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Sigdel M, Burd J, Walker KF, Wennerholm UB, Berghella V. Severe perineal lacerations in induction of labor versus expectant management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2024; 6:101407. [PMID: 38880238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate if induction of labor (IOL) is associated with an increased risk of severe perineal laceration. DATA SOURCES A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, Ovid, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINHAL using a combination of keywords and text words related to "induction of labor," "severe perineal laceration," "third-degree laceration," "fourth-degree laceration," and "OASIS" from inception of each database until January 2023. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing IOL to expectant management of a singleton, cephalic pregnancy at term gestation that reported rates of severe perineal laceration. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS AND METHODS The primary outcome of interest was severe perineal laceration, defined as 3rd- or 4th-degree perineal lacerations. We conducted meta-analyses using the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to determine the relative risks (RR) or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Bias was assessed using guidelines established by Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. RESULTS A total of 11,187 unique records were screened and ultimately eight RCTs were included, involving 13,297 patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of severe perineal lacerations between the IOL and expectant management groups (209/6655 [3.1%] vs 202/6641 [3.0%]; RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.85, 1.26). There was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of cesarean birth (1090/6655 [16.4%] vs 1230/6641 [18.5%], RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82, 0.95) and fetal macrosomia (734/2696 [27.2%] vs 964/2703 [35.7%]; RR 0.67: 95% CI 0.50, 0.90) in the IOL group. CONCLUSION There is no significant difference in the risk of severe perineal lacerations between IOL and expectant management in this meta-analysis of RCTs. Furthermore, there is a lower rate of cesarean births in the IOL group, indicating more successful vaginal deliveries with similar rates of severe perineal lacerations. Patients should be counseled that in addition to the known benefits of induction, there is no increased risk of severe perineal lacerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sigdel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Harrisburg, PA (Sigdel)
| | - Julia Burd
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO (Burd)
| | - Kate F Walker
- Centre for Perinatal Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK (Walker)
| | - Ulla-Britt Wennerholm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (Wennerholm)
| | - Vincenzo Berghella
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA (Berghella).
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André K, Stuart A, Källén K. Maternal origin matters: Country of birth as a risk factor for obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 166:426-434. [PMID: 38358267 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) are severe complications to vaginal births with potential long-term consequences. Maternal origin has been proposed to affect the overall risk, but the association and underlying explanation are uncertain. The objective was to assess the association between maternal country of birth and OASIS. METHODS A Swedish nationwide cohort study including singleton term vaginal births during 2005-2016. Data were extracted from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry and Statistics Sweden. Modified Poisson regression analyses were performed to obtain crude and adjusted risk ratios (RRs). Adjustments were made in four cumulative steps. Sub-analyses were performed to investigate the risk of OASIS associated with female genital circumcision (FGC). RESULTS In all, 988 804 births were included. The rate of OASIS in Swedish-born women was 3.5%. Women from East/Southeast Asia had an increased risk of OASIS (adjusted RR [aRR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60-1.83), as did women born in Sub-Saharan Africa (aRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.49-1.72). The risk remained significantly increased also after adjustment for maternal height. By contrast, women from South/Central America had a decreased risk of OASIS (aRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.56-0.76). FGC was associated with an increased risk of OASIS (aRR 3.05, 95% CI 2.60-3.58). Episiotomy appeared to have an overall protective effect (aRR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.98), but not significantly more protective among women with female genital mutilation. CONCLUSIONS Country of birth plays an important role in the risk of OASIS. Women from East/Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are at significantly increased risk as compared with Swedish-born women, whereas women from South/Central America are at lower risk. FGC is also a significant risk factor for OASIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin André
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsingborg Central Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Stuart
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsingborg Central Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Källén
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Reproductive Epidemiology, Tornblad Institute, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Addis NA, Abraham D, Getnet M, Bishaw A, Mengistu Z. Prevalence and associated factors of maternal birth trauma following vaginal delivery at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North-West Ethiopia, 2022. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:445. [PMID: 38937688 PMCID: PMC11210169 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal injury with any form of perineal trauma following vaginal delivery is very common which ranges globally from 16.2 to 90.4%. The frequency of Obstetric anal sphincter Injuries and the incidence of cervical laceration increases rapidly. However, in Ethiopia, there is limited evidence on the prevalence of maternal birth trauma and its determinant factors after vaginal delivery. OBJECTIVE To assess the magnitude and associated factors of Maternal Birth Trauma after vaginal delivery at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, North-West Ethiopia, 2022. METHODS An Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers with singleton vaginal delivery at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from 9th May to 9th August 2022 among 424 study participants. Pre-tested semi-structured questioner was utilized. Epi-Data version 4.6 was used for data entry and exported to SPSS version 25 for data management and analysis. To identify the determinant factors, binary logistic regression model was fitted and variables with p-value < 0.2 were considered for the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. In the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis, Variables with P-value < 0.05 were considered to have statistical significant association with the outcome variable. The Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% CI was reported to declare the statistical significance and strength of association between Maternal Birth Trauma and independent variables. RESULTS A total of 424 mothers who delivered vaginally were included. The mean age of participants was 26.83 years (± 5.220 years). The proportion of birth trauma among mothers after vaginal delivery was47.4% (95%CI: 43.1, 51.7). Of different forms of perineal trauma, First degree tear in 42.8%, OASIs in 1.5% and Cervical laceration in 2.5% study participants. In the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis being primiparous (AOR = 3.00; 95%CI: 1.68, 5.38), Gestational age ≥ 39 weeks at delivery (AOR = 2.96; 95%CI: 1.57, 5.57), heavier birth weight (AOR = 12.3; 95%CI: 7.21, 40.1), bigger head circumference (AOR = 5.45; 95%CI: 2.62, 11.31), operative vaginal delivery (AOR = 6.59; 95%CI: 1.44, 30.03) and delivery without perineum and/or fetal head support (AOR = 6.30; 95%CI: 2.21, 17.94) were significantly associated with the presence of maternal birth trauma. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Maternal birth trauma following vaginal delivery was relatively high in this study. Prim parity, gestational age beyond 39 weeks at delivery, heavier birth weight, bigger head circumference, operative vaginal delivery and delivery without perineum and/or fetal head supported were factors affecting perineal outcome. The Ministry of Health of Ethiopia should provide regular interventional training as to reduce maternal birth trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigat Amsalu Addis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Demelash Abraham
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Getnet
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics, Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Alehegn Bishaw
- Department of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Mengistu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division for Clinical Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
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Tavakoli A, Panchal VR, Mazza GR, Mandelbaum RS, Ouzounian JG, Matsuo K. The association of maternal obesity and obstetric anal sphincter injuries at time of vaginal delivery. AJOG GLOBAL REPORTS 2023; 3:100272. [PMID: 37885968 PMCID: PMC10598737 DOI: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of third- and fourth-degree perineal laceration after vaginal delivery in patients with obesity is relatively understudied and has mixed findings in existing literature. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association of maternal obesity and obstetric anal sphincter injuries at vaginal delivery. STUDY DESIGN The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample was retrospectively queried to examine 7,385,341 vaginal deliveries from January 2017 to December 2019. The exposure assignment was obesity status. The main outcomes were third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations after vaginal delivery. Statistical analysis examining the exposure-outcome association included (1) inverse probability of treatment weighting with log-Poisson regression generalized linear model to account for prepregnant and pregnant confounders for the exposure and (2) multinomial regression model to account for delivery factors in the inverse probability of treatment weighting cohort. The secondary outcomes included (1) the temporal trends of fourth-degree laceration and its associated factors at cohort level and (2) risk factor patterns for fourth-degree laceration by constructing a classification tree model. RESULTS In the inverse probability of treatment weighting cohort, patients with obesity were less likely to have fourth-degree lacerations and third-degree lacerations than patients without obesity (fourth-degree laceration: 2.3 vs 3.9 per 1000 vaginal deliveries, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.69; third-degree laceration: 15.6 vs 20.1 per 1000 vaginal deliveries, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-0.82). In contrast, in patients with obesity vs those without obesity, forceps delivery (54.7 vs 3.3 per 1000 vaginal deliveries, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 17.73; 95% confidence interval, 16.17-19.44), vacuum-assisted delivery (19.8 vs 2.9 per 1000 vaginal deliveries, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 5.18; 95% confidence interval, 4.85-5.53), episiotomy (19.2 vs 2.8 per 1000 vaginal deliveries, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 3.95; 95% confidence interval, 3.71-4.20), and shoulder dystocia (17.8 vs 3.4 per 1000 vaginal deliveries, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 2.60; 95% confidence interval, 2.29-2.94) were associated with more than a 2-fold increased risk of fourth-degree perineal laceration. Among the group with obesity, patients who had forceps delivery and shoulder dystocia had the highest incidence of fourth-degree laceration (105.3 per 1000 vaginal deliveries). Among the group without obesity, patients who had forceps delivery, shoulder dystocia, and macrosomia had the highest incidence of fourth-degree laceration (294.1 per 1000 vaginal deliveries). The incidence of fourth-degree perineal laceration decreased by 11.9% over time (P trend=.004); moreover, forceps delivery, vacuum-assisted delivery, and episiotomy decreased by 3.8%, 7.6%, and 29.5%, respectively (all, P trend<.05). CONCLUSION This national-level analysis suggests that patients with obesity are less likely to have obstetric anal sphincter injuries at the time of vaginal delivery. Furthermore, this analysis confirms other known risk factors for fourth-degree laceration, such as forceps delivery, vacuum-assisted delivery, episiotomy, and shoulder dystocia. However, we noted a decreasing trend in fourth-degree lacerations, which may be due to evolving obstetrical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Tavakoli
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Drs Tavakoli, Panchal, Mazza, Mandelbaum, and Matsuo)
| | - Viraj R. Panchal
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Drs Tavakoli, Panchal, Mazza, Mandelbaum, and Matsuo)
| | - Genevieve R. Mazza
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Drs Tavakoli, Panchal, Mazza, Mandelbaum, and Matsuo)
| | - Rachel S. Mandelbaum
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Drs Tavakoli, Panchal, Mazza, Mandelbaum, and Matsuo)
