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Thomson ACS, McCarrel TM, Zakharov A, Gomez B, Lyubimov A, Schwark WS, Mallicote MF, Portela DA, Bisiau AL, Wakshlag JJ. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single-dose enteral cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid rich hemp in horses ( Equus caballus). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356463. [PMID: 38681854 PMCID: PMC11047043 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of cannabinoids and their metabolites were determined in eight horses after enteral administration of a commercial CBD/CBDA-rich hemp oil product. Each horse was administered 2 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg CBD/CBDA or no treatment in a randomized cross-over design. Serial serum samples collected over 48 h were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma chemistry analysis was performed at 0 h and 24 h. Vital parameters, pedometry, and blinded mentation and gait evaluations were recorded at intervals up to 24 h. Manure production and gastrointestinal transit time were tracked for 48 h after oil administration. The median maximal concentration of CBD and CBDA were 5.2 and 36.95 ng/mL in the 2 mg/kg group, respectively; and 40.35 and 353.56 ng/mL in the 8 mg/kg group. The median half-life of elimination was not calculated for the 2 mg/kg CBD treatment due to lack of time points above the lower quantifiable limit beyond the Cmax while it was 7.75 h in the 8 mg/kg group. CBDA absorption was biphasic. Pharmacokinetic parameters for tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, and 7-carboxy cannabidiol are also reported. No significant differences in any of the measured tolerability parameters were demonstrated between treatment groups. Single-dose enteral administration of CBD/CBDA-rich hemp extract up to 8 mg/kg does not appear to produce neurologic, behavioral, or gastrointestinal effects in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. S. Thomson
- Department of Comparative, Population, and Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Taralyn M. McCarrel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexander Zakharov
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Beatriz Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alex Lyubimov
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wayne S. Schwark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Martha F. Mallicote
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Diego A. Portela
- Department of Comparative, Population, and Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amber L. Bisiau
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph J. Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Douglas H, Midon M, Shroff K, Floriano D, Driessen B, Hopster K. Caudal epidural catheterization for pain management in 48 hospitalized horses: A descriptive study of demographics, complications, and outcomes. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:995299. [PMID: 36387394 PMCID: PMC9649785 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.995299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The placement of caudal epidural catheters in horses has become more frequent as a multi-modal analgesic strategy. Despite its integration into clinical practice, there are limited reports describing the use of caudal epidural catheterization for prolonged use in horses. The purpose of this study was to characterize the hospitalized caseload undergoing epidural catheterization for long-term epidural analgesic administration, to report the response to epidural therapy and observed complications, and to describe patient outcomes. Medical records of hospitalized equine patients that underwent placement of a caudal epidural catheter for analgesic management between 2017 and 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. For the 62 catheters placed in the 48 cases, the most frequent diagnosis category prompting epidural analgesia was orthopedic (43/48, 89.6%). Synovial sepsis was the most frequent specific diagnosis prompting epidural catheter placement (11/48, 22.9%). The initial response to epidural therapy was characterized as positive for 37/62 (59.7%) catheters. Complications were documented for 46/62 (74.2%) catheters. However, most of these complications were classified as mild (51.6%) or moderate (14.5%), and exaggerated physiologic responses were observed most frequently. Of the horses studied, 52.1% survived to be discharged from the hospital. With awareness of potential complications and vigilant monitoring, caudal epidural catheters should be considered for equine patients as an analgesic strategy.
