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Boudinot BE, Beutel RG, Gorb SN, Polilov AA. Functional diversity of attachment and grooming leg structures is retained in all but the smallest insects. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. E. Boudinot
- Department of Entomology & Nematology University of California Davis CA USA
| | - R. G. Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena Germany
- Economo Group Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Tancha Japan
| | - S. N. Gorb
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - A. A. Polilov
- Department of Entomology Biological faculty Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
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Beutel RG, Richter A, Keller RA, Hita Garcia F, Matsumura Y, Economo EP, Gorb SN. Distal leg structures of the Aculeata (Hymenoptera): A comparative evolutionary study of Sceliphron (Sphecidae) and Formica (Formicidae). J Morphol 2020; 281:737-753. [PMID: 32364646 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The distal parts of the legs of Sceliphron caementarium (Sphecidae) and Formica rufa (Formicidae) are documented and discussed with respect to phylogenetic and functional aspects. The prolegs of Hymenoptera offer an array of evolutionary novelties, mainly linked with two functional syndromes, walking efficiently on different substrates and cleaning the body surface. The protibial-probasitarsomeral cleaning device is almost always well-developed. A complex evolutionary innovation is a triple set of tarsal and pretarsal attachment devices, including tarsal plantulae, probasitarsomeral spatulate setae, and an arolium with an internal spring-like arcus, a dorsal manubrium, and a ventral planta. The probasitarsal adhesive sole and a complex arolium are almost always preserved, whereas the plantulae are often missing. Sceliphron has retained most hymenopteran ground plan features of the legs, and also Formica, even though the adhesive apparatus of Formicidae shows some modifications, likely linked to ground-oriented habits of most ants. Plantulae are always absent in extant ants, and the arolium is often reduced in size, and sometimes vestigial. The arolium contains resilin in both examined species. Additionally, resilin enriched regions are also present in the antenna cleaners of both species, although they differ in which of the involved structures is more flexible, the calcar in Sceliphron and the basitarsal comb in Formica. Functionally, the hymenopteran distal leg combines (a) interlocking mechanisms (claws, spine-like setae) and (b) adhesion mechanisms (plantulae, arolium). On rough substrate, claws and spine-like setae interlock with asperities and secure a firm grip, whereas the unfolding arolium generates adhesive contact on smooth surfaces. Differences of the folded arolium of Sceliphron and Formica probably correlate with differences in the mechanism of folding/unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Roberto A Keller
- Museu Nacional de Historia Natural e da Ciência and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Hita Garcia
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Büscher TH, Kryuchkov M, Katanaev VL, Gorb SN. Versatility of Turing patterns potentiates rapid evolution in tarsal attachment microstructures of stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea). J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0281. [PMID: 29925583 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In its evolution, the diverse group of stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) has undergone a rapid radiation. These insects evolved specialized structures to adhere to different surfaces typical for their specific ecological environments. The cuticle of their tarsal attachment pads (euplantulae) is known to possess a high diversity of attachment microstructures (AMS) which are suggested to reflect ecological specializations of different groups within phasmids. However, the origin of these microstructures and their developmental background remain largely unknown. Here, based on the detailed scanning electron microscopy study of pad surfaces, we present a theoretical approach to mathematically model an outstanding diversity of phasmid AMS using the reaction-diffusion model by Alan Turing. In general, this model explains pattern formation in nature. For the first time, we were able to identify eight principal patterns and simulate the transitions among these. In addition, intermediate transitional patterns were predicted by the model. The ease of transformation suggests a high adaptability of the microstructures that might explain the rapid evolution of pad characters. We additionally discuss the functional morphology of the different microstructures and their assumed advantages in the context of the ecological background of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies H Büscher
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mikhail Kryuchkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Büscher TH, Buckley TR, Grohmann C, Gorb SN, Bradler S. The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Gnaspini P, Antunes-Carvalho C, Leschen RAB. Pretarsal structures in Leiodidae and Agyrtidae (Coleoptera, Staphylinoidea). J Morphol 2017; 278:1354-1379. [PMID: 28603933 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We analysed pretarsal characters of 87 species of Leiodidae (including 10 cholevines and representatives of all tribes and ca. 60% of the genera of non-cholevines), five species of Agyrtidae, and nine representatives of outgroup taxa (Hydraenidae, Staphylinidae, Hydrophilidae, and Histeridae) using scanning electron microscopy. We focused our observations on the architecture of the empodium (including the sclerites and associated setae), the shape and composition of the medial projection of the distal margin of the terminal tarsomere, and the armature of the claws, which were considered a promising source of information for delimiting supraspecific taxa in our previous study. We identified several diagnostic features and recognize potential synapomorphies at the tribal, subtribal and generic levels. The internal systematic arrangement and/or even the monophyletic status of most of the subfamilies of Leiodidae (Camiarinae, Catopocerinae, Leiodinae, and Platypsyllinae) are challenged. We identified potential synapomorphies for Camiarinae (Camiarini and Agyrtodini) and Leiodinae. The non-monophyly of Cholevinae is possible because part of the tribe (Anemadini, Eucatopini, and Oritocatopini) shares potentially apomorphic features with Leiodinae (e.g., a triangular medial projection with a diagonal row of conical spines), whereas another part (Leptodirini and Ptomaphagini) shares a potentially apomorphic feature with Coloninae and Platypsyllinae (a typical medial projection with two distinct triangular projections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gnaspini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Antunes-Carvalho