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Dr Mandelbaum)
| | - Joseph G. Ouzounian
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Dr Ouzounian)
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Drs Tavakoli, Panchal, Mazza, Mandelbaum, and Matsuo)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Dr Matsuo)
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Gobioff S, Lenchner E, Gulersen M, Bar-El L, Grünebaum A, Chervenak FA, Bornstein E. Risk factors associated with third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations in singleton vaginal deliveries: a comprehensive United States population analysis 2016-2020. J Perinat Med 2023; 51:1006-1012. [PMID: 37261912 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2023-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perineal lacerations are a common complication of vaginal birth, affecting approximately 85 % of patients. Third-and fourth-degree perineal lacerations (3/4PL) remain a significant cause of physical and emotional distress. We aimed to perform an extensive assessment of potential risk factors for 3/4PL based on a comprehensive and current US population database. METHODS Retrospective population-based cohort analysis based on the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Natality Live Birth online database between 2016-2020. Baseline characteristics were compared between women with 3/4PL and without 3/4PL by using Pearson's Chi-squared test with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple comparisons. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between a variety of potential risk factors and the risk of 3/4P. RESULTS Asians/Pacific Islanders had the highest risk of 3/4PL (2.6 %, aOR 1.74). Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia were associated with increased risk of 3/4PL (aOR 1.28 and 1.34, respectively), as were both pre-gestational and gestational diabetes (aOR 1.28 and 1.46, respectively). Chorioamnionitis was associated almost double the risk (aOR 1.86). Birth weight was a major risk factor (aOR 7.42 for greater than 4,000 g), as was nulliparity (aOR 9.89). CONCLUSIONS We identified several maternal, fetal, and pregnancy conditions that are associated with an increased risk for 3/4PL. As expected, nulliparity and increased birth weight were associated with the highest risk. Moreover, pregestational and gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, Asian/Pacific Islander race, and chorioamnionitis were identified as novel risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gobioff
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital - Northwell Health/Zucker School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erez Lenchner
- Biostatistics and Data Management, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moti Gulersen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liron Bar-El
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital - Northwell Health/Zucker School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amos Grünebaum
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital - Northwell Health/Zucker School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank A Chervenak
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital - Northwell Health/Zucker School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eran Bornstein
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital - Northwell Health/Zucker School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Worrall AP, O'Leary BD, Salameh F. Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) in the presence of an intact perineum. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e253922. [PMID: 37848273 PMCID: PMC10583107 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-253922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) in the absence of concurrent injury to the perineal skin is not a common diagnosis. A primiparous woman delivered a healthy male infant by spontaneous vertex delivery. At time of delivery, a compound presentation of the fetal hand with the head was noted. Initial examination revealed a presumed second-degree tear; however, a small laceration above the anal verge was noted, which on exploration revealed a perineal injury through the anal sphincter complex. In the operating theatre, the perineal skin was incised to reveal a 3c OASI, which was repaired appropriately. While atypical OASI has been reported previously, this specific injury has never been described in detail in the literature. Awareness of atypical perineal injuries is needed and while careful perineal examination is required in all cases, this is especially important where the perineal skin appears intact to ensure appropriate diagnosis of any concurrent OASI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P Worrall
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Bobby D O'Leary
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Fadi Salameh
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Álvarez-González M, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Álvarez-Barrio L, López-Rodríguez AF. Prevalence of Perineal Tear Peripartum after Two Antepartum Perineal Massage Techniques: A Non-Randomised Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214934. [PMID: 34768453 PMCID: PMC8584327 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineal massage increases elasticity of myofascial perineal tissue and decreases the burning and perineal pain during labour, thus optimising child birth, although an application protocol has not been standardised yet. The objective of this study is to determine the efficiency of massage in perineal tear prevention and identification of possible differences in massage application. Total of 90 pregnant participants were divided into three groups: perineal massage and EPI-NO® device group, applied by an expert physiotherapist, self-massage group, where women were instructed to apply perineal massage in domestic household, and a control group, which received ordinary obstetric attention. Results: The results showed significant differences among the control group and the two perineal massage groups in perineal postpartum pain. Correlations in perineal postpartum pain, labour duration and the baby's weight were not statistically significant. Lithotomy posture was significantly less prevalent in the massage group than in the other two; this variable is known to have a direct effect on episiotomy incidence and could act as a causal covariate of the different incidence of episiotomy in the groups. Perineal massage reduces postpartum perineal pain, prevalence and severity of perineal tear during delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. s/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain; (M.Á.-G.); (A.F.L.-R.)
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. s/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
| | - Lorena Álvarez-Barrio
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. s/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain; (M.Á.-G.); (A.F.L.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana F. López-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. s/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain; (M.Á.-G.); (A.F.L.-R.)
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Woretaw E, Teshome M, Alene M. Episiotomy practice and associated factors among mothers who gave birth at public health facilities in Metema district, northwest Ethiopia. Reprod Health 2021; 18:142. [PMID: 34215256 PMCID: PMC8252291 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episiotomy is a surgical incision of the perineum to hasten the delivery. There is a scarce of information related to episiotomy practice, and its associated factors, in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the level of episiotomy practice and to identify its determinants at public health facilities of Metema district, northwest, Ethiopia. METHODS Institutional-based cross sectional study was conducted among 410 delivered mothers from March 1 to April 30, 2020. We recruited study participants using systematic random sampling technique. Data were entered to Epi data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 for statistical analysis. Stepwise backward elimination was applied for variable selection and model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemshows statistics test. Adjusted odds ratio with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was used to declare the significance of variables. RESULTS In this study, the magnitude of episiotomy practice was found 44.15% (95% CI 39.32-48.97). Vaginal instrumental delivery (AOR 3.04, 95% CI 1.36-6.78), perineal tear (AOR 3.56, 95% CI 1.68-7.55), age between 25 and 35 (AOR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.25), birth spacing less than 2 years (AOR 4.76, 95% CI 2.31-9.83) and use of oxytocin (AOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.19-6.25) were factors significantly associated with episiotomy practice. CONCLUSIONS Magnitude of episiotomy practice in this study is higher than the recommended value of World Health Organization (WHO). Instrumental delivery, age, oxytocin, birth spacing and perineal tear were significant factors for episiotomy practice. Thus, specific interventions should be designed to reduce the rate of episiotomy practice. Plain English summary The routine use of episiotomy practice is not recommended by WHO. A study that compares routine episiotomy with restrictive episiotomy suggests that the latter is associated with less posterior perineal trauma, less need for suturing, and fewer complications related to healing. In addition, though, the rate of episiotomy has been declined in developed countries, still it remains high in less industrialized countries. The data for this study were taken at public health facilities of Metema district, northwest, Ethiopia. We included a total of 410 delivered mothers. The magnitude of episiotomy practice was found 44%. This result was higher than the recommended value of WHO. The WHO recommends an episiotomy rate of 10% for all normal deliveries. The result of this study showed that episiotomy practice is common among mothers whose age group are 18-24. In addition, mothers whose labor were assisted by instrumental vaginal delivery are more likely to have episiotomy as compared to those delivered by normal vaginal delivery. Laboring mothers who had used oxytocin were about three times more likely to be exposed for episiotomy than laboring mothers who did not use oxytocin drug. Moreover, episiotomy practice was nearly five times more likely among mothers who had birth spacing of 2 years and less as compared to mothers who had birth spacing of more than 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muluken Teshome
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Muluneh Alene
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Zhang N, Tan J, Yang H, Khalil RA. Comparative risks and predictors of preeclamptic pregnancy in the Eastern, Western and developing world. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114247. [PMID: 32986983 PMCID: PMC7686229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension (HTN-Preg), and often proteinuria. If not managed promptly, PE could lead to eclampsia and seizures. PE could also lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and prematurity at birth. Although PE is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Also, there is a wide variability in the incidence of PE, ranging between 2 and 8% of pregnancies in the Eastern, Western and Developing world, suggesting regional differences in the risk factors and predictors of the pregnancy-related disorder. Several demographic, genetic, dietary and environmental factors, as well as maternal circulating biomarkers have been associated with PE. Demographic factors such as maternal race and ethnicity could play a role in PE. Specific genetic polymorphisms have been identified in PE. Maternal age, parity, education and socioeconomic status could be involved in PE. Dietary fat, protein, calcium and vitamins, body weight, and environmental factors including climate changes and air pollutants could also play a role in PE. Several circulating cytoactive factors including anti-angiogenic factors and cytokines have also been associated with PE. Traditional midwifery care is a common practice in local maternity care units, while advanced perinatal care and new diagnostic tools such as uterine artery Doppler velocimetry have been useful in predicting early PE in major medical centers. These PE risk factors, early predictors and diagnostic tools vary vastly in different regions of the Eastern, Western and Developing world. Further understanding of the differences in the demographic, genetic, dietary and environmental factors among pregnant women in different world regions should help in designing a region-specific cluster of risk factors and predictors of PE, and in turn provide better guidance for region-specific tools for early detection and management of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Tan
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - HaiFeng Yang
