recommendations include that patients with ASUC should be: hospitalised, undergo unprepared flexible sigmoidoscopy to assess severity and to exclude cytomegalovirus colitis, and be provided with venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and intravenous hydrocortisone 100 mg three or four times daily with close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team. Rescue therapy such as infliximab or ciclosporin should be started if insufficient response by day 3, and colectomy considered if no response to 7 days of rescue therapy or earlier if deterioration. With such an approach, it is expected that colectomy rate during admission will be below 30% and mortality less than 1% in specialist centres.

CONCLUSION

These evidenced-based consensus statements on acute severe ulcerative colitis, developed by a multidisciplinary group, provide up-to-date best practice recommendations that improve and harmonise management as well as provide auditable quality assessments.

Predicting outcomes in acute severe ulcerative colitis

Response to corticosteroid treatment in acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) has changed very little in the past 50 years. Predicting those at risk at an early stage helps stratify patients into those who may require second line therapy or early surgical treatment. Traditionally, risk scores have used a combination of clinical, radiological and biochemical parameters; established indices include the 'Travis' and 'Ho' scores. Recently, inflammatory bowel disease genetic risk alleles have been built into models to predict outcome in ASUC. Given the multifactorial nature of inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis, in the future, composite scores integrating clinical, biochemical, serological, genetic and other '-omic' data will be increasingly investigated. Although these new genetic prediction models are promising, they have yet to supplant traditional scores, which remain the best practice. In this modern era of rescue therapies in ASUC, robust scoring systems to predict failure of ciclosporine and infliximab must be devised.

Complications after laparoscopic and open subtotal colectomy for inflammatory colitis: a case-matched comparison

AIM

The aim of this study was to compare the early postoperative outcome of patients undergoing laparoscopic subtotal colectomy with those undergoing open subtotal colectomy for colitis refractory to medical treatment.

METHOD

A retrospective observational study was carried out of patients who underwent subtotal colectomy for refractory colitis, at a single centre, between 2006 and 2012. Patients were matched for age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) grade, urgency of operation and immunosuppressant/modulator treatment. The primary outcome measure was the number of postoperative complications, classified using the Clavien-Dindo scale. Secondary end-points included procedure duration, laparoscopic conversion rates, blood loss, 30-day readmission rates and length of hospital stay.

RESULTS

Ninety-six patients were included, 39 of whom had laparoscopic surgery. Thirty-two of these were matched to similar patients who underwent an open procedure. The overall duration of the procedure was longer for laparoscopic surgery than for open surgery (median: 240 vs 150 min, P < 0.005) but estimated blood loss was less (median: 75 vs 400 ml, P < 0.005). In the laparoscopic group, 23 patients experienced 27 complications, and in the open surgery group, 23 patients experienced 30 complications. Most complications were minor (Grade I/II), and the distribution of complications, by grade, was similar between the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference in 30-day readmission rates between the laparoscopic and open groups (five readmissions vs eight readmissions, P = 0.536). Length of hospital stay was 4 days shorter for laparoscopic surgery, but this difference was not statistically significant (median: 7 vs 11 days, P = 0.159).

CONCLUSION

In patients requiring colectomy for acute severe colitis, laparoscopic surgery reduced blood loss but increased operating time and was not associated with a reduction in early postoperative complications, length of hospital stay or readmission rates.

[Guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by a relapsing and remitting course. The quality of life can decreases significantly during exacerbations of the disease. The incidence and prevalence of UC in Korea are still lower than those of Western countries, but have been rapidly increasing during the past decades. Various medical and surgical therapies are currently used for the management of UC. However, many challenging issues exist and sometimes these lead to differences in practice between clinicians. Therefore, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) Study Group of Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases (KASID) set out the Korean guidelines for the management of UC. These guidelines are made by the adaptation using several foreign guidelines and encompass treatment of active colitis, maintenance of remission and indication for surgery in UC. The specific recommendations are presented with the quality of evidence. These are the first Korean treatment guidelines for UC and will be revised with new evidences on treatment of UC.

Management of acute colitis and toxic megacolon

Severe colitis is a well-defined condition that can develop in patients afflicted with ulcerative colitis, but typically responds to a variety of medical therapies. Operative intervention is warranted when massive hemorrhage, perforation, or peritonitis complicates the clinical scenario or medical therapy fails to control the disease. Of the operative options, total/subtotal colectomy and end ileostomy is the usual procedure of choice especially if the operation can be performed through a laparoscopic approach.

Glutaraldehyde-induced colitis: case reports and literature review

Glutaraldehyde-induced colitis is an uncommon colitis in clinical practice. Because the involvement of colonic segment is determined by the endoscopic part where glutaraldehyde remains, a recent history of endoscopy and a demarcated involvement of colonic segment are the most characteristic signs of glutaraldehyde-induced colitis. The typical clinical scenario is acute onset of lower abdominal pain, fever, and bloody stool. Laboratory data usually show leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein. The endoscopic pictures of involved segments are compatible with acute colitis, including hyperemic, edematous, with or without multiple erosions. Acute ischemic colitis and infectious colitis should be differentiated at the outset of the disease. Stool pathogen tests are usually negative. Parenteral empiric antibiotic may be considered if severe transmural edema of the involved segment is observed in computed tomography. Conservative treatment, including bowel rest and parenteral hydration, is able to stabilize the condition in a week. Herein, we present two cases of acute proctocolitis caused by glutaraldehyde after uneventful colonoscopy.

