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Ellett L, Varese F, Owens J, Rafiq S, Penn G, Berry K. Experimental studies of paranoid thinking in clinical and nonclinical populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5933-5944. [PMID: 37427557 PMCID: PMC10520588 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Paranoia is common in clinical and nonclinical populations, consistent with continuum models of psychosis. A number of experimental studies have been conducted that attempt to induce, manipulate or measure paranoid thinking in both clinical and nonclinical populations, which is important to understand causal mechanisms and advance psychological interventions. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies (non-sleep, non-drug paradigms) on psychometrically assessed paranoia in clinical and nonclinical populations. The review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Six databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Medline and AMED) were searched for peer-reviewed experimental studies using within and between-subject designs to investigate paranoia in clinical and nonclinical populations. Effect sizes for each study were calculated using Hedge's g and were integrated using a random effect meta-analysis model. Thirty studies were included in the review (total n = 3898), which used 13 experimental paradigms to induce paranoia; 10 studies set out to explicitly induce paranoia, and 20 studies induced a range of other states. Effect sizes for individual studies ranged from 0.03 to 1.55. Meta-analysis found a significant summary effect of 0.51 [95% confidence interval 0.37-0.66, p < 0.001], indicating a medium effect of experimental paradigms on paranoia. Paranoia can be induced and investigated using a wide range of experimental paradigms, which can inform decision-making about which paradigms to use in future studies, and is consistent with cognitive, continuum and evolutionary models of paranoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn Ellett
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Filippo Varese
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
- Complex Trauma and Resilience Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Jane Owens
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
- NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sonya Rafiq
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
- Complex Trauma and Resilience Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Georgia Penn
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine Berry
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
- Complex Trauma and Resilience Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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2
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Semantic processing features and schizotypal traits: A test-retest study. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 178:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bohec AL, de Loye C, Baltazar M, Blanchet A, Rey R, Kostova M. N400 Peculiarities During Intentional Inferences Production in Subjects With Schizotypal Traits. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. A deficit in context processing may underlie theory of mind (ToM) difficulties in schizophrenia, although few studies to date have explored the impact of contextual processing on ToM performances within the same task. We used electroencephalography to investigate the production of intentional inferences from highly versus weakly structured sentences in healthy participants with schizotypal traits. Thirty-four participants were divided into two groups according to their scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). The participants listened to stories that required a degree of understanding in order to produce an inference about the main character’s intention. Each story was followed by a target word that could either be highly predictable (HP), weakly predictable (WP), or incompatible with the context. The results indicate that the N400 component for WP targets was stronger in the high-SPQ group. This increase correlated with the negative dimension of schizotypy. This may reflect difficulties with generating intentional inferences when the context is insufficiently structured for high schizotypy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Bohec
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: From Resistance to Response Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Schizophrenia Expert Centre, Le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA2027) Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Claire de Loye
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA2027) Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Matias Baltazar
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pôle Pédopsychiatrie, Bron, France
| | - Alain Blanchet
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA2027) Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Romain Rey
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: From Resistance to Response Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Schizophrenia Expert Centre, Le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Milena Kostova
- Laboratoire Paragraphe (UR 349) Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
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Finn ES, Todd Constable R. Individual variation in functional brain connectivity: implications for personalized approaches to psychiatric disease. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 27757062 PMCID: PMC5067145 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.3/efinn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional brain connectivity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular technique for investigating neural organization in both healthy subjects and patients with mental illness. Despite a rapidly growing body of literature, however, functional connectivity research has yet to deliver biomarkers that can aid psychiatric diagnosis or prognosis at the single-subject level. One impediment to developing such practical tools has been uncertainty regarding the ratio of intra- to interindividual variability in functional connectivity; in other words, how much variance is state- versus trait-related. Here, we review recent evidence that functional connectivity profiles are both reliable within subjects and unique across subjects, and that features of these profiles relate to behavioral phenotypes. Together, these results suggest the potential to discover reliable correlates of present and future illness and/or response to treatment in the strength of an individual's functional brain connections. Ultimately, this work could help develop personalized approaches to psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Finn
