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Capogrosso P, Dimitropolous K, Russo GI, Tharakan T, Milenkovic U, Cocci A, Boeri L, Gül M, Bettocchi C, Carvalho J, Kalkanlı A, Corona G, Hatzichristodoulou G, Jones HT, Kadioglu A, Martinez-Salamanca JI, Modgil V, Serefoglu EC, Verze P, Salonia A, Minhas S. Conservative and medical treatments of non-sickle cell disease-related ischemic priapism: a systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Panel. Int J Impot Res 2024; 36:6-19. [PMID: 35995858 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conservative and medical treatments are considered the first step in ischemic priapism (IP) management, although there is no clear evidence regarding their efficacy. We conducted a systematic review on behalf of the EAU Guidelines panel on Sexual and Reproductive health to analyse the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of conservative and medical treatment for non-sickle cell disease-related IP. Databases searched for relevant literature investigating efficacy and safety of conservative measures and medical treatment for IP included Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries and clinicaltrial.gov published up to September 2021. Overall, 41 retrospective, 3 prospective single-arm studies and 3 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Intracavernous injection with sympathomimetic (ICIs) agents were the most frequently utilized treatment with efficacy ranging from 0 to 100% of cases. The combination of ICIs with corporeal aspiration with or without irrigation with saline was successful in 70 to 100% of cases. Oral treatment with β2 receptor agonist (e.g., terbutaline) showed mild to moderate efficacy. Conservative methods including ice pack, exercise, cold enema and ejaculation depicted lower effectiveness in resolving priapism (1-55%). Longer time interval from the onset to the resolution of IP was associated with higher rate of erectile dysfunction at follow-up (30-70%), especially after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Capogrosso
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Ospedale di Circolo and Macchi Foundation, Varese, Italy
| | - Kostas Dimitropolous
- Academic Urology Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Urology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Giorgio Ivan Russo
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tharu Tharakan
- Department of Urology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uros Milenkovic
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Cocci
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urologic Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Boeri
- Department of Urology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Murat Gül
- School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Joana Carvalho
- CPUP: Center for Psychology of Porto University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Arif Kalkanlı
- Department of Urology, Taksim Training & Research Hospital, Instanbul, Turkey
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Hugh T Jones
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Trust, Barnsley, UK
| | - Ates Kadioglu
- Department of Urology, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Juan Ignacio Martinez-Salamanca
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda. Lyx Institute of Urology. Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vaibhav Modgil
- Manchester Andrology Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ege Can Serefoglu
- Department of Urology, Biruni University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Paolo Verze
- Department of Medicine and Surgery "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Campania, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology; URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Suks Minhas
- Department of Urology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
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Soler JM, Previnaire JG, Mieusset R, Plante P. Oral Midodrine for Prostaglandin E1 Induced Priapism in Spinal Cord Injured Patients. J Urol 2009; 182:1096-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Soler
- Laboratoire d'urodynamique et de sexology, Centre Bouffard Vercelli, Cap Peyrefite, Cerbère, France
- Centre de Stérilité masculine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Service d'urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | | | - Roger Mieusset
- Centre de Stérilité masculine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Plante
- Service d'urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
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Rodríguez Tolrà J, Cuadrado Campaña JM, Fumadó Ciutat L, Franco Miranda E. [Intracavernosal methoxamine self-injection for the treatment of low-flow recurrent priapism]. Actas Urol Esp 2006; 30:324-5. [PMID: 16749592 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(06)73448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a young man with a recurrent idiopathic priapism, successfully treated with methoxamine intracarvenosal self-injections. The patient was instructed in intracorporeal self-injection of this pure alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, which provided complete detumescence. The patient became asymptomatic after one month of domiciliary treatment. We conclude that intracavernosal self-administered methoxamine can be a useful treatment of recurrent idiopathic priapism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez Tolrà
- Unidad de Andrología, Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona.
