1
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Zhang G, Li S, Cheng KW, Chou TF. AAA ATPases as therapeutic targets: Structure, functions, and small-molecule inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113446. [PMID: 33873056 PMCID: PMC8165034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activity (AAA ATPase) are essential enzymes found in all organisms. They are involved in various processes such as DNA replication, protein degradation, membrane fusion, microtubule serving, peroxisome biogenesis, signal transduction, and the regulation of gene expression. Due to the importance of AAA ATPases, several researchers identified and developed small-molecule inhibitors against these enzymes. We discuss six AAA ATPases that are potential drug targets and have well-developed inhibitors. We compare available structures that suggest significant differences of the ATP binding pockets among the AAA ATPases with or without ligand. The distances from ADP to the His20 in the His-Ser-His motif and the Arg finger (Arg353 or Arg378) in both RUVBL1/2 complex structures bound with or without ADP have significant differences, suggesting dramatically different interactions of the binding site with ADP. Taken together, the inhibitors of six well-studied AAA ATPases and their structural information suggest further development of specific AAA ATPase inhibitors due to difference in their structures. Future chemical biology coupled with proteomic approaches could be employed to develop variant specific, complex specific, and pathway specific inhibitors or activators for AAA ATPase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States.
| | - Shan Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Kai-Wen Cheng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States.
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2
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Perveen N, Ashraf W, Alqahtani F, Fawad Rasool M, Samad N, Imran I. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: What do we understand about protein alterations? Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:377-394. [PMID: 34132061 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During neuronal diseases, neuronal proteins get disturbed due to changes in the connections of neurons. As a result, neuronal proteins get disturbed and cause epilepsy. At the genetic level, many mutations may take place in proteins like axon guidance proteins, leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 protein, microtubular protein, pore-forming, chromatin remodeling, and chemokine proteins which may lead toward temporal lobe epilepsy. These proteins can be targeted in the future for the treatment purpose of epilepsy. Novel avenues can be developed for therapeutic interventions by these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Perveen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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3
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Zhao T, Ding Y, Li M, Zhou C, Lin W. Silencing lncRNA PVT1 inhibits activation of astrocytes and increases BDNF expression in hippocampus tissues of rats with epilepsy by downregulating the Wnt signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16054-16067. [PMID: 30805931 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of long-chain noncoding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) on the activation of astrocytes and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus tissues of epileptic rats. The epilepsy rat model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Successfully modeled rats were grouped, and their spatial learning and memory, neuronal loss, number of TdT-mediated dUTP nick labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, and the expression of cleaved-caspase-3, pro-caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, GFAP, BDNF, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, axin, and cyclin D1 in hippocampus tissues were evaluated. Increased expression of PVT1 was found in hippocampus tissues of epileptic rats. Silencing of PVT1 improved spatial learning and memory, decreased neuronal loss, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cell, decreased the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax while increased pro-caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression, decreased the expression of GFAP, increased the expression of BDNF, decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and decreased the expression of axin and cyclin D1 in hippocampus tissues in epileptic rats. Our study provides evidence that the inhibition of PVT1 may decrease the loss of neurons, inhibit the activation of astrocytes, and increase the expression of BDNF in hippocampus by downregulating the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunkui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Qiang L, Piermarini E, Baas PW. New hypothesis for the etiology of SPAST-based hereditary spastic paraplegia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:289-297. [PMID: 31108029 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the SPAST gene are the chief cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Controversy exists in the medical community as to whether the etiology of the disease is haploinsufficiency or toxic gain-of-function properties of the mutant spastin proteins. In recognition of strong reasons that support each possible mechanism, here we present a novel perspective, based in part on new studies with mouse models and in part on the largest study to date on patients with the disease. We posit that haploinsufficiency does not cause the disease but makes the corticospinal tracts vulnerable to a second hit, which is usually the mutant spastin proteins but could also be proteins generated by mutations of other genes that may or may not cause the disease on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emanuela Piermarini
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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5
