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Karthikeyan SK, Sundaram SM, Ve RS, Souza DD, Biswas S, Shetty MU. Design and development of a noninvasive ocular pressure estimator. Optom Vis Sci 2024; 101:164-172. [PMID: 38546758 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A snapshot intraocular pressure (IOP) is ineffective in identifying the IOP peak and fluctuation, especially during sleep. Because IOP variability plays a significant role in the progression of glaucoma, monitoring the IOP, especially during sleep, is essential to capture the dynamic nature of IOP. PURPOSE We aimed to design an ocular pressure estimator (OPE) that can reliably and accurately measure the IOP noninvasively over closed-eyelid condition. METHODS Ocular pressure estimator works on the principle that the external pressure applied by raising the IOP of the eyeball is transmitted through a compressible septum to the pressure sensor, thus recording the IOP. A fluid-filled pouch with a pressure sensor was placed over a rubber glove mimicking the eyelid (septum), covering the cornea of enucleated goat eyeballs. A pressure-controlled setup was connected to a goat cadaver eye, which was validated by a rebound tonometer. Cannulation of eyeballs through the lower limbus had the least difference from the control setup values documented using rebound tonometer, compared with cannulation through the optic nerve. Intraocular pressures ranging from 3 to 30 mmHg was induced, and the outputs recorded using OPE were amplified and recorded for 10 minutes (n = 10 eyes). We stratified the randomization of the number of times and the induced pressures. RESULTS The measurements recorded were found to be linear when measured against an IOP range of 3 to 30 mmHg. The device has excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.998). The repeatability coefficient and coefficient of variations were 4.24 (3.60 to 4.87) and 8.61% (7.33 to 9.90), respectively. The overall mean difference ± SD between induced IOP and the OPE was 0.22 ± 3.50 (95% confidence interval, -0.35 to 0.79) mmHg across all IOP ranges. CONCLUSIONS Ocular pressure estimator offers a promising approach for reliably and accurately measuring IOP and its fluctuation noninvasively under a condition mimicking a closed eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth K Karthikeyan
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ramesh S Ve
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Donson D Souza
- Blackfrog Technologies Pvt Ltd, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Mayur U Shetty
- Blackfrog Technologies Pvt Ltd, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Pe'er O, Gantz L, Gal E, Ofri R. A retinoscopic survey of donkeys and goats. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:385-392. [PMID: 37386869 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats. METHODS Forty-two donkeys and 28 goats were enrolled. The mean ± SD ages were 7.68 ± 7.33 years for donkeys and 4.26 ± 2.33 years for goats. Seven donkeys and one goat were <6 months old. Retinoscopy was performed in alert animals, following cycloplegia in goats but not in donkeys. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The two primary meridians and two eyes were compared using Pearson's correlation and paired Student's t-tests. The association between refractive states and age was examined using one-way ANOVA in donkeys and a paired Student's t-test in goats. One-sample t-tests were conducted to assess if the refractive error distributions were significantly different from "0". RESULTS The mean ± SD spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors of the right and left donkey eyes were -0.80 ± 1.03 D and -0.35 ± 0.95 D, respectively. The majority (86%) of the donkeys had an astigmatic refraction and eight (19%) had anisometropia. The mean SE refractive errors of the right and left goat eyes were -0.15 ± 1.1 D and -0.18 ± 1.2 D, respectively. The majority (54%) of the goat eyes had an astigmatic refraction and five (18%) had anisometropia. The right and left eye SE refractive errors were positively correlated in both species (both p = .9). Age was not correlated with refractive error in both donkeys (p = .09) and goats (p = .6). CONCLUSIONS Both goats and donkeys are emmetropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Gantz