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Porst H. Prostaglandin E1 and the nitric oxide donor linsidomine for erectile failure: a diagnostic comparative study of 40 patients. J Urol 1993; 149:1280-3. [PMID: 8479015 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A total of 40 patients (average age 55.9 years, range 23 to 78 years) with erectile failure was enrolled in a study to compare 1 mg. of the nitric oxide donor linsidomine to 20 micrograms prostaglandin E1 administered for diagnostic purposes. Prostaglandin E1 was considered comparable to linsidomine by 10% of the patients, slightly superior by 15%, moderately superior by 20% and much superior by 55%. No patient rated linsidomine superior to prostaglandin E1. Objective evaluation of erectile response to linsidomine versus prostaglandin E1 by the investigator revealed no response in 7.5% versus 0% of the cases, tumescence in 57.5% versus 17.5%, semirigid erection in 22.5% versus 17.5% and full erection in 12.5% versus 65%, respectively. Duplex sonography after linsidomine and prostaglandin E1 with evaluation of peak flow velocities (centimeters per second) showed that the increase in peak flow velocity after linsidomine was at least a third less than the increase after prostaglandin E1. The appearance after linsidomine often resembled arterial insufficiency, whereas after prostaglandin E1 there was no evidence of arterial insufficiency. The erectile and hemodynamic response to the nitric oxide donor linsidomine was modest compared to that of prostaglandin E1. Therefore, linsidomine is not a genuine alternative to prostaglandin E1 for the diagnosis and treatment of male impotence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Porst
- Department of Urology, Harburg General Hospital, Germany
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Abstract
We investigated the hemodynamic effects of intracavernous injection of adenosine on canine penile erection. In all ten dogs studied, adenosine induced a dose-dependent increase of intracavernous pressure (ICP). Adenosine (0.67 to 15 micrograms/kg., B.W.) increased arterial blood flow by 83 to 325 percent above baseline levels and also increased venous resistance, which resulted in a full erection (ICP = 80 to 140 cm. H2O) for one to 7 minutes. The repeatability of the adenosine effect was confirmed in eight dogs. We found that adenosine, by virtue of its smooth muscle relaxation properties, can induce a dose-dependent increase of ICP and cause a full erection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takahashi
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco
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12
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Serrate RG, Prats J, Regué R, Rius G. The usefulness of ethylephrine (Efortil-R) in the treatment of priapism and intraoperative penile erections. Int Urol Nephrol 1992; 24:389-92. [PMID: 1281144 DOI: 10.1007/bf02550631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present our experience in the treatment of 8 patients with priapism after intravenous injection of vasoactive drugs, and of 15 patients with persistent erections in the course of transurethral cystoscopy surgery. All of them were treated with intracavernous injection of 10 mg ethylephrine (1 ml Efortil-R). The results were satisfactory in all cases. In one patient we had to draw 75 ml blood and give another 10 mg dose of ethylephrine. We have not observed secondary effects of drug administration except two local haematomas with spontaneous resolution. We consider that this treatment is very useful in the management of patients with persistent erections or priapism because of the excellent results obtained without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Serrate
- Department of Urology, Sagrada Familia Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Intracorporeal administration of papaverine hydrochloride is frequently used in the diagnosis and treatment of impotence. Priapism is the most serious potential complication of its use. The historical characteristics of 400 consecutive men receiving a standardized dose of papaverine were reviewed in an effort to determine the risk factors for prolonged erections. Younger men (p less than 0.0001) with better baseline erectile function (p less than 0.023) were more likely to have priapism. Despite use of a significantly lower dose, patients with overt neurological disease also had an increased rate of priapism. Patients with a history of coronary artery disease had a significantly lower risk of priapism (p less than 0.05). Patients with a final diagnosis of either psychogenic or neurogenic impotence had a much greater risk of priapism than those with vasculogenic impotence (p less than 0.001). The initial dosage in pharmacological erection therapy may be adjusted according to these risk factors. However, not all patients with psychogenic or neurogenic impotence had priapism and some patients with vascular disease did have priapism. Therefore, all impotent patients are potentially at risk for pharmacologically induced priapism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lomas
