The late results of conservative surgery for ureteral tumours

Protein mislocalization: mechanisms, functions and clinical applications in cancer

The changes from normal cells to cancer cells are primarily regulated by genome instability, which foster hallmark functions of cancer through multiple mechanisms including protein mislocalization. Mislocalization of these proteins, including oncoproteins, tumor suppressors, and other cancer-related proteins, can interfere with normal cellular function and cooperatively drive tumor development and metastasis. This review describes the cancer-related effects of protein subcellular mislocalization, the related mislocalization mechanisms, and the potential application of this knowledge to cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

Repeated endoscopic treatments of multiple recurrent ureteral tumors following 15-year-long history of bladder tumors in the patient from endemic nephropathy region

Ureteral urothelial tumors (UUT) are uncommon; their incidence is higher in areas affected by Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), with low–grade lesions prevalent. In these patients, the efficacy of conservative surgery is comparable to that of nephroureterectomy. Endoscopic treatment is indicated for single, small and low grade UUT, in older patients with significant comorbidity.

The case of an 84–year–old lady from an area affected by BEN is presented. Over 20 years, the patient underwent five endoscopic interventions for multiple UUT, and numerous endoscopic interventions for recurrent bladder tumors.

Among a highly select group of patients, endoscopic treatment of multiple small superficial low–grade ureteral tumors may prove successful.

Late recurrence of upper urinary tract urothelial tumours

Two case reports of late recurrence of upper urinary tract urothelial tumours 13 years after ipsilateral local resection and 19 years after contralateral nephroureterectomy are used in the discussion on when to perform local resection. In accordance with existing literature we propose local resection in case of low-grade upper urinary tract urothelial tumours.