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Gal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Aref M, Ezzeldein S, Eisa E, Gugjoo MB, Abdelaal A, Emam H, Al Syaad K, Ahmed AE, Alshati A, Abd El Raouf M. Ultrasound, Dacryocystorhinography and Morphological Examination of Normal Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus of the Donkey (Equus asinus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020132. [PMID: 35049756 PMCID: PMC8772537 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated normal macromorphological and ultrasonographic features of the eye and lacrimal gland, as well as normal dacryocystorhinography of the donkey (Equus asinus) in Egypt. A total of 36 donkeys of different ages, weights, and sexes were included in the study: 21 live animals for ultrasonography and dacryocystorhinography, and 15 cadaver skulls for morphological anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus. The ultrasound biometric values of the eye were 33.7 ± 1.7 mm for axial globe length (AGL), 39.8 ± 2.1 mm for globe diameter (GD), 10.8 ± 0.7 mm for lens thickness (LT), 3.2 ± 0.7 mm for anterior chamber depth (ACD), and 19.3 ± 1.6 mm for vitreous chamber depth (VCD). The lacrimal gland was recognized as a hypoechogenic structure with an anechoic core, located at the dorsolateral aspect of the orbit, and ovoid in shape. The mean NLD length was 193.0 ± 9.8 mm by radiography and 206.0 ± 20.4 mm by gross assessment. One NL orifice (NLO) was noticed on each side, with a diameter of 3.0 ± 0.1 mm and located 12.1 ± 2.1 mm from the dorsal commissure of the nostril. These results may act as the baseline for proper management of conditions of the eye and lacrimal apparatus in the donkey in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Mohamed Aref
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.A.); (H.E.)
| | - Shimaa Ezzeldein
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Eslam Eisa
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Ahmed Abdelaal
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hassan Emam
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.A.); (H.E.)
| | - Khalid Al Syaad
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
- Director of the Research Center, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.A.); (A.A.)
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Ali Alshati
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mustafa Abd El Raouf
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-01141-151863
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Ravichnadran S, Venkatesh R, Sulaiman SM. Goat eye integrated with soap pellet as cataractous lens for phaco emulsification training: A thread to catch up the learning curve during pandemic. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:1335-1336. [PMID: 33913897 PMCID: PMC8186643 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3718_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ravichnadran
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Hospitals, Puducherry, India
| | - Rengaraj Venkatesh
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Hospitals, Puducherry, India
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Neves CA, Bittar IP, Prieto LA, da Silva LAF, Arnhold E, Lima AMV, Borges NC. Ocular echobiometry and head measurements in Jersey cattle from different age groups. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:333-344. [PMID: 33201536 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted to identify the morphological development of eyes and head of Jersey cattle at different ages. A total of 48 healthy Jersey cattle, 1 to 58 months of age, were included in the study. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed to identify healthy cattle to form the age groups: GI (1- to 11-month-old), GII (16- to 24-month-old) and GIII (25- to 58-month-old). The animals were physically restrained and examined by transcorneal ultrasound of both eyes; the axial length (AxL), corneal thickness (CO), lenticular thickness (L), depth of the anterior (AC) and vitreous (VC) chambers were evaluated. The cranial measurements obtained included the total, cranial, and nasal lengths and widths. Subsequently, the cephalic index (CI) was calculated. The AxL (GI: 2.83 cm; GII: 3.16 cm; GIII: 3.24 cm), AC (GI: 0.44 cm; GII: 0.53 cm; GIII: 0.53 cm), L (GI: 0.88 cm; GII: 1.01 cm; GIII: 1.04 cm) and VC (GI: 1.44 cm; GII: 1.55 cm; GIII: 1.59 cm) increased (p ≤ .001) according to age, but the CO (GI: 0.07 cm; GII: 0.08 cm; GIII: 0.08 cm) (p > .05) did not. The total length (GI: 30.83 cm; GII: 43.29 cm; GIII: 44.15 cm), cranial length (GI: 18.11 cm; GII: 23.82 cm; GIII: 22.69 cm), nasal length (GI: 12.72 cm; GII: 19.47 cm; GIII: 21.46 cm) and nasal width (GI: 26.22 cm; GII: 33.82 cm; GIII: 34.00 cm) increased (p < .001), and the CI (GI: 85.66 cm; GII: 78.15 cm; GIII: 77.02 cm) decreased (p < .001). The AxL correlated positively (p < .001) with the cranial length and width and negatively with the CI (p > .05). The ocular biometry of Jersey cattle correlates with their cranial measurements at different ages. With increasing age, the eyes and the head grow, establishing growth curves similar to those of other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Amorim Neves
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Isabela Plazza Bittar