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Rønnow Kjærulff LN, Lindegaard C. A narrative review of caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in horses. Part 2: Clinical indications and techniques. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Rønnow Kjærulff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | - C. Lindegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
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Rønnow Kjærulff LN, Lindegaard C. A narrative review of caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in horses. Part 1: Safety and efficacy of epidural drugs. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Rønnow Kjærulff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | - C. Lindegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
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Watkins AR, Hopster K, Levine D, Hurcombe SD. Cervical Epidural Spinal Analgesia for Acute Management of Severe Unilateral Forelimb Lameness: Case Report. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:749713. [PMID: 34805340 PMCID: PMC8599274 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.749713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 20-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was presented with severe right forelimb lameness (5/5 AAEP Lameness Scale) due to a tear of the superficial digital flexor muscle which was diagnosed via palpation of swelling and ultrasonography revealing major muscle fiber disruption and hematoma formation. When traditional systemic therapy (non-Steroidal anti-inflammatories) did not restore clinically acceptable comfort and the risk of supporting limb laminitis became a reasonable concern, a cervical epidural catheter was placed between the first and second cervical vertebrae in the standing, sedated patient using ultrasound guidance. The gelding was treated with epidural morphine (0.1 mg/kg every 24 h then decreased to 0.05 mg/kg every 12 h) and was pain-scored serially following treatment. Spinal analgesia was provided for 3 days. Pain scores significantly decreased following each treatment with morphine, and the gelding was successfully managed through the acutely painful period without any adverse effects associated with the C1-C2 epidural catheter placement technique, the epidural morphine, or contralateral limb laminitis. At the 2-month follow-up, the gelding was walking sound with no complications seen at the catheter insertion site. In this case, spinal analgesia using epidural morphine administered via a cervical epidural catheter was an effective and technically achievable option for pain management associated with severe forelimb muscle injury in a horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Watkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Klaus Hopster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - David Levine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Samuel D Hurcombe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
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Lindegaard C, Rønnow Kjærulff LN. Use of caudal epidural analgesia for management of orthopaedic limb pain in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lindegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | - L. N. Rønnow Kjærulff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
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Hanafi AL, Reed RA, Trenholme HN, Sakai DM, Ryan CA, Barletta M, Quandt JE, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meperidine after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in horses. Vet Surg 2020; 50:410-417. [PMID: 33242227 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meperidine after IM and subcutaneous administration in horses. STUDY DESIGN prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover trial. ANIMALS Six adult horses weighing 494 ± 33 kg. METHODS Treatments included meperidine 1 mg/kg IM with saline 6 mL subcutaneously, meperidine 1 mg/kg subcutaneously with saline 6 mL IM, and saline 6 mL subcutaneously and 6 mL IM, with a 7-day washout between treatments. Plasma meperidine concentrations and pharmacodynamic values (thermal and mechanical thresholds, physiological variables, fecal production) were collected at various time points for 24 hours. Accelerometry data were obtained for 8 hours to measure locomotor activity. Data were analyzed with a mixed effects model, and α was set at .05. RESULTS Meperidine terminal half-life (T1/2 ), maximal plasma concentrations, and time to maximal concentration were 186 ± 59 and 164 ± 56 minutes, 265.7 ± 47.2 and 243.1 ± 80.1 ng/mL at 17 ± 6, and 24 ± 13 minutes for IM at subcutaneous administration, respectively. No effect of treatment or time was observed on thermal or mechanical thresholds, heart rate, respiratory rate, locomotor activity, frequency of defecations, or fecal weight (P > .2 for all). CONCLUSION Maximum meperidine concentrations were achieved quickly with a short T1/2 in both treatment groups. Neither IM nor subcutaneous meperidine influenced thermal or mechanical threshold or physiological variables. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The short half-life and lack of detectable antinociceptive effect do not support IM or subcutaneous administration meperidine at 1 mg/kg for analgesia in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Hanafi
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rachel A Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Heather N Trenholme
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Daniel M Sakai