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Büscher TH, Gorb SN. Subdivision of the neotropical Prisopodinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 based on features of tarsal attachment pads (Insecta, Phasmatodea). Zookeys 2017:1-11. [PMID: 28228663 PMCID: PMC5299220 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.645.10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The euplantulae of species from all five genera of the Prisopodinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 were examined using scanning electron microscopy with the aim to reveal the significance of attachment pads regarding their phylogenetic relationships. The split into the conventional two sister groups is supported by the two-lobed structure of the euplantulae with a smooth surface in the Prisopodini and a nubby surface microstructure in the Paraprisopodini. The two lineages are well distinguishable by this feature, as well as by the shape of the euplantulae themselves. The functional importance of the attachment pad surface features is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies H Büscher
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Heraty JM, Burks RA, Cruaud A, Gibson GAP, Liljeblad J, Munro J, Rasplus JY, Delvare G, Janšta P, Gumovsky A, Huber J, Woolley JB, Krogmann L, Heydon S, Polaszek A, Schmidt S, Darling DC, Gates MW, Mottern J, Murray E, Dal Molin A, Triapitsyn S, Baur H, Pinto JD, van Noort S, George J, Yoder M. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 2013; 29:466-542. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Heraty
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | | | | | - Gary A. P. Gibson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; 960 Carling Avenue; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gerard Delvare
- Cirad; INRA; UMR 1062 CBGP CS30016; F-34988; Montferrier-sur-Lez; France
| | - Peter Janšta
- Department of Zoology; Charles University; Vinicna 7; CZ-128 44; Praha 2; Czech Republic
| | - Alex Gumovsky
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Kiev; 30 01601; Ukraine
| | - John Huber
- Natural Resources Canada; c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects; 960 Carling Ave; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada
| | - James B. Woolley
- Department of Entomology; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; 77843; USA
| | - Lars Krogmann
- Department of Entomology; State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart; Rosenstein 1; 70191; Stuttgart; Germany
| | - Steve Heydon
- Bohart Museum of Entomology; University of California; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
| | - Andrew Polaszek
- Department of Entomology; Natural History Museum; London; SW7 5BD; UK
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns; Zoologische Staatssammlung; Münchhausenstr. 21; 81247; Munich; Germany
| | | | - Michael W. Gates
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory; USDA; ARS; PSI; c/o National Museum of Natural History; Washington; DC; 20013; USA
| | - Jason Mottern
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | - Ana Dal Molin
- Department of Entomology; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; 77843; USA
| | - Serguei Triapitsyn
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | - Hannes Baur
- Abt. Wirbellose Tiere; Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern; Bernastrasse 15; 3005; Bern; Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jeremiah George
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | - Matthew Yoder
- Illinois Natural History Survey; University of Illinois; Champaign; IL; 61820; USA
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Eberhard MJ, Pass G, Picker MD, Beutel R, Predel R, Gorb SN. Structure and function of the arolium of Mantophasmatodea (Insecta). J Morphol 2009; 270:1247-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gladun DV. Morphology of the pretarsus of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera: 'Symphyta'). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2008; 37:13-28. [PMID: 18089125 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The pretarsal structures have been studied in representatives of 13 families of 'Symphyta' by means of light microscopy. The pretarsal sclerites (manubrium, planta, and unguitractor) vary in shape among different families. The shape of the manubrium is triangular in representatives of Xyelidae and Orussidae and bifurcated in those of Tenthredinoidea. For representatives of Siricomorpha, an elongated shape of the manubrium is typical with such variations, as distally expanded, proximally expanded, clavate, spear-shaped. Plantae of different Symphyta vary in shape and level of sclerotization. In representatives of Siricidae, the female manubrium and arolium are significantly reduced, and arcus and dorsal plates are completely absent. Siricid males possess all pretarsal sclerites and a well-developed arolium. Auxiliary sclerites are absent in representatives of Orussidae. Trichoid sensilla are absent on the plantae in representatives of Cephidae and Orussidae. Other studied Symphyta possess two trichoid sensilla on the planta. Representatives of all investigated families bear two campaniform sensilla on the manubrium, with the exception of Siricidae having three sensilla. Kinematics of the pretarsus with bifurcated manubrium are modeled and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Gladun
- Schmalhausen-Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 15 B. Khmelnitsky St., 01601 Kiev MSP, Ukraine.
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