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Chang CL, Weigel AV, Ioannou MS, Pasolli HA, Xu CS, Peale DR, Shtengel G, Freeman M, Hess HF, Blackstone C, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Spastin tethers lipid droplets to peroxisomes and directs fatty acid trafficking through ESCRT-III. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2583-2599. [PMID: 31227594 PMCID: PMC6683741 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are neutral lipid storage organelles that transfer lipids to various organelles including peroxisomes. Here, we show that the hereditary spastic paraplegia protein M1 Spastin, a membrane-bound AAA ATPase found on LDs, coordinates fatty acid (FA) trafficking from LDs to peroxisomes through two interrelated mechanisms. First, M1 Spastin forms a tethering complex with peroxisomal ABCD1 to promote LD-peroxisome contact formation. Second, M1 Spastin recruits the membrane-shaping ESCRT-III proteins IST1 and CHMP1B to LDs via its MIT domain to facilitate LD-to-peroxisome FA trafficking, possibly through IST1- and CHMP1B-dependent modifications in LD membrane morphology. Furthermore, LD-to-peroxisome FA trafficking mediated by M1 Spastin is required to relieve LDs of lipid peroxidation. M1 Spastin's dual roles in tethering LDs to peroxisomes and in recruiting ESCRT-III components to LD-peroxisome contact sites for FA trafficking may underlie the pathogenesis of diseases associated with defective FA metabolism in LDs and peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lun Chang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Aubrey V Weigel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Maria S Ioannou
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - David R Peale
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Melanie Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Harald F Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Du Y, Chi X, An W. Downregulation of microRNA-200c-3p reduces damage of hippocampal neurons in epileptic rats by upregulating expression of RECK and inactivating the AKT signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:223-233. [PMID: 31018114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the role of mircoRNA-200c-3p (miR-200c-3p) on hippocampal neuron injury in epileptic rats through the regulation of the AKT signaling pathway by targeting RECK. METHODS The epilepsy rat model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Successful modeled rats were injected with miR-200c-3p inhibitors, inhibitors NC, siRNA-negative control (NC) and RECK-siRNA. The astrocyte activation, levels of oxidative stress indexes, contents of inflammatory factors and the AKT signaling pathway-related proteins in hippocampus tissues were evaluated. RESULTS High expression of miR-200c-3p and low expression of RECK were found in the hippocampus tissues of epileptic rats. Downregulation of miR-200c-3p or upregulation of RECK decreased apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, expression of GFAP, content of MDA and increased the activities of GSH-Px and SOD, decreased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 as well as expression of p-PI3K/t-PI3K and p-Akt/t-Akt in hippocampus tissues of epileptic rats. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that downregulation of miR-200c-3p reduces damage of hippocampal neurons in epileptic rats by upregulating RECK and inactivating the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Du
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China.
| | - Xiaowen Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Wen An
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
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7
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van Dijk J, Bompard G, Cau J, Kunishima S, Rabeharivelo G, Mateos-Langerak J, Cazevieille C, Cavelier P, Boizet-Bonhoure B, Delsert C, Morin N. Microtubule polyglutamylation and acetylation drive microtubule dynamics critical for platelet formation. BMC Biol 2018; 16:116. [PMID: 30336771 PMCID: PMC6194603 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upon maturation in the bone marrow, polyploid megakaryocytes elongate very long and thin cytoplasmic branches called proplatelets. Proplatelets enter the sinusoids blood vessels in which platelets are ultimately released. Microtubule dynamics, bundling, sliding, and coiling, drive these dramatic morphological changes whose regulation remains poorly understood. Microtubule properties are defined by tubulin isotype composition and post-translational modification patterns. It remains unknown whether microtubule post-translational modifications occur in proplatelets and if so, whether they contribute to platelet formation. Results Here, we show that in proplatelets from mouse megakaryocytes, microtubules are both acetylated and polyglutamylated. To bypass the difficulties of working with differentiating megakaryocytes, we used a cell model that allowed us to test the functions of these modifications. First, we show that α2bβ3integrin signaling in D723H cells is sufficient to induce β1tubulin expression and recapitulate the specific microtubule behaviors observed during proplatelet elongation and platelet release. Using this model, we found that microtubule acetylation and polyglutamylation occur with different spatio-temporal patterns. We demonstrate that microtubule acetylation, polyglutamylation, and β1tubulin expression are mandatory for proplatelet-like elongation, swelling formation, and cytoplast severing. We discuss the functional importance of polyglutamylation of β1tubulin-containing microtubules for their efficient bundling and coiling during platelet formation. Conclusions We characterized and validated a powerful cell model to address microtubule behavior in mature megakaryocytes, which allowed us to demonstrate the functional importance of microtubule acetylation and polyglutamylation for platelet release. Furthermore, we bring evidence of a link between the expression of a specific tubulin isotype, the occurrence of microtubule post-translational modifications, and the acquisition of specific microtubule behaviors. Thus, our findings could widen the current view of the regulation of microtubule behavior in cells such as osteoclasts, spermatozoa, and neurons, which express distinct tubulin isotypes and display specific microtubule activities during differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0584-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette van Dijk
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Bompard
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,IGH, CNRS UMR9002, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Cau