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Leandro Arévalo Prieto
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Franco da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Aline Maria Vasconcelos Lima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Naida Cristina Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
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THE EYE OF CRAB-EATING FOX ( CERDOCYON THOUS): ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NORMATIVE VALUES OF SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, MORPHOMETRY OF CORNEAL TISSUE, AND ARRANGEMENTS OF CORNEAL STROMAL COLLAGEN FIBERS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:280-289. [PMID: 32549556 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ophthalmic parameters, morphometric features of corneal tissue, and arrangements of corneal stromal collagen fibers in crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), a species of neotropical wild canid. We conducted the study on six juvenile crab-eating foxes (12 eyes), whilst 16 eyes were obtained post mortem from eight adult crab-eating foxes. The research was divided into two stages. In the first stage, eye anatomical characteristics, tear production (Schirmer 1 tear test, STT1), intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular echobiometry, and specular microscopy parameters related to morphology of corneal endothelium were studied in juvenile animals. In the second stage, morphometric features of corneal tissue (central corneal thickness [CCT] and corneal epithelium thickness) and arrangements of stromal collagen fibers were studied using eyes from adult animals. The main findings were that crab-eating fox eyes have vertical-slit pupils, holangiotic retina, and reference values (mean ± SD) of 13.37 ± 3.79 mm/min for STT1 and of 10.43 ± 3.84 mmHg for IOP. The ocular echobiometric features observed in crab-eating foxes are different from those reported for domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Conversely, the corneal endothelial parameters are similar to those of domestic dogs. The CCT measured by tissue morphometry was 0.54 ± 0.06 mm, and the corneal epithelium thickness was 60.13 ± 8.71 µm. Mean coherency related to alignment of collagen fibers was 0.66 ± 0.12. The crab-eating fox cornea had predominantly thick collagen fibers. Crab-eating fox eyes have morphofunctional peculiarities. They resemble the eyes of domestic dogs in some aspects, but diverge in others.
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Apruzzese A, Rodríguez A, González F, López I, Suárez L, González-Alonso-Alegre E. Ocular Ultrasonography and Biometry in the Cinereous Vulture ( Aegypius monachus). J Avian Med Surg 2019; 32:307-313. [PMID: 31112644 DOI: 10.1647/2016-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To establish reference standards for ocular ultrasound and biometry, 24 cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) (45 eyes) underwent B-mode and A-mode ultrasonographic examination using a 12.5-MHz probe. The vultures were manually restrained without sedation, and the eyes were topically anesthetized. Biometry was performed in the sagittal plane for axial length of the globe (AGL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and vitreous chamber depth (VCD). Biometry of the pecten oculi (LP) was measured on images of transversal scan at 9 hours. Biometric findings were as follows: AGL=27.74 ± 0.77 mm, ACD=3.73 ± 0.62 mm, LT=5.41 ± 0.18 mm, VCD=18.60 ± 0.58 mm, and LP=10.21 ± 1.19 mm. No correlation was found between body weight and AGL. Right and left globe sizes were not significantly different, but AGL and VCD were significantly longer (P < .05) in male than in female vultures. Including diagnostic protocols such as ocular ultrasound may improve the ophthalmologic care of endangered raptors injured by blunt trauma, when opacities of the ocular media prevent examination of the internal ocular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Apruzzese
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene López
- Departamento Veterinario, GREFA, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Suárez
- Departamento Veterinario, GREFA, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa González-Alonso-Alegre
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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López I, Apruzzese A, Rodríguez A, González F, Suárez L, González-Alonso-Alegre E. Ocular Ultrasonography and Biometry in the Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus). J Avian Med Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1647/2018-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene López
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
| | - Ariadna Apruzzese
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
| | - Fernando González
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
