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Methling C, Douda K, Reichard M. Intensity-dependent energetic costs in a reciprocal parasitic relationship. Oecologia 2019; 191:285-294. [PMID: 31494712 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections elicit host defences that pose energetic trade-offs with other fitness-related traits. Bitterling fishes and unionid mussels are involved in a two-way parasitic interaction. Bitterling exploit mussels by ovipositing into their gills. In turn, mussel larvae (glochidia) develop on the epidermis and gills of fish. Hosts have evolved behavioural responses to reduce parasite load, suggesting that glochidia and bitterling parasitism are costly. We examined the energetic cost of parasitism on both sides of this relationship. We used intermittent flow-through respirometry to measure (1) standard metabolic rate (SMR) of individual duck mussels Anodonta anatina (a common bitterling host) before and during infection by embryos of the European bitterling Rhodeus amarus, and (2) SMR and maximum oxygen uptake (MO2max) of individual R. amarus before and during infection with glochidia of the Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana (a mussel species that successfully infects bitterling). As predicted, we observed an increase in mussel SMR when infected by bitterling embryos and an increased SMR in glochidia-infected bitterling, though this was significantly mediated by the time post-infection. Contrary to our predictions, glochidia infection did not impair MO2max and the number of glochidia attached to gills positively (rather than negatively) correlated with MO2max. The results suggest that tolerance is the prevailing coping mechanism for both fish and mussels when infected, while resistance mechanisms appear to be confined to the behavioural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Methling
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Douda
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
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2
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Reproduction success of the invasive Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea 1834) in relation to native mussel species. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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3
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Konečný A, Popa OP, Bartáková V, Douda K, Bryja J, Smith C, Popa LO, Reichard M. Modelling the invasion history of Sinanodonta woodiana in Europe: Tracking the routes of a sedentary aquatic invader with mobile parasitic larvae. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1975-1989. [PMID: 30459842 PMCID: PMC6231479 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the invasive potential of species outside their native range is one of the most pressing questions in applied evolutionary and ecological research. Admixture of genotypes of invasive species from multiple sources has been implicated in successful invasions, by generating novel genetic combinations that facilitate rapid adaptation to new environments. Alternatively, adaptive evolution on standing genetic variation, exposed by phenotypic plasticity and selected by genetic accommodation, can facilitate invasion success. We investigated the population genetic structure of an Asian freshwater mussel with a parasitic dispersal stage, Sinanodonta woodiana, which has been present in Europe since 1979 but which has expanded rapidly in the last decade. Data from a mitochondrial marker and nuclear microsatellites have suggested that all European populations of S. woodiana originate from the River Yangtze basin in China. Only a single haplotype was detected in Europe, in contrast to substantial mitochondrial diversity in native Asian populations. Analysis of microsatellite markers indicated intensive gene flow and confirmed a lower genetic diversity of European populations compared to those from the Yangtze basin, though that difference was not large. Using an Approximate Bayesian Modelling approach, we identified two areas as the probable source of the spread of S. woodiana in Europe, which matched historical records for its establishment. Their populations originated from a single colonization event. Our data do not support alternative explanations for the rapid recent spread of S. woodiana; recent arrival of a novel (cold-tolerant) genotype or continuous propagule pressure. Instead, in situ adaptation, facilitated by repeated admixture, appears to drive the ongoing expansion of S. woodiana. We discuss management consequences of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Konečný
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate BiologyBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Botany and ZoologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Oana P. Popa
- Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural HistoryBucharestRomania
| | - Veronika Bartáková
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate BiologyBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Botany and ZoologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Karel Douda
- Department of Zoology and FisheriesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Josef Bryja
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate BiologyBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Botany and ZoologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Carl Smith
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate BiologyBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Ecology & Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
- School of Biology and Bell‐Pettigrew Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Luis O. Popa
- Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural HistoryBucharestRomania
| | - Martin Reichard
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate BiologyBrnoCzech Republic
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4
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Methling C, Douda K, Liu H, Rouchet R, Bartáková V, Yu D, Smith C, Reichard M. Energetic costs in the relationship between bitterling and mussels in East Asia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Methling
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Douda
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huanzhang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Romain Rouchet