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Gillor M, Shek KL, Dietz HP. How comparable is clinical grading of obstetric anal sphincter injury with that determined by four-dimensional translabial ultrasound? ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2020; 56:618-623. [PMID: 32149422 DOI: 10.1002/uog.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the agreement between grading of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI) on translabial ultrasound (TLUS), using a newly developed algorithm, and grading on postpartum examination. A secondary aim was to assess the correlation between tear severity, as defined on ultrasound, and symptoms of anal incontinence and/or fecal urgency. METHODS This was a retrospective study of patients seen at a perineal clinic between 2012 and 2018, after recent primary repair of OASI. All patients underwent a standardized interview including the St Mark's anal incontinence test and four-dimensional TLUS. Post-processing of ultrasound volume data was performed blinded to all other data. Using tomographic ultrasound imaging, a set of eight slices was obtained, and the central six slices were evaluated for sphincter abnormalities. Slices with distortion, thinning or defects were rated as abnormal. The following algorithm was used to grade OASI: a Grade-3a tear was diagnosed if the external anal sphincter (EAS) was abnormal in < 4/6 slices; a Grade-3b tear was diagnosed if the EAS was abnormal in ≥ 4/6 slices; and a Grade-3c/4 tear was diagnosed if both the EAS and internal anal sphincter were abnormal in ≥ 4/6 slices. Clinical grading of OASI was determined according to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists guidelines. Agreement between clinical and TLUS diagnosis of OASI was evaluated using weighted κ. RESULTS Of the 260 women seen during the study period, 45 (17%) were excluded owing to missing data or a repeat OASI, leaving 215 complete datasets for analysis. The average follow-up interval was 2.4 months (range, 1-11 months) after OASI and the mean age of the women was 29 years (range, 17-42 years). One hundred and seventy-five (81%) women were vaginally primiparous. OASI was graded clinically as Grade 3a in 87 women, Grade 3b in 80, Grade 3c in 29 and Grade 4 in 19. On imaging, full agreement between clinical and TLUS grading was noted in 107 (50%) women, with a weighted κ of 0.398. In 96 (45%) women, there was disagreement by one category, with a weighted κ of 0.74 and in 12 (6%) there was disagreement by two categories. Twenty-four (11%) women were found to have a normal anal sphincter on imaging. Overall, potential clinical over-diagnosis was noted in 72 (33%) women and potential under-diagnosis in 36 (17%). The seniority of the diagnosing obstetrician did not significantly alter agreement between clinical and sonographic OASI grading (κ 0.44, 0.43, and 0.34, for specialists and senior and junior residents, respectively). The association between symptoms of anal incontinence and/or fecal urgency and TLUS grading did not reach significance (P = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS Clinical and TLUS-based grading of OASI showed fair agreement. Clinical over-diagnosis may be increasingly common in our population, although under-diagnosis may still occur in a significant minority. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gillor
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Kaplan Medical Centre, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University and Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - K L Shek
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Liverpool Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - H P Dietz
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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11
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Masuda C, Ferolin SK, Masuda K, Smith C, Matsui M. Evidence-based intrapartum practice and its associated factors at a tertiary teaching hospital in the Philippines, a descriptive mixed-methods study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:78. [PMID: 32024504 PMCID: PMC7003416 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-2778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidenced-based practice is a key component of quality care. However, studies in the Philippines have identified gaps between evidence and actual maternity practices. This study aims to describe the practice of evidence-based intrapartum care and its associated factors, as well as exploring the perceptions of healthcare providers in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines. Methods A mixed-methods study was conducted, which consisted of direct observation of intrapartum practices during the second and third stages, as well as semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with care providers to determine their perceptions and reasoning behind decisions to perform episiotomy or fundal pressure. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyse the relationship between observed practices and maternal, neonatal, and environmental factors. Qualitative data were parsed and categorised to identify themes related to the decision-making process. Results A total of 170 deliveries were included. Recommended care, such as prophylactic use of oxytocin and controlled cord traction in the third stage, were applied in almost all the cases. However, harmful practices were also observed, such as intramuscular or intravenous oxytocin use in the second stage (14%) and lack of foetal heart rate monitoring (57%). Of primiparae, 92% received episiotomy and 31% of all deliveries received fundal pressure. Factors associated with the implementation of episiotomy included primipara (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 62.3), duration of the second stage of more than 30 min (aOR 4.6), and assisted vaginal delivery (aOR 15.0). Factors associated with fundal pressure were primipara (aOR 3.0), augmentation with oxytocin (aOR 3.3), and assisted delivery (aOR 4.8). Healthcare providers believe that these practices can prevent laceration. The rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) was 17%. Associated with OASIS were assisted delivery (aOR 6.0), baby weights of more than 3.5 kg (aOR 7.8), episiotomy (aOR 26.4), and fundal pressure (aOR 6.2). Conclusions Our study found that potentially harmful practices are still conducted that contribute to the occurrence of OASIS. The perception of these practices is divergent with current evidence, and empirical knowledge has more influence. To improve practices the scientific evidence and its underlying basis should be understood among providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Masuda
- Department of Global Health, Nagasaki University School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shirley Kristine Ferolin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southern Philippines Medical Centre, JP Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City, 8000, The Philippines
| | - Ken Masuda
- Department of Global Health, Nagasaki University School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Chris Smith
- Department of Global Health, Nagasaki University School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E7HT, UK
| | - Mitsuaki Matsui
- Department of Global Health, Nagasaki University School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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12
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Aguiar M, Farley A, Hope L, Amin A, Shah P, Manaseki-Holland S. Birth-Related Perineal Trauma in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Matern Child Health J 2019; 23:1048-1070. [PMID: 30915627 PMCID: PMC6606670 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-019-02732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Birth-related perineal trauma (BPT) is a common consequence of vaginal births. When poorly managed, BPT can result in increased morbidity and mortality due to infections, haemorrhage, and incontinence. This review aims to collect data on rates of BPT in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACs), and the World Health Organization (WHO) regional databases, from 2004 to 2016. Cross-sectional data on the proportion of vaginal births that resulted in episiotomy, second degree tears or obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI) were extracted from studies carried out in LMICs by two independent reviewers. Estimates were meta-analysed using a random effects model; results were presented by type of BPT, parity, and mode of birth. Results Of the 1182 citations reviewed, 74 studies providing data on 334,054 births in 41 countries were included. Five studies reported outcomes of births in the community. In LMICs, the overall rates of BPT were 46% (95% CI 36–55%), 24% (95% CI 17–32%), and 1.4% (95% CI 1.2–1.7%) for episiotomies, second degree tears, and OASI, respectively. Studies were highly heterogeneous with respect to study design and population. The overall reporting quality was inadequate. Discussion Compared to high-income settings, episiotomy rates are high in LMIC medical facilities. There is an urgent need to improve reporting of BPT in LMICs particularly with regards to births taking in community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Aguiar
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda Farley
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy Hope
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health & Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Adeela Amin
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pooja Shah
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Franchi M, Parissone F, Lazzari C, Garzon S, Laganà AS, Raffaelli R, Cromi A, Ghezzi F. Selective use of episiotomy: what is the impact on perineal trauma? Results from a retrospective cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 301:427-435. [PMID: 31823037 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of selective use of episiotomy on perineal trauma. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study on consecutive vaginal deliveries from January 2010 to December 2016. From January 2010 to December 2011 episiotomy was performed liberally, based only on individual midwife/doctor's decision. Since January 2012, a shared selective use of episiotomy policy has been introduced. To evaluate the range of perineal trauma in spontaneous second-degree perineal tears, a sub-classification of second-degree lacerations has been introduced dividing them into two sub-groups: A (smaller than the average episiotomy) and B (spontaneous vaginal tear larger than the average episiotomy). The primary outcomes were the incidence and type of perineal trauma, with the proportion of type A and type B second-degree spontaneous tears under a policy of selective episiotomy. RESULTS Deliveries not exposed to selective use of episiotomy were 1583 (Group 1), those exposed to selective use of episiotomy were 6409 (Group 2). In Group 2 episiotomy rate decreased, and incidence of intact perineum, first- and second-degree lacerations increased. The incidence of third- and fourth-degree lacerations did not change. Spontaneous second-degree lacerations occurred in 19.4% and 36.8% of women in group 1 and 2, respectively. With a selective episiotomy policy, 88.3% of second-degree tears was classified as type A. CONCLUSIONS The selective use of episiotomy is clinically feasible and effective. This policy seems to be associated with a lower delivery-related perineal trauma as showed by the sub-classification, that could be a useful tool to monitor obstetric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Parissone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cecilia Lazzari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Garzon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Piazza Biroldi 1, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Piazza Biroldi 1, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Ricciarda Raffaelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Cromi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Piazza Biroldi 1, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghezzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Piazza Biroldi 1, 21100, Varese, Italy
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14
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Constable L, Monga D, Mylonas G, O'Connor E. The impact of maternal body mass index on the rate of obstetric anal sphincter injury in nulliparous women: A Victorian retrospective cohort study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 60:514-521. [PMID: 31724167 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal obesity is an important comorbidity in contemporary obstetrics practice and is associated with significantly increased perinatal complications. Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) sustained during labour can lead to faecal incontinence, chronic pain and effects on quality of life. Currently, it is unclear if maternal body mass index (BMI) influences the risk of sustaining OASIS. AIM To investigate the impact of increased BMI on the rate of OASIS among nulliparous women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted, which included nulliparous women with singleton, vaginal deliveries ≥37 weeks gestation at a Victorian regional centre between 2007 and 2017 (n = 3335). Logistic regression was performed to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). Women were grouped by World Health Organization BMI categories, and the rates of OASIS were evaluated. RESULTS Women with a BMI ≥ 25 were significantly less likely to develop OASIS compared to women with a BMI < 25 (aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.89). Women with a BMI ≥ 35 had significantly decreased odds of OASIS compared to normal weight women (aOR 0.27, 0.10-0.78). While not statistically significant, the odds of OASIS decreased with each increase in BMI class. Other statistically significant risk factors were maternal age, birth weight, forceps delivery, non-smokers (aOR 4.03, 1.46-11.1) and diabetes mellitus (aOR 9.48, 2.1-41.4). CONCLUSION Women with a BMI ≥ 25 were less likely to sustain OASIS compared to women with a BMI < 25. Furthermore, the odds of OASIS decreased for each increase in BMI category. These findings warrant further investigation into the mechanism of this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Constable
- Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deepika Monga
- Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgia Mylonas
- Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Chen S, Chen C, Sun F, Chen C. Factors associated with obstetric anal sphincter injuries during vacuum delivery among Chinese women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 145:354-360. [DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sue‐Jar Chen
- Department of MedicineMackay Medical College New Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMackay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chie‐Pein Chen
- Department of MedicineMackay Medical College New Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMackay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Fang‐Ju Sun
- Department of Medical ResearchMackay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Yu Chen
- Department of MedicineMackay Medical College New Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMackay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
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16
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Avraham S, Zakar L, Maslovitz S, Zoabi J, Lavie A, Yogev Y, Many A. Comparison of pregnancy outcome between immigrant women in couples with same ethnicity to mixed ethnicity couples. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:3666-3669. [PMID: 30760070 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1582634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To compare the pregnancy outcome of immigrant women who became pregnant to the same ethnicity partner versus a partner from a different ethnicity.Methods: A retrospective cohort study on all singleton pregnancies of immigrant women who delivered between the years 2011-2015 in a single tertiary University Affiliated Hospital. Demographic and obstetrical data were collected. Same ethnicity couples and mixed couples were compared using the Pearson chi-square test for dichotomous variables, and Student's T-test for normally distributed continuous variables.Results: Overall, 443 immigrant women delivered during the study period, of them, 294 (66.37%) had the same ethnicity spouse and 149 (33.63%) were part of a mixed couple. Women of same ethnicity couples were significantly younger (32.7 versus 35.05 years, p < .0001) and more likely to be nulliparous (48 versus 32%, p = .001), compared to women of mixed couples. The rate of episiotomy was significantly higher among women with the same ethnicity spouse in comparison to women of mixed couples (37.22 versus 23.85%, p = .01). There was no significant difference in all other obstetrical or perinatal outcomes tested.Conclusions: Maternal component is the main factor for perinatal outcomes among immigrant mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Avraham
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Zakar
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Maslovitz
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jenna Zoabi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Lavie
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yariv Yogev
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Many
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sánchez-Ávila MT, Galván-Caudillo M, Cantú-Pompa JJ, Vázquez-Romero N, Martínez-López JP, Matías-Barrios VM, Avitia-Herrera AM, Morales-Garza LA, Hernández-Escobar CE, Soto-Fuenzalida G, González-Garza MT. Prevalence of high-grade perineal tear during labor in Mexican adolescents. Colomb Med (Cali) 2018; 49:261-264. [PMID: 30700918 PMCID: PMC6342085 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v49i4.3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There is a high rate of deliveries in adolescents in Mexico. This age group is vulnerable to obstetric complications, including lacerations of the anal sphincter. Objective: To determine the prevalence of third and fourth degree perineal tears in adolescents during childbirth, and to evaluate risk factors in comparison with deliveries with lacerations of adult women. Methods: All obstetric care episodes were reviewed from a public tertiary hospital data in Monterrey, Mexico in 2014. Age, primiparity, delivery instrumentation, episiotomy, body mass index, product weight and tear´s degree were documented at the deliveries with tears of third and fourth degree. Results: The prevalence of third and fourth degree tears of 2.0% was found in the general population, being adolescents the most affected with 2.5%. The unadjusted odds ratio of high-grade tears in adolescent females at delivery, compared to adult females, was 1.36 (95% CI = 0.99-1.86, p= 0.05). No difference was found when comparing risk factors among high-grade tear deliveries in adolescents versus adults. Conclusions: A higher prevalence than previous reported for high grade tears during delivery was found. The data suggest adolescence as a risk factor for high-grade tears during delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Sánchez-Ávila
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Marisol Galván-Caudillo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jaime Javier Cantú-Pompa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Natalia Vázquez-Romero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jhanea Patricia Martínez-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Víctor Manuel Matías-Barrios
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Abryl Mariana Avitia-Herrera
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Luis Alonso Morales-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Claudia Eugenia Hernández-Escobar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Gonzalo Soto-Fuenzalida
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - María Teresa González-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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18
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Turel F, Caagbay D, Dietz HP. Prevalence of Maternal Birth Trauma in Nepali Women. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2018; 37:2803-2809. [PMID: 29676809 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pelvic organ prolapse is very common among women in Nepal, especially uterine prolapse. This would suggest a high rate of levator trauma, which is a strong predictor of such prolapse in the Western world. Hence, we decided to study the prevalence of maternal birth trauma in Nepali women. METHODS In November 2016, we offered an interview, clinical examination, and 4-dimensional translabial sonography to women attending a gynecology clinic. Of 129 women seen, 5 were excluded due to previous pelvic surgery. Translabial sonography volume data sets were obtained and analyzed by tomographic imaging for levator ani and anal sphincter trauma at a later date, blinded against all clinical data. RESULTS Mean age was 39 (21-74) years, median vaginal parity was 2 (0-9), mean age at first delivery 21 (14-40). Seventeen (14%) had not given birth vaginally; of these, 14 (11%) delivered by cesarean only, and 3 (2%) were nulliparous. Tomographic assessment for levator avulsion and anal sphincter trauma was possible in 124 women and performed as previously described. We found 2 (2%) unilateral avulsions and significant external anal sphincter defects in another 2 women. CONCLUSIONS Levator and anal sphincter trauma are significantly less prevalent in Nepali women in comparison to Western populations. This is intriguing, especially in view of the high prevalence of prolapse in Nepali women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friyan Turel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Neonatology, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Australia
| | - Delena Caagbay
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hans Peter Dietz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Neonatology, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Australia
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19
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Marschalek M, Worda C, Kuessel L, Koelbl H, Oberaigner W, Leitner H, Marschalek J, Husslein H. Risk and protective factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries: A retrospective nationwide study. Birth 2018; 45. [PMID: 29537100 PMCID: PMC6282595 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of the reported increase in obstetric anal sphincter injuries, the objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of such injuries over time and the associated risk and protective factors. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study from a national database of 168 137 primiparous women with term, singleton, cephalic, vaginal delivery between 2008 and 2014. The main outcome measure was obstetric anal sphincter injury. A multivariate regression model was used to identify risk and protective factors. RESULTS Age >19 years, birthweight >4000 g, and operative vaginal delivery were independent risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Mediolateral episiotomy increased the risk for obstetric anal sphincter injuries in spontaneous vaginal birth (number needed to harm 333), whereas it was protective in vacuum delivery (number needed to treat 50). From 2008 to 2014, there was an increase in the rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (2.1% vs 3.1%, P < .01), vacuum deliveries (12.1% vs 12.8%, P < .01), and cesarean delivery after labor (17.1% vs 19.4%, P < .01), while forceps deliveries (0.4% vs 0.1%, P < .01) and episiotomy rate decreased (35.9% vs 26.4%, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Episiotomy may be a risk or protective factor depending on the type of episiotomy and the clinical setting in which it is used. Our study supports a restrictive use of mediolateral episiotomy in spontaneous vaginal deliveries. In vacuum deliveries mediolateral episiotomy may help prevent obstetric anal sphincter injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christof Worda
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto‐Maternal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Lorenz Kuessel
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Heinz Koelbl
- Clinical Division for General Gynecology and Gynecological OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Willi Oberaigner
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Tirol KlinikenInnsbruckAustria
| | - Hermann Leitner
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Tirol KlinikenInnsbruckAustria
| | - Julian Marschalek
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Heinrich Husslein
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
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Boujenah J, Tigaizin A, Fermaut M, Murtada R, Benbara A, Benchimol M, Pharisien I, Carbillon L. Is episiotomy worthwile to prevent obstetric anal sphincter injury during operative vaginal delivery in nulliparous women? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 232:60-64. [PMID: 30468985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Episiotomy is a marker of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury (OASIS) condition, therefore, unmeasured factors could have biased the strength of the association between episiotomy and reduced OASIS during Operative Vaginal Delivery (OVD). The aim of this study was to compare the OASIS rate during OVD according to episiotomy practice. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of all nulliparous pregnant women attempting an OVD between 2014-2017. To avoid unmeasured bias, all maternal and delivery data were prospectively captured after the birth. The strong relationship between parity and episiotomy practice (indication bias) lead to analyze only nulliparous women. Association between mediolateral episiotomy and OASIS following OVD was performing by using multivariate logistic regression analysis including significant variable in univariate analysis and relevant factors known to be associated both with OASIS and/or OVD. RESULTS Over the study period, 1709 (17.1%) women had an OVD, among them 40 (2.3%) had OASIS. In the 1342 (78.5%) nulliparous women, OASIS rate were 2% and 5.1% with and without episiotomy (p < 0.01). In multivariate analysis a lower incidence of OASIS with the use of episiotomy (OR 0.267 IC 0.132-0.541) were observed. The persistent occiput posterior position was associated with an increase risk of OASIS (OR 6.742 IC 2.376-19.124). Spatula/forceps, as compared to vacuum operative vaginal delivery increased the risk OASIS (OR 2.847 IC 1.311-7.168). Area under the curve of the model was 0.745. CONCLUSION Episiotomy is a modifiable risk factors which can contribute to reduce the risk of OASIS in nulliparous women with operative vaginal delivery. This intervention should be included in a global management of the second stage of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boujenah
- Pôle femme et enfant, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris Seine Saint-Denis, site Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris cité, UFR SMBH, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - A Tigaizin
- Pôle femme et enfant, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris Seine Saint-Denis, site Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - M Fermaut
- Pôle femme et enfant, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris Seine Saint-Denis, site Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - R Murtada
- Pôle femme et enfant, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris Seine Saint-Denis, site Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - A Benbara
- Pôle femme et enfant, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris Seine Saint-Denis, site Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - M Benchimol