| | - Laura Suárez
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
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Coyo N, Leiva M, Costa D, Rios J, Peña T. Corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, and morphological and morphometric features of corneal endothelial cells in goats. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:1087-1092. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.10.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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PHILIP LAIJUM, RAMANI C, WILLIAMS BJUSTIN, USHAKUMARI S. Ultrasonographic anatomy and biometry of eye in calves and goats. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i2.67708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Sengupta S, Dhanapal P, Nath M, Haripriya A, Venkatesh R. Goat's eye integrated with a human cataractous lens: A training model for phacoemulsification. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 63:275-7. [PMID: 25971179 PMCID: PMC4448247 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.156937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A relatively simple and inexpensive technique to train surgeons in phacoemulsification using a goat's eye integrated with a human cataractous nucleus is described. The goat's eye is placed on a bed of cotton within the lumen of a cylindrical container. This is then mounted on a rectangular thermocol so that the limbus is presented at the surgical field. After making a clear corneal entry with a keratome, the trainer makes a 5–5.5 mm continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in the anterior lens capsule, creates a crater of adequate depth in the cortex and inserts the human nucleus within this crater in the goat's capsular bag. The surgical wound is sutured, and the goat's eye is ready for training. Creating the capsulorhexis with precision and making the crater of adequate depth to snugly accommodate the human nucleus are the most important steps to prevent excessive wobbling of the nucleus while training.
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Somma AT, Moura CMC, Lange RR, Medeiros RS, Montiani‐Ferreira F. Congenital cataract associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and persistent tunica vasculosa lentis in a sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) - clinical, ultrasonographic, and histological findings. Clin Case Rep 2016; 4:636-42. [PMID: 27386118 PMCID: PMC4929795 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography suggested the diagnosis of cataract associated with persistent fetal intraocular vasculature in a 26-day-old sambar deer. The deer was ill and died despite intense critical care. Globes were removed. Histological characteristics of persistent fetal vasculature and secondary cataract are reported expanding the knowledge of ophthalmic disorders in wild ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tavares Somma
- Departamento de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)Rua dos Funcionários 154080035‐050CuritibaPRBrazil
| | | | - Rogério Ribas Lange
- Departamento de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)Rua dos Funcionários 154080035‐050CuritibaPRBrazil
| | - Renan Schiebel Medeiros
- Departamento de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)Rua dos Funcionários 154080035‐050CuritibaPRBrazil
| | - Fabiano Montiani‐Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)Rua dos Funcionários 154080035‐050CuritibaPRBrazil
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Fornazari GA, Montiani-Ferreira F, Filho IRDB, Somma AT, Moore B. The eye of the Barbary sheep or aoudad (Ammotragus lervia): reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests, morphologic and biometric observations. Open Vet J 2016; 6:102-13. [PMID: 27419103 PMCID: PMC4935764 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe the normal ocular anatomy and establish reference values for ophthalmic tests in the Barbary sheep or aoudad (Ammotragus lervia). Aoudad eyes are large and laterally positioned in the head with several specialized anatomic features attributed to evolutionary adaptations for grazing. Normal values for commonly used ophthalmic tests were established, Schirmer tear test (STT) - 27.22 ± 3.6 mm/min; Predominant ocular surface bacterial microbiota - Staphylococcus sp.; Corneal esthesiometry- 1.3 ± 0.4 cm; Intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry- 19.47 ± 3.9 mmHg; Corneal thickness- 630.07 ± 20.67 µm, B-mode ultrasonography of the globe-axial eye globe length 29.94 ± 0.96 mm, anterior chamber depth 5.03 ± 0.17 mm, lens thickness 9.4 ± 0.33 mm, vitreous chamber depth 14.1 ± 0.53 mm; Corneal diameter-horizontal corneal diameter 25.05 ± 2.18 mm, vertical corneal diameter 17.95 ± 1.68 mm; Horizontal palpebral fissure length- 34.8 ± 3.12 mm. Knowledge of these normal anatomic variations, biometric findings and normal parameters for ocular diagnostic tests may assist veterinary ophthalmologists in the diagnosis of ocular diseases in this and other similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Fornazari