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Bartáková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Carl Smith
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Bell Pettigrew Museum of Natural History, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Martin Reichard
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Alves T, Lima P, Lima GMS, Cunha MCC, Ferreira S, Domingues B, Machado J. Phytoplankton composition of the water and gastrointestinal tract of the mussel Diplodon enno (Ortmann, 1921) from São Francisco river (Bahia, Brazil). BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:352-9. [PMID: 27007506 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on diet composition of the freshwater mussel Diplodon enno (Ortmann) would aid in its culture and propagation allowing, this way, the replacement of natural endangered populations in Brazil. Microalgae are the main food source for captive mussels and unionids have displayed an ability to sort algae based on the cellular characteristics prior to ingestion. The main objective of the present work is to analyze the phytoplankton composition of the water from and of the gastrointestinal contents of the mussel D. enno, as an initial step for development of a suitable rearing diet. Therefore, water samples and bivalve specimens were collected from S. Francisco River, city of Paulo Afonso, Bahia, Brazil. The microalgal composition found in water and stomach/gut content samples was very diverse being represented by the following divisions: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Dinophyta and Heterokontophyta (Diatoms). Concerning the relative abundance of microalgae divisions, it is possible to state, for the water and gastrointestinal contents, that Cyanophyta represents 15% and 14%, Chlorophyta 54% in both, Heterokontophyta 31% and 27% and Dinophyta 0% and 5%, respectively. According to the Brazilian CETESB criteria for phytoplankton species classification, 50% of Cyanophyta and 15% of Chlorophyta species observed in the water samples were classified as "very frequent", as were 68% of Heterokontophyta and 33% of Chlorophyta species in the gut/stomach tract samples. Focusing at a species level, although in the water only Coelastrum sp. and Chroococcus sp. were observed in 100% and 75% of the samples, respectively, in the gastrointestinal tract the species Staurastrum sp., Aulacoseira sp., Scenedesmus sp. and Fragilaria crotonensis occurred in 80% to 100% of the samples. The present results showed that D. enno feeds not only on small chlorophytes microalgae, due to their convenient size that facilitates higher feeding rates, but also on large size diatoms, due to a possible nutritional advantage for the bivalves. Thus, a diet composed by large diatoms and small chlorophytes microalgae may be considered as the most reasonable for the maintenance of D. enno populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alves
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - P Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - G M S Lima
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Paulo Afonso, BA, Brazil
| | - M C C Cunha
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia de Microalgas e Microbiologia, Instituto de Tecnologia de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - S Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Domingues
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Machado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Chen X, Liu H, Su Y, Yang J. Morphological development and growth of the freshwater musselAnodonta woodianafrom early juvenile to adult. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2015.1047039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Douda K, Vrtílek M, Slavík O, Reichard M. The role of host specificity in explaining the invasion success of the freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana in Europe. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-9989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Pandolfo TJ, Cope WG, Arellano C, Bringolf RB, Barnhart MC, Hammer E. Upper thermal tolerances of early life stages of freshwater mussels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1899/09-128.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J. Pandolfo
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA
| | - W. Gregory Cope
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA
| | - Consuelo Arellano
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA
| | - Robert B. Bringolf
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | | | - Edward Hammer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, Illinois 60604 USA
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Reichard M, Polačik M, Tarkan AS, Spence R, Gaygusuz O, Ercan E, Ondračková M, Smith C. The bitterling-mussel coevolutionary relationship in areas of recent and ancient sympatry. Evolution 2010; 64:3047-56. [PMID: 20482611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite relationships are often characterized by the rapid evolution of parasite adaptations to exploit their host, and counteradaptations in the host to avoid the costs imposed by parasitism. Hence, the current coevolutionary state between a parasite and its hosts is predicted to vary according to the history of sympatry and local abundance of interacting species. We compared a unique reciprocal coevolutionary relationship of a fish, the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) and freshwater mussels (Unionidae) between areas of recent (Central Europe) and ancient (Turkey) sympatry. Bitterling parasitize freshwater mussels by laying their eggs in the gills of mussel and, in turn, mussel larvae (glochidia) parasitize the fish. We found that all bitterling from both regions avoided one mussel species. Preferences among other mussel species tended to be related to local mussel abundance rather than duration of sympatry. Individual fish were not consistent in their oviposition choices, precluding the evolution of host-specific lineages. Mussels were demonstrated to have evolved strong defenses to bitterling parasitism in the area of ancient sympatry, but have no such defenses in the large areas of Europe where bitterling are currently invasive. Bitterling avoided glochidia infection irrespective of the duration of sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reichard
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom.