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,IGH, CNRS UMR9002, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier Rio Imaging, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Shinji Kunishima
- Department of Advanced Diagnosis, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 4600001, Japan.,Present address: Department of Medical Technology, Gifu University of Medical Science, Seki, Gifu, 5013892, Japan
| | - Gabriel Rabeharivelo
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Julio Mateos-Langerak
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,IGH, CNRS UMR9002, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier Rio Imaging, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Cazevieille
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,INM, INSERM UMR1051, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Cavelier
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,IGMM, CNRS, UMR 5535, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Boizet-Bonhoure
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,IGH, CNRS UMR9002, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Delsert
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.,3AS Station Expérimentale d'Aquaculture Ifremer, Chemin de Maguelone, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Nathalie Morin
- Universités de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France. .,CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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8
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Plaud C, Joshi V, Kajevu N, Poüs C, Curmi PA, Burgo A. Functional differences of short and long isoforms of spastin harboring missense mutation. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/9/dmm033704. [PMID: 30213879 PMCID: PMC6177001 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the SPG4 (SPAST) gene encoding for spastin protein are the main causes of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Spastin binds to microtubules and severs them through the enzymatic activity of its AAA domain. Several missense mutations located in this domain lead to stable, nonsevering spastins that decorate a subset of microtubules, suggesting a possible negative gain-of-function mechanism for these mutants. Of the two main isoforms of spastin, only mutations of the long isoform, M1, are supposed to be involved in the onset of the pathology, leaving the role of the ubiquitously expressed shorter one, M87, not fully investigated and understood. Here, we show that two isoforms of spastin harboring the same missense mutation bind and bundle different subsets of microtubules in HeLa cells, and likely stabilize them by increasing the level of acetylated tubulin. However, only mutated M1 has the ability to interact with wild-type M1, and decorates a subset of perinuclear microtubules associated with the endoplasmic reticulum that display higher resistance to microtubule depolymerization and increased intracellular ionic strength, compared with those decorated by mutated M87. We further show that only mutated M1 decorates microtubules of proximal axons and dendrites, and strongly impairs axonal transport in cortical neurons through a mechanism likely independent of the microtubule-severing activity of this protein. Summary: Long and short isoforms of spastin (SPG4) harboring the same missense mutation show different intracellular localization, resistance to pharmacological treatments and effects on axonal cargo transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Plaud
- Structure and Activity of Normal and Pathological Biomolecules, INSERM U1204, Université Paris Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Vandana Joshi
- Structure and Activity of Normal and Pathological Biomolecules, INSERM U1204, Université Paris Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Natallie Kajevu
- Structure and Activity of Normal and Pathological Biomolecules, INSERM U1204, Université Paris Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Christian Poüs
- INSERM UMR-S 1193, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univirsité Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrick A Curmi
- Structure and Activity of Normal and Pathological Biomolecules, INSERM U1204, Université Paris Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Andrea Burgo
- Structure and Activity of Normal and Pathological Biomolecules, INSERM U1204, Université Paris Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91000 Evry, France
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Modeling Axonal Defects in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:339-354. [PMID: 27956894 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical motor neurons, also known as upper motor neurons, are large projection neurons whose axons convey signals to lower motor neurons to control the muscle movements. Degeneration of cortical motor neuron axons is implicated in several debilitating disorders, including hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since the discovery of the first HSP gene, SPAST that encodes spastin, over 70 distinct genetic loci associated with HSP have been identified. How the mutations of these functionally diverse genes result in axonal degeneration and why certain axons are affected in HSP remains largely unknown. The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided researchers an excellent resource to generate patient-specific human neurons to model human neuropathologic processes including axonal defects. METHODS In this article, we will frst review the pathology and pathways affected in the common forms of HSP subtypes by searching the PubMed database. We will then summurize the findings and insights gained from studies using iPSC-based models, and discuss the challenges and future directions. RESULTS HSPs, a heterogeneous group of genetic neurodegenerative disorders, are characterized by lower extremity weakness and spasticity that result from retrograde axonal degeneration of cortical motor neurons. Recently, iPSCs have been generated from several common forms of HSP including SPG4, SPG3A, and SPG11 patients. Neurons derived from HSP iPSCs exhibit disease-relevant axonal defects, such as impaired neurite outgrowth, increased axonal swellings, and reduced axonal transport. CONCLUSION These patient-derived neurons offer unique tools to study the pathogenic mechanisms and explore the treatments for rescuing axonal defects in HSP, as well as other diseases involving axonopathy.