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 8035-050, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - F Montiani-Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 8035-050, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - I R de Barros Filho
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 8035-050, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - A T Somma
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 8035-050, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - B Moore
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San Diego, 10435 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Tusler CA, Good KL, Maggs DJ, Zwingenberger AL, Reilly CM. Gross, histologic, and computed tomographic characterization of nonpathological intrascleral cartilage and bone in the domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:214-221. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. Tusler
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Allison L. Zwingenberger
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Mirshahi A, Shafigh SH, Azizzadeh M. Ultrasonographic biometry of the normal eye of the Persian cat. Aust Vet J 2015; 92:246-9. [PMID: 24964833 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the normal ultrasonographic biometry of the Persian cat's eyes using B-mode ultrasonography. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 20 healthy Persian cats with no history of previous ophthalmic disease were examined. Ocular biometry of the left and right eyes was measured using B-mode ultrasonography. Comparison of the average measurements between left and right eyes and between vertical and horizontal planes was performed using paired-sample t test. Correlation of ocular parameters with sex, age, head circumference and eye colour was evaluated. RESULTS Mean ± standard deviation (SD) measurements of the ocular structures of anterior chamber, lens thickness, vitreous chamber and anterior to posterior dimension of the globe in 40 eyes were 4.1 ± 0.7, 7.7 ± 0.5, 8.2 ± 0.4 and 20.7 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. No significant difference was found between the ocular biometry of the left and right eyes or the horizontal and vertical planes. Of the ocular parameters, the following had a significant positive correlation with head circumference: axial globe length, anterior chamber and lens thickness. The vitreous body had a positive correlation with age. CONCLUSIONS Regarding the breed predisposition of Persian cats to ocular problems, the present study provides baseline information for further clinical investigations of ocular abnormalities using B-mode ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mirshahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 91775-193, Mashhad, Iran.
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Herbig LE, Eule JC. Central corneal thickness measurements and ultrasonographic study of the growing equine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 18:462-71. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena E. Herbig
- Small Animal Clinic; Freie Universität Berlin; Oertzenweg 19b 14163 Berlin Germany
| | - J. Corinna Eule
- Small Animal Clinic; Freie Universität Berlin; Oertzenweg 19b 14163 Berlin Germany
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Corrêa LBNS, Santa'Anna Junior LP, Souza Junior PD. Biometria do bulbo ocular de bovinos da raça Nelore. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v15i219775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se realizar a biometria de componentes do bulbo do olho de bovinos adultos da raça Nelore. Para tal, analisaram-se 121 bulbos oculares de animais abatidos com idade entre dois a três anos em um estabelecimento no município de Itaperuna-RJ, Brasil. Vinte medições macroscópicas foram feitas nos bulbos oculares e suas estruturas. Os bulbos apresentaram eixo óptico medindo 33,27 ± 1,55 mm, diâmetro equatorial de 38,07 ± 1,70 mm e volume estimado de 24,07 ± 3,51 mL. Houve correlação moderadamente positiva (r = 0,723, p < 0,0001) entre o eixo óptico e o diâmetro do bulbo ocular na raça. A córnea de bovinos da raça Nelore demonstrou eixos vertical e horizontal comparativamente menores do que a das raças europeias citadas na literatura, porém a proporção entre a altura e a largura da córnea se manteve semelhante. A lente também apresentou dimensões menores em comparação a outras raças. Este estudo fornece dados úteis para futuras investigações clínicas das anormalidades oculares na raça Nelore bem como para pesquisas em anatomia comparada.