- Pôle femme et enfant, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris Seine Saint-Denis, site Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - I Pharisien
- Pôle femme et enfant, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris Seine Saint-Denis, site Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris cité, UFR SMBH, 93000, Bobigny, France
| | - L Carbillon
- Pôle femme et enfant, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris Seine Saint-Denis, site Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris cité, UFR SMBH, 93000, Bobigny, France
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21
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Pergialiotis V, Durnea C, Elfituri A, Duffy J, Doumouchtsis SK. Do we need a core outcome set for childbirth perineal trauma research? A systematic review of outcome reporting in randomised trials evaluating the management of childbirth trauma. BJOG 2018; 125:1522-1531. [PMID: 30009461 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selecting appropriate outcomes to reflect both beneficial and harmful effects is a critical step in designing childbirth trauma trials. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the outcomes and outcome measures reported in randomised controlled trials evaluating interventions for childbirth trauma. SEARCH STRATEGY Randomised trials were identified by searching bibliographical databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, and EMBASE. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of different techniques in the management of perineal lacerations. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two researchers independently assessed studies for inclusion, evaluated methodological quality, and extracted the relevant data. Spearman's ρ correlation and multivariate linear regression analysis using the backward stepwise model were used for analysis. MAIN RESULTS Forty-eight randomised trials, reporting data from 20 308 women, were included. Seventeen different interventions were evaluated. Included trials reported 77 different outcomes and 50 different outcome measures. Commonly reported outcomes included pain (34 trials; 70%), wound healing (20 trials; 42%), and anorectal dysfunction (16 trials, 33%). In the multivariate analysis, no relationship was demonstrated between the quality of outcome reporting and year of publication (P = 0.31), journal impact factor (P = 0.49), and methodological quality (P = 0.13). CONCLUSION Outcome reporting in childbirth trauma research is heterogeneous. Developing, disseminating, and implementing a core outcome set in future childbirth trauma research could help address these issues. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Developing @coreoutcomes for childbirth trauma research could help to reduce #research waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pergialiotis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research NS Christeas, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - C Durnea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.,St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - A Elfituri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.,St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Jmn Duffy
- Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S K Doumouchtsis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research NS Christeas, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.,St George's University of London, London, UK
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22
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Segal D, Baumfeld Y, Yahav L, Yohay D, Geva Y, Press F, Weintraub AY. Risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) during vacuum extraction delivery in a university affiliated maternity hospital. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:999-1003. [PMID: 30231781 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1514376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Instrumental delivery is a well-known risk factor for obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). The specific characteristics among patient undergoing vacuum extraction delivery (VE) are less studied. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate risk factors for OASIS among parturient that underwent a VE delivery in a large university affiliated maternity hospital.Material and methods: The study population contained 9116 women who delivered by VE in tertiary medical center from 1988 to 2015. Inclusion criteria included deliveries beyond 24-week gestation. Multiple gestations and pregnancies complicated with stillbirth were excluded from the analysis. Maternal obstetric variables were compared between parturient with and without OASIS. Independent risk factors for OASIS were assessed by multivariable logistic regression modeling.Results: OASIS was diagnosed in 94 women (1.03%) following vacuum extraction. Among patients who underwent a VE delivery, gravidity and parity were found to be significantly lower in patients with OASIS. A multivariable logistic regression model with OASIS as the outcome variable revealed that among women who underwent VE, while episiotomy and delivery of a macrosomic neonate were not independently associated with OASIS, a strong association between nulliparity and OASIS was found (OR 3.34; 95% CI 1.93-5.78; p < .001).Conclusions: OASIS is uncommon in our population. Vacuum extraction in nulliparous parturient is a significant risk factor for OASIS. Our results should be taken into account when managing nulliparous deliveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Segal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - Yael Baumfeld
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - Lior Yahav
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - David Yohay
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - Yael Geva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - Fernanda Press
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - Adi Y Weintraub
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Steen
- Professor of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia
| | - Monica Diaz
- Research and clinical midwife, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia and Women and Children's Hospital, Adelaide
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24
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Lee N, Firmin M, Gao Y, Kildea S. Perineal injury associated with hands on/hands poised and directed/undirected pushing: A retrospective cross-sectional study of non-operative vaginal births, 2011–2016. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 83:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ali-Masri H, Hassan S, Ismail K, Zimmo K, Zimmo M, Fosse E, Vikanes Å, Laine K. Enhancing recognition of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in six maternity units in Palestine: an interventional quality improvement study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020983. [PMID: 29921684 PMCID: PMC6009514 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the impact of a training intervention on obstetric anal sphincter injuries' (OASIS) detection rate. DESIGN Prospective quality improvement interventional study. SETTING Six secondary and tertiary maternity units in Palestine. POPULATION Women having singleton vaginal births ≥23 weeks' gestation or babies weighing ≥500 g (n=22 922). Caesarean births (n=5431), multiple gestations (n=443) and vaginal births of unregistered perineum status (n=800) were excluded. INTERVENTIONS Training programme for enhancing OASIS detection was conducted between 31 January and 31 December 2015. International experts delivered 2-day standardisation workshop teaching OASIS diagnosis and repair to each maternity unit. They also provided additional training to three research fellows employed in three of the maternity units. This was followed by 13-week period of data collection (phase 1). Research fellows then delivered training intervention over 15-week interval (phase 2), including theoretical teaching and 'onsite' training in perineal trauma assessment within the six maternity units. Finally, 13-week postintervention observation (phase 3) followed. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE OASIS rates were used as surrogate for OASIS recognition. OASIS rates were compared between different phases and between the two maternity unit groups (research fellow and non-research fellow based) using Pearson's χ² test. RESULTS A total 22 922 women were included. Among primiparous women, OASIS rate was higher in phase 2 (2.8%, p<0.001) and phase 3 (3.1%, p<0.001) than phase 1 (0.5%). However, no significant differences were detected in the rates of severe OASIS (third-degree 3c and fourth-degree tears) between phase 1 and 2 (0.5% vs 0.3%), because this would have required at least 103 women with severe OASIS to be included in each phase. Among parous women, OASIS rate was significantly higher in phase 2 (0.6%, p=0.002) but not in phase 3 (0.4%, p=0.071) compared with phase 1 (0.2%). Research fellows' maternity units showed higher OASIS rates among primiparous women in phase 2 (3.6% vs 1.4%, p=0.001) and phase 3 (4.3% vs 0.8%, p<0.001) than non-research fellows' maternity units. CONCLUSIONS This work is basically an epidemiological study which has identified the prevalence of perineal lacerations and their severity on a large sample of women representative of an entire geographical ethnic region. The quality improvement intervention improved OASIS detection mainly in the research fellows' maternity units. Regular mandatory national programmes in obstetric perineal trauma assessment and management by local champions are essential to mitigate the risk of missing significant degrees of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil Ali-Masri
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics, Palestine Medical Complex, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Sahar Hassan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Khaled Ismail
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kaled Zimmo
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics, Al Aqsa Martyrs Hospital, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Mohammed Zimmo
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics, Al Shifa Hospital, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Erik Fosse
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Vikanes
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katariina Laine
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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de Jesús-García A, Paredes-Solís S, Valtierra-Gil G, Los Santos FRSD, Sánchez-Gervacio BM, Ledogar RJ, Andersson N, Cockcroft A. Associations with perineal trauma during childbirth at home and in health facilities in indigenous municipalities in southern Mexico: a cross-sectional cluster survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:198. [PMID: 29855266 PMCID: PMC5984371 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episiotomy and perineal tears remain common in vaginal deliveries. This study estimated the frequency of and factors associated with perineal tears, episiotomies, and postnatal infections among women in two predominantly indigenous municipalities in southern Mexico, where traditional midwives play an important role in women's health. METHODS A cross-sectional study contacted women who gave birth in the previous three years. An administered questionnaire asked about place of delivery, birthing position, birth attendant, episiotomy, perineal tears, and wound infection after delivery. Cluster adjusted bivariate and then multivariate analysis examined factors potentially associated with self-reported perineal trauma (episiotomy and/or perineal tear). Key informant interviews sought insights into some of the findings. RESULTS Among women with a vaginal delivery, 71% (876/1238) of indigenous women and 18% (36/197) of non-indigenous women delivered at home. Some 17% (247/1416) of women overall, and 33% (171/525) of those delivering in a health facility, reported an episiotomy during delivery. Among 171 women reporting an episiotomy in a health facility, 30% (52) also reported a perineal tear. Overall, 13% (190/1412) of women reported they had a perineal tear during delivery, 17% (86/515) of those delivering in a health facility and 12% (104/897) of those delivering at home. A quarter of the women had self-reported perineal trauma during their last delivery, 38% (196/511) of those delivering in a health facility and 18% (160/893) of those delivering at home. In bivariate analysis, indigenous ethnicity, home delivery, upright posture in labour, and delivery by a traditional midwife were associated with a lower risk of perineal trauma, while primiparas had a higher risk. In the final multivariate model, delivery by a traditional midwife was protective (ORa 0.41, 95%CIca 0.32-0.54) and primiparity was a risk factor (ORa 2.01, 95%CIca 1.5-2.68) for perineal trauma. Women suggested that fear of bad treatment and being cut made them unwilling to deliver in health facilities. CONCLUSIONS The rate of perineal trauma among women giving birth in indigenous communities could be reduced by efforts to decrease the use of episiotomies in health facilities, and by opening a dialogue with traditional midwives to increase their interaction with formal health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham de Jesús-García
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Pino s / n, Colonia El Roble, C.P.38640, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Sergio Paredes-Solís
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Pino s / n, Colonia El Roble, C.P.38640, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.