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10
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Wang D, Ren M, Guo J, Yang G, Long X, Hu R, Shen W, Wang X, Zeng K. The inhibitory effects of Npas4 on seizures in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115801. [PMID: 25536221 PMCID: PMC4275263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the effects of neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4) on seizures in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats, Npas4 expression was detected by double-label immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting in the brains of pilocarpine-induced epileptic model rats at 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, 7 d, 14 d, 30 d, and 60 d after status epilepticus. Npas4 was localized primarily in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm of neurons. The Npas4 protein levels increased in the acute phase of seizures (between 6 h and 72 h) and decreased in the chronic phases (between 7 d and 60 d) in the rat model. Npas4 expression was knocked down by specific siRNA interference. Then, the animals were treated with pilocarpine, and the effects on seizures were evaluated on the 7th day. The onset latencies of pilocarpine-induced seizures were decreased, while the seizure frequency, duration and attack rate increased in these rats. Our study indicates that Npas4 inhibits seizure attacks in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiamei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianghua Long
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Shen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Kebin Zeng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Denton KR, Lei L, Grenier J, Rodionov V, Blackstone C, Li XJ. Loss of spastin function results in disease-specific axonal defects in human pluripotent stem cell-based models of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Stem Cells 2014; 32:414-23. [PMID: 24123785 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human neuronal models of hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) that recapitulate disease-specific axonal pathology hold the key to understanding why certain axons degenerate in patients and to developing therapies. SPG4, the most common form of HSP, is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the SPAST gene, which encodes the microtubule-severing ATPase spastin. Here, we have generated a human neuronal model of SPG4 by establishing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an SPG4 patient and differentiating these cells into telencephalic glutamatergic neurons. The SPG4 neurons displayed a significant increase in axonal swellings, which stained strongly for mitochondria and tau, indicating the accumulation of axonal transport cargoes. In addition, mitochondrial transport was decreased in SPG4 neurons, revealing that these patient iPSC-derived neurons recapitulate disease-specific axonal phenotypes. Interestingly, spastin protein levels were significantly decreased in SPG4 neurons, supporting a haploinsufficiency mechanism. Furthermore, cortical neurons derived from spastin-knockdown human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibited similar axonal swellings, confirming that the axonal defects can be caused by loss of spastin function. These spastin-knockdown hESCs serve as an additional model for studying HSP. Finally, levels of stabilized acetylated-tubulin were significantly increased in SPG4 neurons. Vinblastine, a microtubule-destabilizing drug, rescued this axonal swelling phenotype in neurons derived from both SPG4 iPSCs and spastin-knockdown hESCs. Thus, this study demonstrates the successful establishment of human pluripotent stem cell-based neuronal models of SPG4, which will be valuable for dissecting the pathogenic cellular mechanisms and screening compounds to rescue the axonal degeneration in HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Denton
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Wen M, Wang C. The nucleotide cycle of spastin correlates with its microtubule-binding properties. FEBS J 2013; 280:3868-77. [PMID: 23745751 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spastin is an AAA (ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities) protein with microtubule (MT)-severing activity. The spastin-encoding gene was identified as the most often mutated gene in the human neurodegenerative disease hereditary spastic paraplegia. Although the structure of the AAA domain of spastin has been determined, the mechanism by which spastin severs MTs remains elusive. Here, we studied the MT-binding and nucleotide-binding properties of spastin, as well as their interplay. The results suggest that ATP-bound spastin interacts strongly and cooperatively with MTs; this interaction stimulates ATP hydrolysis by spastin. After ATP hydrolysis, spastin dissociates from MTs, and then exchanges ADP for ATP in solution for the next round of work. In particular, spastin in the ternary complex of MT-spastin-ATP is the most cooperative state during the working cycle, and is probably the force-generating state that is responsible for MT severing. The results presented in this study establish the nucleotide cycle of spastin in correlation with its MT-binding properties, and provide a biochemical framework for further studies of the working mechanism of spastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Wen