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Radiology and Bioimaging Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, USA
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Impaired context processing during irony comprehension in schizotypy: An ERPs study. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 105:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Xu Y, Chai H, Zhang B, Gao Q, Fan H, Zheng L, Mao H, Zhang Y, Wang W. Event-related potentials elicited by the Deutsch "high-low" word illusion in the patients with first-episode schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:33. [PMID: 26892784 PMCID: PMC4758162 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact cerebral structural and functional mechanisms under the auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) in schizophrenia are still unclear. The Deutsch "high-low" word illusion might trigger attentional responses mimicking those under AVHs. METHODS We therefore have invited 16 patients with first-episode, paranoid schizophrenia, and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers to undergo the "oddball" event-related potentials elicited by the illusion. The clinical characteristics of patients were measured with the positive and negative symptom scale. RESULTS Besides the longer reaction time to the illusion, the standard P2 latency was shortened, the N2 latency was prolonged, and both N1 and P3 amplitudes were reduced in patients. The P3 source analyses showed the activated bilateral temporal lobes, parietal lobe and cingulate cortex in both groups, left inferior temporal gyrus in controls, and left postcentral gyrus in schizophrenia. Moreover, the N1 amplitude was positively correlated with the paranoid score in patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results were in line with previous neurophysiological and neuroimaging reports of hallucination or auditory processing in schizophrenia, and illustrated a whole process of cerebral information processing from N1 to P3, indicating this illusion had triggered a dynamic cerebral response similar to that of the AVHs had engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Xu
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hao Chai
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Bingren Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hongying Fan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Leilei Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hongjing Mao
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Clinical Psychology, Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Besche-Richard C, Iakimova G, Hardy-Baylé MC, Passerieux C. Behavioral and brain measures (N400) of semantic priming in patients with schizophrenia: test-retest effect in a longitudinal study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:365-73. [PMID: 24405516 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate whether deficits in the behavioral and/or N400 semantic priming (SP) effect observed in patients with schizophrenia constitute a stable cognitive feature of the disorder or whether they may be influenced by the severity of each individual's symptomatology. METHODS A 1-year test-retest study was conducted on 15 patients with schizophrenia and 10 healthy participants who performed an SP task. Both behavioral measures and event-related potentials measures of SP were recorded twice (test and retest sessions). RESULTS At test, patients exhibited a deficit in SP as was revealed by both the behavioral and the event-related potentials measures of the amplitude of the N400 component. At retest, behavioral SP remained impaired, whereas N400 SP was significantly improved. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that SP impairments in schizophrenia as measured by N400 should not be considered as stable cognitive markers of the disorder. The behavioral and the N400 measures of SP indicated different levels of sensitivity to subtle cognitive and brain processes, which are subject to change over the clinical course of schizophrenic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystel Besche-Richard
- Cognition, Health and Socialization Laboratory, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France; French University Institute, Paris, France
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Kostova M, Bohec AL, Blanchet A. Event-related brain potential study of expectancy and semantic matching in schizotypy. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 92:67-73. [PMID: 24607603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Priming studies have revealed semantic processing abnormalities in subjects that display high schizotypal traits. The objective of the present study was to further elucidate the contribution of predictive (expectancy) and integrative (semantic matching) context processing to the semantic deficit described in schizotypy. Thirty-six participants were assigned into high or low schizotypy groups according to their score on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), and event-related brain potentials were recorded while these individuals performed semantic judgments based on asymmetrically associated word pairs. Viewed in one direction (forward), the target was highly predictable from the prime, whereas in the backward direction, the prime-to-target association was weak. It was assumed that the forward condition would be dependent on expectancy generation, while the backward condition would rely on semantic matching. In the low-SPQ group, forward and backward related words evoked a reduced (less negative) N400 amplitude compared to unrelated words, resulting in a significant forward and backward N400 priming effect, respectively. By contrast, only forward related words were facilitated in the high-SPQ group, resulting in significant forward priming and a lack of backward priming. Furthermore, the N400 amplitude for forward related words was less negative within the high-SPQ group in comparison to the low-SPQ group, which indicated easier semantic access to predictable words for high-SPQ individuals. Therefore, schizotypy may be associated with an imbalance in the use of predictive and integrative context processing strategies, namely preserved, if not over allocated, expectancy generation along with altered integration of unpredictable words due to semantic matching deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kostova
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie, EA 2027, Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France.