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Clare A Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jane E Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Heather K Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Rønnow Kjærulff LN, Dorch Lauritsen NJ, Thorn Ekstrøm C, Østergaard S, Olsen E, Hyldahl Laursen S, Lindegaard C. Caudal epidural co‐administration of methadone and morphine in horses: An evaluation of analgesic properties and effects on locomotor function, mentation and physical examination parameters. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Rønnow Kjærulff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen TaastrupDenmark
| | - N. J. Dorch Lauritsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen TaastrupDenmark
| | - C. Thorn Ekstrøm
- Biostatistics Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Østergaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen TaastrupDenmark
| | - E. Olsen
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital UDS Swedish Agricultural University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - C. Lindegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen TaastrupDenmark
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Reed RA, Knych HK, Barletta M, Sakai DM, Ruch MM, Smyth CA, Ryan CA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hydromorphone after intravenous and intramuscular administration in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:210-218. [PMID: 31959534 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hydromorphone in horses after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, masked, crossover design. ANIMALS A total of six adult horses weighing [mean ± standard deviation (SD))] 447 ± 61 kg. METHODS Horses were administered three treatments with a 7 day washout. Treatments were hydromorphone 0.04 mg kg⁻1 IV with saline administered IM (H-IV), hydromorphone 0.04 mg kg⁻1 IM with saline IV (H-IM), or saline IV and IM (P). Blood was collected for hydromorphone plasma concentration at multiple time points for 24 hours after treatments. Pharmacodynamic data were collected for 24 hours after treatments. Variables included thermal nociceptive threshold, heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), rectal temperature, and fecal weight. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects linear models. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean ± SD hydromorphone terminal half-life (t1/2), clearance and volume of distribution of H-IV were 19 ± 8 minutes, 79 ± 12.9 mL minute⁻1 kg⁻1 and 1125 ± 309 mL kg⁻1. The t1/2 was 26.7 ± 9.25 minutes for H-IM. Area under the curve was 518 ± 87.5 and 1128 ± 810 minute ng mL⁻1 for H-IV and H-IM, respectively. The IM bioavailability was 217%. The overall thermal thresholds for both H-IV and H-IM were significantly greater than P (p < 0.0001 for both) and baseline (p = 0.006). There was no difference in thermal threshold between H-IV and H-IM. No difference was found in physical examination variables among groups or in comparison to baseline. Fecal weight was significantly less than P for H-IV and H-IM (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IM hydromorphone has high bioavailability and provides a similar degree of antinociception to IV administration. IM hydromorphone in horses provides a similar degree and duration of antinociception to IV administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Reed
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele Barletta
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel M Sakai
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Melanie M Ruch
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Carly A Smyth
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Clare A Ryan
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Reed R, Barletta M, Mitchell K, Hanafi A, Bullington A, Knych H, Quandt J, Ryan C, Giguère S. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous hydromorphone in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 46:395-404. [PMID: 30930095 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous hydromorphone in healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN Masked, randomized, cross-over, Latin square design. ANIMALS A group of eight healthy adult horses METHODS: Horses were administered each of four treatments with an 8 day washout. Treatments groups included intravenous hydromorphone 0.02 mg kg-1 (LD), 0.04 mg kg-1 (MD), 0.08 mg kg-1 (HD) and saline (P). Blood samples for hydromorphone analysis were obtained for 24 hours after treatment. Plasma hydromorphone was quantified and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental analysis. Pharmacodynamic data collected for 24 hours after treatment included thermal nociceptive threshold, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and rectal temperature, and analyzed using mixed-effects linear models. RESULTS Mean (± standard deviation) hydromorphone terminal half-life (t1/2), systemic clearance and apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) were 18.1 ± 18.6, 34.0 ± 12.8, and 41.3 ± 32.5 minutes, 66.6 ± 5.3, 550.0 ± 76.4, and 92.7 ± 13.9 mL kg-1 minute-1, and 1118 ± 369, 1460 ± 325 and 2242 ± 950 mL kg-1 for treatments LD, MD and HD, respectively. Thermal threshold increased significantly compared to baseline for all treatments for up to 12 hours. HR was elevated above baseline in treatments LD, MD and HD, extending to 30, 15 and 105 minutes after treatment, respectively. Respiratory rate was elevated above baseline in treatments MD and HD from 30 to 195 minutes and from 45 to 480 minutes after treatment, respectively. Temperature was elevated above baseline in treatment HD until 255 minutes after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Hydromorphone exhibited a short t1/2, rapid clearance and large Vdss in horses. It also provided a dose-dependent increase in thermal threshold with associated increases in HR, fR and rectal temperature. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hydromorphone 0.04 mg kg-1 provided clinically relevant thermal antinociception with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Krista Mitchell
