Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in pineal cell and sympathetic neuronal cultures

Evidence for the neurotrophic regulation of collagen-tailed acetylcholinesterase in immature skeletal muscle by beta-endorphin

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was extracted in a high-saline medium from gastrocnemius muscles of rat embryos and young rats aged 14 days' gestation to 40 days post partum. The molecular forms of the enzyme were separated by low-salt precipitation, followed by velocity sedimentation. During gestation, all molecular forms increased in activity, particularly the 16 S (A12) form. During the first 2 weeks of life, there was a large increase in the activity of soluble AChE (G forms), whilst the activity of insoluble AChE (A forms) was reduced. Denervation of the muscle reversed the change in the relative proportions of the molecular forms. The embryonic pattern of activities of AChE forms persisted in cultures of myotubes obtained at 20 days' gestation and maintained in the absence of spinal cord. When myotubes were maintained in medium previously conditioned by developing spinal cord explants, 16 S AChE declined while the soluble (4 and 6 S) forms increased in activity in a manner resembling that seen in early postnatal muscles in vivo. beta-Endorphin (beta-EP) immunoreactivity was detected in the spinal cord-conditioned medium and was identified by HPLC and ion-exchange chromatography as beta-EP-(1-31) plus its shortened and N-acetylated forms. Cultivation of myotubes in the presence of synthetic camel beta-EP resulted in a reversible change in the pattern of AChE forms which was similar to that seen with spinal cord-conditioned medium. These studies provide evidence for the neuroregulation of AChE A and G forms in immature skeletal muscle. A major candidate for this role is beta-EP, produced and released by developing spinal cord.