| | - Anne-Lise Bohec
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie, EA 2027, Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Alain Blanchet
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie, EA 2027, Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
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Bourne VJ, McKay RT. Paranoid males have reduced lateralisation for processing of negative emotions: An investigation using the chimeric faces test. Laterality 2014; 19:235-52. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2013.809728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Galderisi S, Vignapiano A, Mucci A, Boutros NN. Physiological correlates of positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 21:103-28. [PMID: 24920446 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia have been hypothesized to have a functional impairment in filtering irrelevant sensory information, which may result in positive symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions. Many evidences suggest that abnormalities in the event-related brain potentials (ERPs), resting state electroencephalography (EEG) and synchronized oscillatory activity of neurons may reflect core pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia. Abnormalities in amplitude and latency of the ERPs reflecting aberrations in gating and difficulties in the detection of changes in auditory stimuli, as well as defects in stimuli evaluation and integration of information are common in patients with schizophrenia. This chapter highlights the findings of electrophysiological studies in schizophrenia dealing with early sensory perception and attention, automatic sensory detection of stimuli changes and cognitive evaluation and integration of information, relevant to the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning hallucinations and delusions. Results of electrophysiological studies investigating the neural correlates of positive symptoms suggest aberrant intrinsic organization of functional brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Galderisi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138, Naples, NA, Italy,
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de Loye C, Beaucousin V, Bohec AL, Blanchet A, Kostova M. An event-related potential study of predictive and integrative semantic context processing in subjects with schizotypal traits. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:1109-19. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire de Loye
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA 2027); Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
| | - Virginie Beaucousin
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA 2027); Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
| | - Anne-Lise Bohec
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA 2027); Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
| | - Alain Blanchet
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA 2027); Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
| | - Milena Kostova
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA 2027); Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
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Électrophysiologie et vulnérabilité schizophrénique : la composante N400 comme endophénotype candidat ? Neurophysiol Clin 2013; 43:81-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2013.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Paranoid thinking, suspicion, and risk for aggression: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:1031-46. [PMID: 22781870 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article represents an effort to extend our understanding of paranoia or suspicion and its development by integrating findings across clinical, developmental, and neuroscience literatures. We first define "paranoia" or paranoid thought and examine its prevalence across typically and atypically developing individuals and theoretical perspectives regarding its development and maintenance. We then briefly summarize current ideas regarding the neural correlates of adaptive, appropriately trusting interpersonal perception, social cognition, and behavior across development. Our focus shifts subsequently to examining in normative and atypical developmental contexts the neural correlates of several component cognitive processes thought to contribute to paranoid thinking: (a) attention bias for threat, (b) jumping to conclusions biases, and (c) hostile intent attribution biases. Where possible, we also present data regarding independent links between these cognitive processes and aggressive behavior. By examining data regarding the behavioral and neural correlates of varied cognitive processes that are likely components of a paranoid thinking style, we hope to advance both theoretical and empirical research in this domain.
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Eijkholt M, Anderson JA, Illes J. Picturing neuroscience research through a human rights lens: imaging first-episode schizophrenic treatment-naive individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2012; 35:146-52. [PMID: 22304987 PMCID: PMC3329217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we examine imaging research involving first-episode schizophrenic treatment-naive individuals (FESTNIs) through a legal human rights lens; in particular, the lens of the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine Concerning Biomedical Research. We identify a number of ethical and legal hot spots highlighted by the Protocol, and offer a series of recommendations designed to ensure the human rights compatibility of this research. Subsequently, we argue that the lack of reporting on design elements related to ethical concerns frustrates commitments at the heart of the human rights approach, namely, transparency and openness to international scrutiny. To redress this problem, we introduce two norms for the first time: ethical transparency, and ethical reproducibility. When concluding, we offer a set of reporting guidelines designed to operationalize these norms in the context of imaging research involving FESTNIs. Though we will not make this case here, we believe that parallel reporting guidelines should be incorporated into other areas of research involving human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Eijkholt
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, the University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner S124, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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