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amanda Hanafi
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Annie Bullington
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heather Knych
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jane Quandt
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Clare Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Bertonha C, Valadão C, Cruz M, Takeda M, Cholfe B. A influência da morfina ou tramadol pela via epidural no trânsito gastrintestinal de equinos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Os opioides são utilizados na medicina veterinária na analgesia dos animais, porém há restrição quanto ao uso desses fármacos em equinos, pois podem desencadear alterações gastrintestinais, mas a administração pela via epidural minimiza os efeitos adversos. Assim, oito equinos hígidos foram utilizados em três grupos experimentais, objetivando-se avaliar a influência no trânsito gastrintestinal da injeção epidural de morfina (0,2mg/kg), tramadol (1,0mg/kg) ou NaCl 0,9%. Para a avaliação do trânsito gastrintestinal, foi administrada a lignina purificada e enriquecida (Lipe®), pela via oral, a qual posteriormente foi analisada nas fezes. As fezes foram coletadas para investigação desse marcador, antes da epidural e em intervalos até totalizar 48 horas do início do experimento. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) de uma via, com repetições múltiplas. As médias entre cada momento dos grupos e dos momentos dentro de cada grupo foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (P≤0,05). A morfina ou o tramadol administrados pela via epidural não alteraram o tempo médio de retenção da fase líquida, a taxa de passagem e o tempo de trânsito do marcador utilizado. Diante de tais achados, conclui-se que a morfina ou o tramadol pela via epidural não alteram o trânsito gastrintestinal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. J. Love
- School of Veterinary Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Robert MP, Main de Boissiere A, Depecker MC, de Fourmestraux C, Touzot-Jourde G, Tessier C. Type IV
rectal prolapse secondary to a long-standing urinary bladder lithiasis in a donkey. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Robert
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS; Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | | | - M. C. Depecker
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS; Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | | | - G. Touzot-Jourde
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia; ONIRIS; Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - C. Tessier
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS; Nantes Cedex 3 France
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Pharmacokinetics and antinociceptive effects of tramadol and its metabolite O-desmethyltramadol following intravenous administration in sheep. Vet J 2015; 205:404-9. [PMID: 26166406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although sheep are widely used as an experimental model for various surgical procedures there is a paucity of data on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of analgesic drugs in this species. The aims of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of intravenously (IV) administered tramadol and its active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1) and to assess the mechanical antinociceptive effects in sheep. In a prospective, randomized, blinded study, six healthy adult sheep were given 4 and 6 mg/kg tramadol and saline IV in a cross-over design with a 2-week wash-out period. At predetermined time points blood samples were collected and physiological parameters and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) values were recorded. The analytical determination of tramadol and M1 was performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters fitted a two- and a non-compartmental model for tramadol and M1, respectively. Normally distributed data were analysed by a repeated mixed linear model. Plasma concentration vs. time profiles of tramadol and M1 were similar after the two doses. Tramadol and M1 plasma levels decreased rapidly in the systemic circulation, with both undetectable after 6 h following drug administration. Physiological parameters did not differ between groups; MNT values were not statistically significant between groups at any time point. It was concluded that although tramadol and M1 concentrations in plasma were above the human minimum analgesic concentration after both treatments, no mechanical antinociceptive effects of tramadol were reported. Further studies are warranted to assess the analgesic efficacy of tramadol in sheep.
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Martin-Flores M, Campoy L, Kinsley MA, Mohammed HO, Gleed RD, Cheetham J. Analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of epidural morphine in horses after laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy under general anesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:430-7. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Knych HK, Steffey EP, McKemie DS. Preliminary pharmacokinetics of morphine and its major metabolites following intravenous administration of four doses to horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:374-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - E. P. Steffey
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - D. S. McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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18
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Comparison of Analgesic Effects of Caudal Epidural 0.25% Bupivacaine with Bupivacaine Plus Morphine or Bupivacaine Plus Ketamine for Analgesia in Conscious Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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