- Department of Urology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Chen JK, Hwang TI, Yang CR. Comparison of effects following the intracorporeal injection of papaverine and prostaglandin E1. BRITISH JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 1992; 69:404-7. [PMID: 1581812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1992.tb15568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A study group of 240 impotent men receiving intracorporeal injections were divided into 2 groups: the first group received papaverine (60 mg) and the second prostaglandin E1 (PGE1 20 micrograms). The effect of the drugs was evaluated according to the onset of erection, rigidity and the duration of erection; 136 patients were treated with papaverine and 104 with PGE1. The onset of action in these groups was 6.42 +/- 5.39 vs 10.14 +/- 5.41 min; the rigidity score was 3.37 +/- 0.89 vs 3.60 +/- 1.10 and the duration of erection was 49.56 +/- 62.56 vs 63.60 +/- 44.57 min respectively. There was a significant difference in the onset of action (PGE1 was slower than papaverine) and maintenance of erection (longer with PGE1 than with papaverine). Another group of 17 patients received both papaverine and PGE1. The effects of papaverine were better in 4 cases, worse in 5 and equal to PGE1 in 8. This study indicates that compared with papaverine, treatment with PGE1 produces a slower onset of action, a longer duration of erection and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chen
- Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ryan PG, Wallace DM. Therapeutic progress--Review XXXVI. Are we making progress in the drug treatment of disorders of the bladder, prostate, and penis? J Clin Pharm Ther 1990; 15:1-12. [PMID: 2180967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.1990.tb00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the novel application of drugs, many of which were first developed for, or have an established role in other indications, in the treatment of disorders of the bladder, prostate and penis. These novel applications have often followed on from an increase in the understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved in the urological condition. Urology also lends itself to novel routes of administration, such as intravesical and intracorporeal routes as well as the more conventional oral, parenteral, and intra-nasal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Ryan
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, U.K
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Watters GR, Keogh EJ, Earle CM, Carati CJ, Wisniewski ZS, Tulloch AG, Lord DJ. Experience in the management of erectile dysfunction using the intracavernosal self-injection of vasoactive drugs. J Urol 1988; 140:1417-9. [PMID: 3193507 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a survey of 75 patients with erectile dysfunction, all of whom were treated by self-injection of the corpora cavernosa with vasoactive agents. At the time of the survey each patient had been self-injecting at home for at least 3 months. Of the patients 62 were followed for 3 to 21 months. Patients used this form of treatment with minimal assistance from our clinic staff. It was acceptable to them with few complications except for prolonged erections in 11 per cent of the men. Fifteen patients (24 per cent) with psychogenic impotence reported spontaneous improvement in erections during treatment and 4 discontinued treatment for this reason. Another 26 patients (42 per cent) continue to use self-injection as the definitive mode of treatment for erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Watters
- Reproductive Medicine Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia
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Keogh EJ, Watters GR, Tulloch AG, Csillag ER, Wisniewski ZS, Lord DJ, Clancy JJ, Earle CM. The diagnosis and treatment of impotence. Med J Aust 1988. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb99456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Keogh
- Impotence Study Group of Western Australia, Reproductive Medicine Research InstituteQueen Elizabeth II Medical CentreVerdun StreetNedlandsWA6009
| | - Gregory R. Watters
- Impotence Study Group of Western Australia, Reproductive Medicine Research InstituteQueen Elizabeth II Medical CentreVerdun StreetNedlandsWA6009
| | - Alastair G.S. Tulloch
- Impotence Study Group of Western Australia, Reproductive Medicine Research InstituteQueen Elizabeth II Medical CentreVerdun StreetNedlandsWA6009
| | - Erwin R. Csillag
- Impotence Study Group of Western Australia, Reproductive Medicine Research InstituteQueen Elizabeth II Medical CentreVerdun StreetNedlandsWA6009
| | - Z. Stanley Wisniewski
- Impotence Study Group of Western Australia, Reproductive Medicine Research InstituteQueen Elizabeth II Medical CentreVerdun StreetNedlandsWA6009
| | - David J. Lord
- Impotence Study Group of Western Australia, Reproductive Medicine Research InstituteQueen Elizabeth II Medical CentreVerdun StreetNedlandsWA6009
| | - John J. Clancy
- Impotence Study Group of Western Australia, Reproductive Medicine Research InstituteQueen Elizabeth II Medical CentreVerdun StreetNedlandsWA6009
| | - Carolyn M. Earle
- Impotence Study Group of Western Australia, Reproductive Medicine Research InstituteQueen Elizabeth II Medical CentreVerdun StreetNedlandsWA6009
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