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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de Bot ST, Schelhaas HJ, Kamsteeg EJ, van de Warrenburg BPC. Hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by a mutation in the VCP gene. Brain 2012; 135:e223; author reply e224. [PMID: 22991237 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Onitake A, Matsushita-Ishiodori Y, Johjima A, Esaki M, Ogura T, Yamanaka K. The C-terminal α-helix of SPAS-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans spastin homologue, is crucial for microtubule severing. J Struct Biol 2012; 179:138-42. [PMID: 22561316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spastin belongs to the meiotic subfamily, together with Vps4/SKD1, fidgetin and katanin, of AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins, and functions in microtubule severing. Interestingly, all members of this subgroup specifically contain an additional α-helix at the very C-terminal end. To understand the function of the C-terminal α-helix, we characterised its deletion mutants of SPAS-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans spastin homologue, in vitro and in vivo. We found that the C-terminal α-helix plays essential roles in ATP binding, ATP hydrolysing and microtubule severing activities. It is likely that the C-terminal α-helix is required for cellular functions of members of meiotic subgroup of AAA proteins, since the C-terminal α-helix of Vps4 is also important for assembly, ATPase activity and in vivo function mediated by ESCRT-III complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Onitake
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Henson BJ, Zhu W, Hardaway K, Wetzel JL, Stefan M, Albers KM, Nicholls RD. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SPAST, the gene most frequently mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36505. [PMID: 22574173 PMCID: PMC3344893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) comprise a group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower extremities, due to axonal degeneration in the corticospinal motor tracts. HSPs are genetically heterogeneous and show autosomal dominant inheritance in ∼70–80% of cases, with additional cases being recessive or X-linked. The most common type of HSP is SPG4 with mutations in the SPAST gene, encoding spastin, which occurs in 40% of dominantly inherited cases and in ∼10% of sporadic cases. Both loss-of-function and dominant-negative mutation mechanisms have been described for SPG4, suggesting that precise or stoichiometric levels of spastin are necessary for biological function. Therefore, we hypothesized that regulatory mechanisms controlling expression of SPAST are important determinants of spastin biology, and if altered, could contribute to the development and progression of the disease. To examine the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SPAST, we used molecular phylogenetic methods to identify conserved sequences for putative transcription factor binding sites and miRNA targeting motifs in the SPAST promoter and 3′-UTR, respectively. By a variety of molecular methods, we demonstrate that SPAST transcription is positively regulated by NRF1 and SOX11. Furthermore, we show that miR-96 and miR-182 negatively regulate SPAST by effects on mRNA stability and protein level. These transcriptional and miRNA regulatory mechanisms provide new functional targets for mutation screening and therapeutic targeting in HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Henson
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wan Zhu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Hardaway
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jaime L. Wetzel
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mihaela Stefan
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Albers
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Nicholls
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pantakani DVK, Czyzewska MM, Sikorska A, Bodda C, Mannan AU. Oligomerization of ZFYVE27 (Protrudin) is necessary to promote neurite extension. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29584. [PMID: 22216323 PMCID: PMC3247280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ZFYVE27 (Protrudin) was originally identified as an interacting partner of spastin, which is most frequently mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia. ZFYVE27 is a novel member of FYVE family, which is implicated in the formation of neurite extensions by promoting directional membrane trafficking in neurons. Now, through a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified that ZFYVE27 interacts with itself and the core interaction region resides within the third hydrophobic region (HR3) of the protein. We confirmed the ZFYVE27's self-interaction in the mammalian cells by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization studies. To decipher the oligomeric nature of ZFYVE27, we performed sucrose gradient centrifugation and showed that ZFYVE27 oligomerizes into dimer/tetramer forms. Sub-cellular fractionation and Triton X-114 membrane phase separation analysis indicated that ZFYVE27 is a peripheral membrane protein. Furthermore, ZFYVE27 also binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate lipid moiety. Interestingly, cells expressing ZFYVE27ΔHR3 failed to produce protrusions instead caused swelling of cell soma. When ZFYVE27ΔHR3 was co-expressed with wild-type ZFYVE27 (ZFYVE27WT), it exerted a dominant negative effect on ZFYVE27WT as the cells co-expressing both proteins were also unable to induce protrusions and showed cytoplasmic swelling. Altogether, it is evident that a functionally active form of oligomer is crucial for ZFYVE27 ability to promote neurite extensions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta M. Czyzewska
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Chiranjeevi Bodda