The pattern and outcome of acute severe colitis

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASC) influences therapeutic decisions, but data on prevalence or long-term outcome are few.

METHODS

A systematic review of all patients with UC diagnosed in Oxford was performed to assess the prevalence of ASC defined by Truelove and Witts' (TW) criteria and determine whether outcome is related to disease activity on admission, likelihood of recurrence and long-term prognosis.

RESULTS

750 patients (median follow up 12.7 yr, range 0-648 mo) met inclusion criteria out of a total cohort of 1853 patients. 24.8% (186/750) had at least one admission for ASC (294 admissions in 186 patients). Overall, 12% (93/750) had a colectomy, compared to 39.8% (74/186) of patients with one or more episodes of ASC (p<0.0001) and 3.4% (19/564) in those with no admission. The colectomy rate on first admission (37/186, 19.9%) was lower than on the second or subsequent admissions (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.33-4.14, p=0.003), being 29.0%, 36.6%, 38.2% after two, three, or subsequent episodes respectively. It was 8.5% (11/129) if patients had one TW criterion in addition to ≥6 bloody bowel motions/day, compared to 31% (29/94) if two additional criteria were present and 48% (34/71) if three or more additional criteria were present (p=1.4 × 10⁻⁵; OR 4.35, 95% CI 2.20-8.56 one criterion vs two or more).

CONCLUSIONS

A quarter of all patients with ulcerative colitis experience at least one episode of ASC; 20% come to colectomy on first admission, but 40% after two admissions. The likelihood of colectomy is related to biological severity on admission.

Derivation of a T2-weighted MRI total colonic inflammation score (TCIS) for assessment of patients with severe acute inflammatory colitis-a preliminary study

OBJECTIVE

To derive an MRI score for assessing severity, therapeutic response and prognosis in acute severe inflammatory colitis.

METHODS

Twenty-one patients with acute severe colitis underwent colonic MRI after admission and again (n = 16) after median 5 days of treatment. Using T2-weighted images, two radiologists in consensus graded segmental haustral loss, mesenteric and mural oedema, mural thickness, and small bowel and colonic dilatation producing a total colonic inflammatory score (TCIS, range 6-95). Pre- and post-treatment TCIS were compared, and correlated with CRP, stool frequency, and number of inpatient days (therapeutic response marker). Questionnaire assessment of patient worry, satisfaction and discomfort graded 1 (bad) to 7 (good) was administered

RESULTS

Admission TCIS correlated significantly with CRP (Kendall's tau=0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11-0.79, p = 0.006), and stool frequency (Kendall's tau 0.39, 95% CI 0.14-0.64, p = 0.02). TCIS fell after treatment (median [22 range 15-31]) to median 20 [range 8-25], p = 0.01. Admission TCIS but not CRP or stool frequency was correlated with length of inpatient stay (Kendall's tau 0.40, 95% CI 0.11-0.69, p = 0.02). Patients reported some discomfort (median score 4) during MRI.

CONCLUSIONS

MRI TCIS falls after therapy, correlates with existing markers of disease severity, and in comparison may better predict therapeutic response.

Delayed surgery for acute severe colitis is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications

BACKGROUND

This study determined the long-term outcome after colectomy for acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) and assessed whether the duration of in-hospital medical therapy is related to postoperative outcome.

METHODS

All patients who underwent urgent colectomy and ileostomy for ASUC between 1994 and 2000 were identified from a prospective database. Patient details, preoperative therapy and complications to last follow-up were recorded.

RESULTS

Eighty patients were identified, who were treated with intravenous steroids for a median of 6 (range 1-22) days before surgery. Twenty-three (29 per cent) also received intravenous ciclosporin. There were 23 complications in 22 patients in the initial postoperative period. Sixty-eight patients underwent further planned surgery, including restorative ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in 57. During a median follow-up of 5.4 (range 0.5-9.0) years, 48 patients (60 per cent) developed at least one complication. Patients with a major complication at any time during follow-up had a significantly longer duration of medical therapy before colectomy than patients with no major complications (median 8 versus 5 days; P = 0.036).

CONCLUSION

Delayed surgery for patients with ASUC who do not respond to medical therapy is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications.

Management of acute severe ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammatory disorder that can generally be managed successfully with maintenance oral medications. However, approximately 15% of patients with ulcerative colitis will develop a severe exacerbation and require hospitalization. While many patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis will respond to a short course of intravenous corticosteroids, up to a third will fail to improve. In these patients with steroid-refractory colitis, the choice is between rescue medical therapy with ciclosporin or infliximab, or surgery. Well-timed rescue medical therapy is generally safe when administered by experienced physicians, and is effective in the majority of cases. Surgery is unavoidable in some cases, but is the treatment of choice in others. While ileal pouch-anal anastomosis offers the prospect of life without a permanent ileostomy, there are issues with its long-term functional outcome.