| | - Geovani Valtierra-Gil
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Pino s / n, Colonia El Roble, C.P.38640, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Felipe Rene Serrano-de Los Santos
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Pino s / n, Colonia El Roble, C.P.38640, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Belén Madeline Sánchez-Gervacio
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Pino s / n, Colonia El Roble, C.P.38640, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Robert J Ledogar
- CIETinternational, 511 Avenue of the Americas #132, New York, USA
| | - Neil Andersson
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Pino s / n, Colonia El Roble, C.P.38640, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.,Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne Cockcroft
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, Canada
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Diagnosing Postpartum Hemorrhage: A New Way to Assess Blood Loss in a Low-Resource Setting. Matern Child Health J 2018; 21:516-523. [PMID: 27456310 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. The largest barriers to treating PPH are symptom recognition and timely diagnosis. The SAPHE (Signaling a Postpartum Hemorrhage Emergency) Mat was constructed so that each square on the Mat absorbs up to 50 mL of blood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation of visually estimated blood loss (EBL) using the SAPHE Mat with actual blood loss. Methods Thirty-six patients gave birth via vaginal delivery using the SAPHE Mat. Visual estimation of blood loss using the SAPHE Mat was calculated by multiplying the number of blood- saturated squares or partial squares by 50 mL. The visual EBL was compared with the actual blood loss calculated based on Mat weight before and after use (volume blood loss). Results Visual blood loss estimations were within 100 mL of the volume blood loss 69 % of the time and within 200 mL 97 % of the time. The mean difference between the visual EBL and volume blood loss (Mat weight change) was 80.91 mL. The Pearson correlation coefficient for visual EBL and volume blood loss was positive at 0.96 (p < 0.001). Discussion The SAPHE Mat is able to provide a visual estimate of blood loss that is highly correlated with the actual blood loss on the mat. Future studies will assess the ability to deploy the SAPHE Mat in low-resource settings as a potential guide for estimating blood loss to assist in improved management of PPH.
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Wen Q, Muraca GM, Ting J, Coad S, Lim KI, Lisonkova S. Temporal trends in severe maternal and neonatal trauma during childbirth: a population-based observational study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020578. [PMID: 29500215 PMCID: PMC5855201 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Instrumental vaginal delivery is associated with birth trauma to infant and obstetric trauma to mother. As caesarean delivery rates increased during the past decades, the rate of instrumental vaginal delivery declined. We examined concomitant temporal changes in the rates of severe birth trauma and maternal obstetric trauma. DESIGN A retrospective observational study. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS All hospital singleton live births in Washington State, USA, 2004-2013, excluding breech delivery. Severe birth trauma (brain, nerve injury, fractures and other severe birth trauma) and obstetric trauma (third/fourth degree perineal lacerations, cervical/high vaginal lacerations) were identified from hospitalisation data. Pregnancy and delivery characteristics were obtained from birth certificates. Temporal trends were assessed by the Cochran-Armitage test. Logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted ORs (AORs) and 95% CI. RESULTS Overall, 732 818 live births were included. The rate of severe birth trauma declined from 5.3 in 2004 to 4.5 per 1000 live births in 2013 (P<0.001). The decline was observed only in spontaneous vaginal delivery, the rates of fractures and other severe birth trauma declined by 5% and 4% per year, respectively (AOR: 0.95, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.97 and AOR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99; respectively). The rate of third/fourth degree lacerations declined in spontaneous vaginal delivery from 3.5% to 2.3% (AOR: 0.95; 95% CI 0.94 to 0.95) and in vacuum delivery from 17.3% to 14.5% (AOR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.96 to 0.98). Among women with forceps delivery, these rates declined from 29.8% to 23.4% (AOR: 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00). CONCLUSION While the rates of fractures and other birth trauma declined among infants delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery, the rate of birth trauma remained unchanged in instrumental vaginal delivery and caesarean delivery. Among mothers, the rates of severe perineal lacerations declined, except for women with forceps delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Giulia M Muraca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Children's and Women's Hospital and Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph Ting
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and the Children's and Women's Hospital and Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sarah Coad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Children's and Women's Hospital and Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kenneth I Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Children's and Women's Hospital and Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sarka Lisonkova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Children's and Women's Hospital and Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Jeon J, Na S. Vacuum extraction vaginal delivery: current trend and safety. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2017; 60:499-505. [PMID: 29184857 PMCID: PMC5694723 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2017.60.6.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Operative vaginal birth retains an important role in current obstetric practice. However, there is an increasing trend in the rate of cesarean section in Korea. Surgical delivery is more advantageous than cesarean section, but the rate of operative vaginal delivery is decreasing for various reasons. Furthermore, there is no unified technique for vacuum extraction delivery. In this context, this review was performed to provide details of the necessary conditions, techniques, benefits, and risks of operative vaginal delivery. Future research should focus on overcoming the limitations of operative vaginal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sunghun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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30
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Brown J, Kapurubandara S, Gibbs E, King J. The Great Divide: Country of birth as a risk factor for obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 58:79-85. [DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Westmead Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Supuni Kapurubandara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Westmead Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Emma Gibbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Westmead Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jennifer King
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Westmead Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Zimmo K, Laine K, Vikanes Å, Fosse E, Zimmo M, Ali H, Thakar R, Sultan AH, Hassan S. Diagnosis and repair of perineal injuries: knowledge before and after expert training-a multicentre observational study among Palestinian physicians and midwives. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014183. [PMID: 28389490 PMCID: PMC5558821 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether a 2 days training with experts teaching on diagnosis and repair of perineal injuries among Palestinian midwives and physicians could change their level of knowledge towards the correct diagnosis and treatment. STUDY DESIGN Multicentre observational study. SETTING Obstetric departments in 6 government Palestinian hospitals. PARTICIPANTS All physicians and midwives who attended the training. METHODS A questionnaire comprising of 14 questions on the diagnosis and repair of perineal tears was distributed to all participants before the training (n=150; 64 physicians and 86 midwives) and 3 months after the training (n=124, 53 and 71, respectively). Characteristics, differences of the study population and level of knowledge before and after the training were presented as frequencies and percentages. Consistency in responses was tested by estimating the p value of McNemar test. RESULTS Among physicians only 11.4% had accurate knowledge on perineal anatomy before the training compared with 78.85% after the training (p<0.001). For midwives, the corresponding numbers were 9.8% and 54.2%, respectively (p<0.001). Before the training, 5.8% of the physicians were aware that rectal examination is mandatory before and after suturing of episiotomies compared with 45.8% after the training (p<0.001). The corresponding numbers for midwives were 0% and 18% (p<0.001), respectively. Physicians knowledge of best practice of skin repair following episiotomy improved from 36.5% to 64.5% (p=0.008) and among midwives from 26.1% to 50.7% (p<0.001). Physicians knowledge of the overlap technique in the repair of full thickness external anal sphincter tears improved from 28.5% to 42.8% (p=0.05), whereas knowledge of repairing torn internal anal sphincter separately improved from 12.8% to 86.8% (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Improvement in the level of knowledge on diagnosis and repair of perineal tears was observed for all physicians and midwives who attended the 2 days' expert training. Regular ongoing training will serve to maintain the newly acquired knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaled Zimmo
- Department of Obstetrics, Al Aqsa Hospital, Gaza, Palestine
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katariina Laine
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Vikanes
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Fosse
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammed Zimmo
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics, Al Shifa Hospital, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Hadil Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics, Palestine Medical Complex Hospital, Ramallah, Palestine
| | | | | | - Sahar Hassan
- Faculty of Nursing, Pharmacy and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
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Suto M, Takehara K, Misago C, Matsui M. Prevalence of Perineal Lacerations in Women Giving Birth at Midwife-Led Birth Centers in Japan: A Retrospective Descriptive Study. J Midwifery Womens Health 2016; 60:419-27. [PMID: 26255802 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perineal lacerations during birth can cause ongoing physical, psychological, and social problems. However, the prevalence of lacerations following normal spontaneous vaginal birth in women with low-risk pregnancies is unknown. We investigated the prevalence of perineal lacerations and factors associated with lacerations among low-risk Japanese women who had normal spontaneous vaginal births. METHODS Pregnant women who were cared for between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2011, in 3 midwife-led birth centers in Tokyo, Japan, where invasive medical interventions are rarely applied, were included. We investigated the prevalence of perineal lacerations and conducted univariate and multivariate analyses on the relationship between the prevalence of lacerations and selected maternal and neonatal characteristics. RESULTS A total of 1881 pregnant women had initial antenatal care at one of the 3 study sites. Of these, 1521 were eligible for inclusion. Intact perineum rates were 49.5% (209/422) and 69.9% (768/1099) in nulliparous and multiparous women, respectively. First-degree lacerations occurred in 36.7% (155/422) of nulliparous women and 27.1% (298/1099) of multiparous women, and second-degree lacerations occurred in 13.5% (57/422) of nulliparous women and 3.0% (33/1099) of multiparous women. One multiparous woman experienced a third-degree laceration (0.1%). No women suffered fourth-degree or cervical lacerations. Logistic regression analyses showed that older age (≥ 35 years), the hands-and-knees position, and using a birthing chair during birth increased the risk of perineal laceration both in nulliparous and in multiparous women. In addition, waterbirths increased the risk of perineal laceration in multiparous women. DISCUSSION In normal spontaneous vaginal births among a low-risk population, it is possible to avoid episiotomy and achieve a high rate of intact perineum, with few second-degree and third-degree lacerations.