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Ruiz T, Campos WNS, Peres TPS, Gonçalves GF, Ferraz RHS, Néspoli PEB, Sousa VRF, Ribeiro AP. Intraocular pressure, ultrasonographic and echobiometric findings of juvenile Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18 Suppl 1:40-5. [PMID: 24450942 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), the ultrasonographic and echobiometric findings in the eyes of juvenile Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare). ANIMALS Twenty-two healthy caimans from a breeding farm in Brazilian Pantanal. PROCEDURES Intraocular pressure was measured under physical restraint and topical anesthesia by applanation tonometry. Five individual measurements of each eye were recorded by the same examiner. B-mode ultrasonography was performed with a 10-MHz linear transducer, and the anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous depth, and axial globe length were measured. Unpaired and paired t-tests were used to assess data. Pearson's test was used to assess correlations between IOP and ocular structures (P < 0.05). RESULTS Mean ± SD IOP of the 44 eyes studied was 9.56 ± 2.69 mmHg, (range 5.4-15.6 mmHg). IOP did not differ significantly between right and left eyes or between genders (P > 0.05). Echobiometric measurements did not differ significantly between eyes and genders (P > 0.05). Intraocular structures measured in male and female subjects were, respectively, 2.61 ± 0.13 and 2.55 ± 0.18 mm for anterior chamber depth, 7.60 ± 0.17 and 7.54 ± 0.20 mm for lens thickness, 6.83 ± 0.20 and 6.90 ± 0.22 mm for vitreous chamber depth, and 17.55 ± 0.25 and 17.54 ± 0.29 mm for axial globe length. Correlations were not observed (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Reference values of tonometry and distances of intraocular structures of Yacare caiman were described. IOP did not correlate with echobiometric measurements in this crocodilian. The ultrasonographic appearance was similar to other domestic and wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Ruiz
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Agronomy, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, 2367 Fernando Correia Avenue, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
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Bliss CD, Aquino S, Woodhouse S. Ocular findings and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and southern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome). Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 18 Suppl 1:86-93. [PMID: 24238103 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe ophthalmic examination findings and standard diagnostic test results in 2 penguin species. ANIMALS STUDIED Macaroni & Southern Rockhopper Penguins. PROCEDURE Complete ophthalmic examinations including Schirmer tear test (STT), modified phenol red thread test (PTT), tonometry, and echobiometry were performed on penguins housed at the Detroit Zoo. Mean and standard deviation of ophthalmic tests are reported and compared for significance using two sample t-tests with significance set at P < 0.05. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS Cataracts were the most common finding, present in 64% of Macaroni Penguins, and 68% of Rockhopper Penguins. There were anterior segment anomalies in all eyes with cataracts consistent with lens-induced uveitis. The mean modified PTT for the Macaronis was 24.7 ± 6.37 mm/15 s and 25.1 ± 7.07 mm/15 s in the Rockhoppers. The mean STT value for the Macaronis was 12.1 ± 5.43 mm/min and 11.0 ± 3.96 mm/min in the Rockhoppers. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) for the Macaronis was 21.9 ± 7.05 mmHg measured by applanation tonometry and 29.1 ± 7.16 mmHg using rebound tonometry. The Rockhoppers had a mean IOP of 20.0 ± 5.77 mmHg and 24.1 ± 5.09 mmHg for applanation and rebound tonometry, respectively. In both populations, there was a significant difference in IOP measurement between the two instruments. In the Macaroni penguins, the presence of cataracts correlated significantly with increased age and lower IOP readings. Anterior chamber distance and axial globe length were significantly greater in males than in females in both penguin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Bliss
- Michigan Veterinary Specialists, Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners Hospital, 1425 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
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Kuhn SE, Hendrix DVH, Jones MP, Ward DA, Baine KH, Franklin SR. Biometry, keratometry, and calculation of intraocular lens power for the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 18 Suppl 1:106-12. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia E. Kuhn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Diane V. H. Hendrix
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Michael P. Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Daniel A. Ward
