Velocity and displacement receptors in the skin of the hagfish Myxine glutinosa

Highly Stretchable and Self-Healing "Solid-Liquid" Elastomer with Strain-Rate Sensing Capability

To mimic the velocity-sensitive ability of the human skin, we fabricate a class of "solid-liquid" elastomers (SLEs) by interpenetrating polyborosiloxane (PBS) with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). PBS forms a dynamic network through boron/oxygen dative bonds, while PDMS is covalently cross-linked to form a permanent network. The permanent network affords a scaffold for the dynamic network, endowing SLEs with high elasticity and structural stability, thereby overcoming the inherent drawbacks such as fluidity and irreversible deformation of conventional solid-liquid materials. Meanwhile, the dissociation and association of the dynamic network is time-dependent. Thus, the modulus of SLEs varies with strain rates, and if the SLEs contain carbon nanotubes, their electric conductivity is also responsive to strain rates. This property can be utilized to fabricate skin-like sensors with the ability to distinguish different contact velocities. Moreover, the dynamic network can dissipate energy and be repaired, leading to the high stretchability and self-healing performance of SLEs.