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Belihu FB, Small R, Davey MA. Episiotomy and severe perineal trauma among Eastern African immigrant women giving birth in public maternity care: A population based study in Victoria, Australia. Women Birth 2016; 30:282-290. [PMID: 27889259 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eastern African immigrants from countries affected by female genital mutilation have resettled in many developed countries, including Australia. Although possibly at risk of perineal trauma and episiotomy, research investigating their perineal status post-migration is sparse. AIM To investigate variations in episiotomy use and incidence of severe perineal tear for women born in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan compared with Australian-born women. METHODS A population-based study of 203,206 Australian-born and 3502 Eastern African immigrant women admitted as public patients, with singleton vaginal births between 1999 and 2007, was conducted using the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for confounders selected a priori, were performed to compute incidence and adjusted odds ratios. FINDINGS Overall, 30.5% Eastern African immigrants had episiotomy compared to 17.2% Australian-born women. Severe perineal trauma occurred in 2.1% of Eastern African immigrants and 1.6% of Australian-born women. While the odds of severe perineal trauma was significantly elevated only during non-instrumental vaginal births for Eastern African immigrants {ORadj1.56 95%CI(1.17, 2.12)}; that of episiotomy was increased during both non-instrumental {ORadj4.47 95%CI(4.10, 4.88)} and instrumental {ORadj2.51 95%CI(1.91, 3.29)} vaginal births. CONCLUSIONS Overall, Eastern African immigrant women experienced elevated odds of episiotomy and severe perineal tear. Health care providers need to be mindful of the increased risk of severe perineal tear in these women and enhance efforts in identification and treatment of severe perineal trauma to minimise associated short and long term morbidity. Strategies to reduce unneeded episiotomy and ways of enhancing perineal safety are also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fetene B Belihu
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Rhonda Small
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Mary-Ann Davey
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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Basu M, Smith D, Edwards R. Can the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injury be reduced? The STOMP experience. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 202:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Outcomes following surgical repair using layered closure of unrepaired 4th degree perineal tear in rural western Uganda. Int Urogynecol J 2016; 27:1661-1666. [PMID: 27139718 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-016-3024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In many rural low-income countries, perineal tears at time of vaginal birth are not repaired at time of delivery. The aims of this study are to describe the surgical technique for management of the unrepaired 4th degree tear, performed without flaps, and short-term follow up on anal incontinence symptoms using a validated questionnaire. METHODS Women presenting to fistula camps in western Uganda with unrepaired 4th degree tears were interviewed using the Cleveland Clinic Continence Score. Interviews were undertaken pre-operatively, at 4-6 weeks post-operatively and 12 months following surgery. Repair of the 4th degree tear was performed in layers, with an overlapping anal sphincter repair and reconstruction of the perineal body, without flaps. All women were examined prior to discharge. RESULTS 68 women completed pre-operative Cleveland Clinic Continence Scores. Prior to surgery, 59 % of women complained of daily incontinence to solid stools. Over 70 % of women complained of restriction to lifestyle due to the unrepaired 4th degree tear. About 50 % of the women are rejected by their husbands because of the condition. Only 1 woman had wound breakdown on Day 2. At 4 to 6 weeks follow-up, 61 women were contacted and all reported perfect continence. CONCLUSION This study highlights the hidden problem of unrepaired 4th degree tears in rural areas of low-income countries where most deliveries are undertaken in the village without professional health care workers. These tears have significant impact on quality of life and anal incontinence. Short-term outcomes following surgical repair using a layered closure are promising.
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Garretto D, Lin BB, Syn HL, Judge N, Beckerman K, Atallah F, Friedman A, Brodman M, Bernstein PS. Obesity May Be Protective against Severe Perineal Lacerations. J Obes 2016; 2016:9376592. [PMID: 27274869 PMCID: PMC4871967 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9376592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. To determine if there is an association between BMI and 3rd- or 4th-degree perineal lacerations in normal spontaneous and operative vaginal deliveries. Study Design. We performed a retrospective case control study using a large obstetric quality improvement database over a six-year period. Cases were identified as singleton gestations with third- and fourth-degree lacerations. Controls were obtained randomly from the database of patients without third- or fourth-degree lacerations in a 1 : 1 ratio. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. Of 32,607 deliveries, 22,011 (67.5%) charts with BMI documented were identified. Third- or fourth-degree lacerations occurred in 2.74% (n = 605) of patients. 37% (n = 223) were identified in operative vaginal deliveries. In the univariate analysis, obesity, older maternal age, non-Asian race, and birth weight <4000 g were all protective against 3rd- and 4th-degree lacerations. After controlling for age, race, mode of vaginal delivery, and birth weight, obesity remained significant. Conclusion. Being obese may protect against third- and fourth-degree lacerations independent of parity, race, birth weight, and mode of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Garretto
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- *Diana Garretto:
| | - Brian B. Lin
- Hospitals Insurance Company, Inc., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Helen L. Syn
- Hospitals Insurance Company, Inc., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nancy Judge
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter S. Bernstein
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Naidoo TD, Moodley J. Obstetric perineal injury: risk factors and prevalence in a resource-constrained setting. Trop Doct 2015; 45:252-4. [DOI: 10.1177/0049475513515214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obstetric perineal injuries and risk factors vary between affluent and resource-constrained settings. This prospective observational study reports on the factors associated with perineal lacerations in a cohort of Black African and Indian women delivering at two regional hospitals in South Africa. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to test for associations between independent variables and the dependent variable on multivariate analysis. All variables significant on bivariate analysis ( P < 0.05) were included in the multivariate model. There were 202 (16.2%) perineal tears. Variables significant with having a perineal tear on bivariate and multivariate analysis included: Black African race (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2–4.6); duration of labour ≥6.3h (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.1); and epidural analgesia (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.9–4.7). Having an episiotomy was protective against perineal tears (OR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.03–0.1). Obstetric perineal injury commonly occurs in our resourced-constrained setting and the risk factors are similar to those in well-resourced settings. Identification of those at risk may reduce obstetric perineal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- TD Naidoo
- Consultant, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg and Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - J Moodley
- Emeritus Professor, Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal
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Rosen H, Barrett J, Okby R, Nevo O, Melamed N. Risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries in twin deliveries: a retrospective review. Int Urogynecol J 2015; 27:757-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00192-015-2842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang H, Jayasekara R, Warland J. The effect of “hands on” techniques on obstetric perineal laceration: A structured review of the literature. Women Birth 2015; 28:194-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schantz C, Sim KL, Ly EM, Barennes H, Sudaroth S, Goyet S. Reasons for routine episiotomy: A mixed-methods study in a large maternity hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS 2015; 23:68-77. [PMID: 26278834 DOI: 10.1016/j.rhm.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
First documented in 1741, the practice of episiotomy substantially increased worldwide during the 20th century. However, research shows that episiotomy is not effective in reducing severe perineal trauma and may be harmful. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted a study in 2013-14 on why obstetricians and midwives in a large maternity hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, still do routine episiotomies. The study included the extent of the practice, based on medical records; a retrospective analysis of the delivery notes of a random sample of 365 patients; and 22 in-depth interviews with obstetricians, midwives and recently delivered women. Of the 365 women, 345 (94.5%, 95% CI: 91.7-96.6) had had an episiotomy. Univariate analysis showed that nulliparous women underwent episiotomy more frequently than multiparous women (OR 7.1, 95% CI 2.0-24.7). The reasons given for this practice by midwives and obstetricians were: fear of perineal tears, the strong belief that Asian women have a shorter and harder perineum than others, lack of time in overcrowded delivery rooms, and the belief that Cambodian women would be able to have a tighter and prettier vagina through this practice. A restrictive episiotomy policy and information for pregnant women about birthing practices through antenatal classes should be implemented as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Schantz
- Centre Population & Développement (CEPED)-UMR 196: IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | | | - Ek Meng Ly
- Calmette Maternity Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hubert Barennes
- ANRS (Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le VIH et les Hépatites), and Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Isped (Institut de Santé Publique d'Epidémiologie et de Développement), Centre INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - So Sudaroth