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Katherine H. Baine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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Konrade KA, Hoffman AR, Ramey KL, Goldenberg RB, Lehenbauer TW. Refractive states of eyes and associations between ametropia and age, breed, and axial globe length in domestic cats. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:279-84. [PMID: 22280390 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the refractive states of eyes in domestic cats and to evaluate correlations between refractive error and age, breed, and axial globe measurements. ANIMALS 98 healthy ophthalmologically normal domestic cats. PROCEDURES The refractive state of 196 eyes (2 eyes/cat) was determined by use of streak retinoscopy. Cats were considered ametropic when the mean refractive state was ≥ ± 0.5 diopter (D). Amplitude-mode ultrasonography was used to determine axial globe length, anterior chamber length, and vitreous chamber depth. RESULTS Mean ± SD refractive state of all eyes was -0.78 ± 1.37 D. Mean refractive error of cats changed significantly as a function of age. Mean refractive state of kittens (≤ 4 months old) was -2.45 ± 1.57 D, and mean refractive state of adult cats (> 1 year old) was -0.39 ± 0.85 D. Mean axial globe length, anterior chamber length, and vitreous chamber depth were 19.75 ± 1.59 mm, 4.66 ± 0.86 mm, and 7.92 ± 0.86 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Correlations were detected between age and breed and between age and refractive states of feline eyes. Mean refractive error changed significantly as a function of age, and kittens had greater negative refractive error than did adult cats. Domestic shorthair cats were significantly more likely to be myopic than were domestic mediumhair or domestic longhair cats. Domestic cats should be included in the animals in which myopia can be detected at a young age, with a likelihood of progression to emmetropia as cats mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kricket A Konrade
- Comparative Veterinary Ophthalmology, Eye Care For Animals, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA.
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Mohammadi FS, Mazouri A, Jabbarvand M, Rahman-A N, Mohammadi A. Reply : Goat eye with human nucleus for phacoemulsification training. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kassab A. Ultrasonographic and Macroscopic Anatomy of the Enucleated Eyes of the Buffalo (Bos bubalis) and the One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) of Different Ages. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 41:7-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mohammadi SF, Mazouri A, Jabbarvand M, Rahman-A N, Mohammadi A. Sheep practice eye for ophthalmic surgery training in skills laboratory. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37:987-91. [PMID: 21596242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pig eyes are not available for surgical practice in the Middle East and Central Asia. We reviewed the literature to select an alternative animal practice eye based on biometry, availability, expense, and the ethical issue of animal sacrifice. Twenty enucleated sheep eyes were studied with an ultrasonography immersion technique, and a variety of techniques for globe harvesting were tested and compared. The sheep eye was judged to be the best practical choice for ophthalmic surgery practice and the "bone shattering" exenteration maneuver, the most efficient harvesting method. Several anterior segment procedures were performed in the sheep eyes. Introduction of this sheep model would be instrumental in the development of ophthalmology skills laboratories and surgical training in Middle Eastern and Central Asian regions. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Farzad Mohammadi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Toni MC, Meirelles AÉWB, Gava FN, Camacho AA, Laus JL, Canola JC. Rabbits’ eye globe sonographic biometry. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:384-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Squarzoni R, Perlmann E, Antunes A, Milanelo L, De Moraes Barros PS. Ultrasonographic aspects and biometry of Striped owl’s eyes (Rhinoptynx clamator). Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13 Suppl:86-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ribeiro AP, Piso DYT, Padua IRM, Silva ML, Laus JL. Intraocular pressure and tear secretion in Saanen goats with different ages. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the normal intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear secretion, by means of applanation tonometry and the Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), in goats of the Saanen breed with different ages, and at different time points. Thirty six goats, free of ocular abnormalities, were grouped into three different age categories (n=12), animals with 45, 180 and 549 days of age. STT-1 and IOP measurements were carried out always at 9:00am and 7:00pm, during three consecutive days. Results were evaluated statistically (P<0.05). Regarding the time of the day, overall IOP values were significantly lower at 7:00 pm (P<0.001) in individuals with 45 days of age; whereas STT-1 values were significantly higher at 7:00pm (P=0.004) in goats with 549 days of age. Considering the sum of three days, both parameters were significantly lower in individuals with 45 days of age (P<0.001). Intraocular pressure and tear secretion values increase until 180 days of age in the Saanen breed of goats.
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