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Morton B. The population dynamics and life history tactics of Pisidium clarkeanum and P. annandalei (Bivalvia: Pisidiidae) sympatric in Hong Kong. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Morton B. The population dynamics, reproductive strategy and life history tactics of Musculium lacusfre (Bivalvia: Pisidiidae) in Hong Kong. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Barnhart MC, Haag WR, Roston WN. Adaptations to host infection and larval parasitism in Unionoida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1899/07-093.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendell R. Haag
- Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 1000 Front St., Oxford, Mississippi 38655 USA
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13
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Blazek R, Gelnar M. Temporal and spatial distribution of glochidial larval stages of European unionid mussels (Mollusca: Unionidae) on host fishes. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2006; 53:98-106. [PMID: 16898123 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2006.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glochidia are the larval stage of freshwater unionid mussels that parasitize the fins and gill apparatus of fish. A total of 22 fish species were examined for the presence of glochidia whose distribution on individual hosts was studied on three common fish species, the roach Rutilus rutilus (L.), perch Percafluviatilis L. and bitterling Rhodeus sericeus (Pallas). Between 1997 and 1999, the fish were obtained from the rivers Morava and Kyjovka and surrounding water pools in the Czech Republic. The glochidia of two genera, Unio and Anodonta, were found. Anodonta glochidia were observed on 10 fish species, Unio glochidia on 17 fish species. There was a difference in spatial distribution of glochidia on the body of the host fish. Unio glochidia were predominantly located on the gills, whereas most Anodonta glochidia were found on the fins, with the highest numbers of glochidia were observed on the margin of the pectoral fins. For the gill apparatus, Unio glochidia were found predominantly on the second and third arch. Anodonta glochidia were predominantly found during winter and spring (November-May), whereas Unio glochidia were more abundant during May and June. The number of glochidia was positively correlated with fish length in perch highly infected by Anodonta glochidia and perch infected by Unio glochidia. Of the three fish species, the highest occurrence of parasites was found on perch with fewer observed on roach. In spite of the close relationship between bitterling and unionid mussels, glochidiosis was rare on this fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Blazek
- Institute of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotárská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Reichard M, Ondracková M, Przybylski M, Liu H, Smith C. The costs and benefits in an unusual symbiosis: experimental evidence that bitterling fish (Rhodeus sericeus) are parasites of unionid mussels in Europe. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:788-96. [PMID: 16674575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Interspecific symbiotic relationships involve a complex network of interactions, and understanding their outcome requires quantification of the costs and benefits to both partners. We experimentally investigated the costs and benefits in the relationship between European bitterling fish (Rhodeus sericeus) and freshwater mussels that are used by R. sericeus for oviposition. This relationship has hitherto been thought mutualistic, on the premise that R. sericeus use mussels as foster parents of their embryos while mussels use R. sericeus as hosts for their larvae. We demonstrate that R. sericeus is a parasite of European mussels, because it (i) avoids the cost of infection by mussel larvae and (ii) imposes a direct cost on mussels. Our experiments also indicate a potential coevolutionary arms race between bitterling fishes and their mussel hosts; the outcome of this relationship may differ between Asia, the centre of distribution of bitterling fishes, and Europe where they have recently invaded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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LIMA PAULA, CARVALHO FÁTIMA, VASCONCELOS VICTOR, MACHADO JORGE. Studies on growth in the early adult of the freshwater mussel,Anodonta cygnea. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2004.9652581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Jansen W, Bauer G, Zahner-Meike E. Glochidial Mortality in Freshwater Mussels. ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE FRESHWATER MUSSELS UNIONOIDA 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56869-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Hoggarth MA, Gaunt AS. Mechanics of glochidial attachment (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae). J Morphol 1988; 198:71-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051980108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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