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ashraf U. Mannan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lumb JH, Connell JW, Allison R, Reid E. The AAA ATPase spastin links microtubule severing to membrane modelling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:192-7. [PMID: 21888932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In 1999, mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule severing AAA ATPase spastin were identified as a major cause of a genetic neurodegenerative condition termed hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). This finding stimulated intense study of the spastin protein and over the last decade, a combination of cell biological, in vivo, in vitro and structural studies have provided important mechanistic insights into the cellular functions of the protein, as well as elucidating cell biological pathways that might be involved in axonal maintenance and degeneration. Roles for spastin have emerged in shaping the endoplasmic reticulum and the abscission stage of cytokinesis, in which spastin appears to couple membrane modelling to microtubule regulation by severing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Lumb
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
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Fuerst JC, Henkel AW, Stroebel A, Welzel O, Groemer TW, Kornhuber J, Bönsch D. Distinct intracellular vesicle transport mechanisms are selectively modified by spastin and spastin mutations. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:362-8. [PMID: 20665701 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spastin is a microtubule severing ATPase that regulates intracellular and axonal transport of vesicles. Intracellular vesicle trafficking was analyzed in differentiated SH-SY5Y-neuroblastoma cells, transfected with spastin wild-type and three spastin mutations (ΔN, K388R, S44L) to investigate spastin-mediated effects on the velocity of vesicles, stained with LysoTracker Red®. The vesicle velocity varied considerably between mutations and detailed analysis revealed up to five distinct velocity classes. Microtubule severing by overexpressed wild-type spastin caused reduced vesicle velocity. S44L and ΔN mutations, which were functionally impaired, showed similar velocities as control cells. K388R-transfected cells exhibited an intermediate velocity profile. The results support the idea that spastin mutations not only alter axonal transport, but in addition regulate intracellular trafficking in the cell soma as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Fuerst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Matsushita-Ishiodori Y, Yamanaka K, Hashimoto H, Esaki M, Ogura T. Conserved aromatic and basic amino acid residues in the pore region ofCaenorhabditis elegansspastin play critical roles in microtubule severing. Genes Cells 2009; 14:925-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2009.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gardiner J, Marc J. Disruption of normal cytoskeletal dynamics may play a key role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Neuroscientist 2009; 16:28-39. [PMID: 19429889 DOI: 10.1177/1073858409334422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a common disease affecting 1% to 2% of the population, is characterized by seizures, hyperexcitability at synapses, and aberrant extension of neurons following seizures. Much work has been done on the role of synaptic components in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, but relatively little attention has been given to the potential role of the cytoskeleton. The neuronal cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and associated proteins. A number of mutations in both microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and actin-binding proteins, as well as altered expression levels of several cytoskeletal proteins, are known to be involved in epilepsy. These changes will affect the dynamics of the neuronal cytoskeleton and therefore are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy through mechanisms such as increased neurotrophic support to neurons and increased sprouting of mossy fibers. These changes may also contribute to hyperexcitability of neurons through an as yet unidentified mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gardiner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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Shoukier M, Neesen J, Sauter SM, Argyriou L, Doerwald N, Pantakani DVK, Mannan AU. Expansion of mutation spectrum, determination of mutation cluster regions and predictive structural classification of SPAST mutations in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:187-94. [PMID: 18701882 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPAST gene encoding for spastin plays a central role in the genetically heterogeneous group of diseases termed hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). In this study, we attempted to expand and refine the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of SPAST associated HSP by examining a large cohort of HSP patients/families. Screening of 200 unrelated HSP cases for mutations in the SPAST gene led to detection of 57 mutations (28.5%), of which 47 were distinct and 29 were novel mutations. The distribution analysis of known SPAST mutations over the structural domains of spastin led to the identification of several regions where the mutations were clustered. Mainly, the clustering was observed in the AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) domain; however, significant clustering was also observed in the MIT (microtubule interacting and trafficking), MTBD (microtubule-binding domain) and an N-terminal region (228-269 residues). Furthermore, we used a previously generated structural model of spastin as a framework to classify the missense mutations in the AAA domain from the HSP patients into different structural/functional groups. Our data also suggest a tentative genotype-phenotype correlation and indicate that the missense mutations could cause an earlier onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneef Shoukier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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