- Calmette Maternity Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Pizzoferrato AC, Samie M, Rousseau A, Rozenberg P, Fauconnier A, Bader G. [Severe post-obstetric perineal tears: Medium-term consequences on women's quality of life]. Prog Urol 2015; 25:530-5. [PMID: 26032455 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the prevalence of anal (AI) and urinary (UI) incontinence at medium term after 3rd and 4th degree anal sphincter tears and their impact on sexuality and women's quality of life. MATERIAL It is a case-control, single center study. Sixty-eight primiparous women delivered with severe anal sphincter tear (exposed group) were compared to 136 women without (control group). Questionnaires on anal and urinary incontinence, sexual function and quality of life, using validated scores, were sent between two and five years after the first delivery. Maternal and obstetric data were collected retrospectively on the medical files. RESULTS The answer rate was 22.5% (46/204) of which 30.9% (21/68) in the exposed group and 18.4% (25/136) in the unexposed group. In case of severe anal sphincter tear, 57.1% of women reported an AI vs 48% in the control group (P=0.76). The rate of AI for liquid stool was significantly higher in the exposed group (P=0.05). Patients with severe perineal tears reported a greater impact of symptoms on their quality of life but the difference with the control group was not significant. CONCLUSIONS The severity of symptoms related to anal sphincter tears is common and underestimated. Preventive measures must be improved in order to maintain women's quality of life. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Pizzoferrato
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10, rue du Champ-Gaillard, 78303 Poissy, France.
| | - M Samie
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10, rue du Champ-Gaillard, 78303 Poissy, France
| | - A Rousseau
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10, rue du Champ-Gaillard, 78303 Poissy, France
| | - P Rozenberg
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10, rue du Champ-Gaillard, 78303 Poissy, France
| | - A Fauconnier
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10, rue du Champ-Gaillard, 78303 Poissy, France
| | - G Bader
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10, rue du Champ-Gaillard, 78303 Poissy, France
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Risk factors for severe perineal trauma during vaginal childbirth: A Western Australian retrospective cohort study. Women Birth 2015; 28:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Davies-Tuck M, Biro MA, Mockler J, Stewart L, Wallace EM, East C. Maternal Asian ethnicity and the risk of anal sphincter injury. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94:308-15. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Davies-Tuck
- The Ritchie Centre; MIMR-PHI Institute; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Mary-Anne Biro
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Joanne Mockler
- The Ritchie Centre; MIMR-PHI Institute; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Monash Health; Monash Medical Centre; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Lynne Stewart
- Monash Health; Monash Medical Centre; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Euan M Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre; MIMR-PHI Institute; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Monash Health; Monash Medical Centre; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Christine East
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Monash Health; Monash Medical Centre; Clayton Victoria Australia
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Adams J, Frawley J, Steel A, Broom A, Sibbritt D. Use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological labour pain management techniques and their relationship to maternal and infant birth outcomes: examination of a nationally representative sample of 1835 pregnant women. Midwifery 2015; 31:458-63. [PMID: 25649472 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM women use various labour pain management techniques during birth. The objective of this study is to investigate women׳s use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological labour pain management techniques in relation to birth outcomes. METHODS a sub-survey of a nationally representative sample of pregnant women (n=1835) from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women׳s Health. RESULTS our analysis identified women׳s use of water for labour pain management as decreasing the likelihood of their baby being admitted to special care nursery (OR=0.42, p<0.004) whereas the use of epidural increased this likelihood (OR=3.38, p<0.001) as well as for instrumental childbirth (OR=7.27, p<0.001). Epidural and pethidine use decreased women׳s likelihood of continuing breast-feeding (ORs=0.68 and 0.59, respectively, both p<0.01) whereas the use of breathing techniques and massage for pain control increased the likelihood of women continuing breast-feeding (ORs=1.72 and 1.62, respectively, both p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS our study illustrates associations between the use of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological labour pain management techniques and selected birth outcomes while controlling for confounding variables. There remain significant gaps in the evidence base for the use of non-pharmacological labour pain control methods and our findings provide a platform with which to develop a broad clinical research programme around this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Adams
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Level 7, Building 10, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Jane Frawley
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Level 7, Building 10, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Amie Steel
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Level 7, Building 10, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia; Endeavour College of Natural Health, level 2, 269 Wickham St, Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Alex Broom
- School of Social Science, Level 3, Michie Building, St Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - David Sibbritt
- David Sibbritt Faculty of Health, UTS, Level 7, Building 10, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Recurrence of Obstetric Third-Degree and Fourth-Degree Anal Sphincter Injuries. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124:1128-1134. [DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hsieh WC, Liang CC, Wu D, Chang SD, Chueh HY, Chao AS. Prevalence and contributing factors of severe perineal damage following episiotomy-assisted vaginal delivery. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 53:481-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Farrar D, Tuffnell DJ, Ramage C. Interventions for women in subsequent pregnancies following obstetric anal sphincter injury to reduce the risk of recurrent injury and associated harms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD010374. [PMID: 25373366 PMCID: PMC10823349 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010374.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perineal damage occurs frequently during childbirth, with severe damage involving injury to the anal sphincter reported in up to 18% of vaginal births. Women who have sustained anal sphincter damage are more likely to suffer perineal pain, dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse), defaecatory dysfunction, and urinary and faecal incontinence compared to those without damage. Interventions in a subsequent pregnancy may be beneficial in reducing the risk of further severe trauma and may reduce the risk of associated morbidities. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of Interventions for women in subsequent pregnancies following obstetric anal sphincter injury for improving health. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 September 2014). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials, cluster-randomised trials and multi-arm trials assessing the effects of any intervention in subsequent pregnancies following obstetric anal sphincter injury to improve health. Quasi-randomised controlled trials and cross-over trials were not eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS No trials were included. In future updates of this review, at least two review authors will extract data and assess the risk of bias of included studies. MAIN RESULTS No eligible completed trials were identified. One ongoing trial was identified. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No relevant trials were included. The effectiveness of interventions for women in subsequent pregnancies following obstetric anal sphincter injury for improving health is therefore unknown. Randomised trials to assess the relative effects of interventions are required before clear practice recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Farrar
- Bradford Institute for Health ResearchMaternal and Child HealthBradford Royal InfirmaryDuckworth LaneBradfordUKBD9 6RJ
| | - Derek J Tuffnell
- Bradford Hospitals NHS TrustBradford Royal Infirmary Maternity UnitSmith LaneBradfordWest YorkshireUKBD9 6RJ
| | - Carmel Ramage
- Bradford Teaching HospitalsWomen's and Newborn UnitDuckworth LaneBradfordUKBD9 6RJ
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Identification of women at high risk for severe perineal lacerations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 182:11-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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John LB, Nischintha S, Ghose S. Outcome of forceps delivery in a teaching hospital: A 2 year experience. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014; 5:155-7. [PMID: 24678216 PMCID: PMC3961923 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.127316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The art of forceps delivery though existing for centuries has earned a disreputation due to the possibility of poor maternal and fetal outcome. However, its safe use can reduce the rising cesarean section rates in the present times. This study is to see the outcome of its use in a teaching hospital over a 2 year period. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective observational study, 120 cases of forceps delivery were studied for maternal outcome such as injuries, postpartum hemorrhage, and fetal outcome such as Apgar score at birth, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, injury, and mortality. Results: The most common indication was fetal distress (47.5%). A total of 15 cases (12.5%) of maternal injuries occurred, with 2 uterine ruptures one of which was in a previous lower segment caesarean section case, 4 complete perineal tears and 9 minor cervical and vaginal lacerations. A total of 12 babies (10%) had poor Apgar scores who recovered after resuscitation and one out of them died, which was a case of multiple instrumentation. Conclusion: Forceps is a reasonable option for the obstetrician to reduce the caesarean section rates; however, extreme caution, proper expertise and judicial use of this instrument are required to prevent undue risk to mother and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra B John
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India
| | - S Nischintha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India
| | - Seetesh Ghose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India
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