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Ghanem KM, Lotfy WA, El-Shaer MM, Elassar SA. The Inhibitory Effect of Wheat Husks Addition on Aflatoxins Production by Aspergillus flavus in Liquid Culture With Various Wheat Compositions as Carbon Sources. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1448. [PMID: 32765435 PMCID: PMC7381238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat may be infected by the aflatoxigenic mold Aspergillus flavus during pre- and post-harvest activities. Control strategies reported to manage aflatoxin contamination of wheat are expensive and require extensive testing to verify the absence of toxic secondary metabolites or newly formed compounds. The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro new control strategy based on assessing the influence of wheat husks on aflatoxin production by A. flavus in liquid culture. The results showed that aflatoxin production is significantly influenced by the existence of husks in the wheat forms used as carbon substrates according to the following order: full wheat grains < half-crushed wheat grains < wheat flour 82% < wheat flour 72%. By applying a fractional factorial design and a response surface methodology, maximum aflatoxin production (2.567 ng/mg) was predicted when wheat flour 72% (39 g/l) as a carbon source, yeast extract (5 g/l), and a 75-ml medium volume/250 ml flask were utilized. At this optimized condition, after addition of wheat husk extract, the growth and synthesis of aflatoxins of A. flavus were repressed by 74.85 and 98.72%, respectively. This finding paves the way to examine the antifungal potential of wheat husk constituents and to compare their efficacy with thyme, cinnamon, sweet basil, and coriander essential oils, which possess antimycotic activities. Accordingly, the wheat husk component SiO2 showed the highest growth inhibition (67.04%) and reduction of A. flavus aflatoxins (82.67%). These results are comparable to those obtained from various examined antimycotic essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Ghanem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid A Lotfy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M El-Shaer
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samy A Elassar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Tahir NI, Hussain S, Javed M, Rehman H, Shahzady TG, Parveen B, Ali KG. Nature of aflatoxins: Their extraction, analysis, and control. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shabbir Hussain
- Department of ChemistryLahore Garrison University Lahore Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Javed
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Management and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| | - Hajira Rehman
- Department of ChemistryLahore Garrison University Lahore Pakistan
| | | | - Bushra Parveen
- Department of ChemistryGC University Faisalabad Pakistan
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Sephton-Clark PCS, Voelz K. Spore Germination of Pathogenic Filamentous Fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 102:117-157. [PMID: 29680124 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, algae, plants, protozoa, and bacteria are all known to form spores, especially hardy and ubiquitous propagation structures that are also often the infectious agents of diseases. Spores can survive for thousands of years, frozen in the permafrost (Kochkina et al., 2012), with the oldest viable spores extracted after 250 million years from salt crystals (Vreeland, Rosenzweig, & Powers, 2000). Their resistance to high levels of UV, desiccation, pressure, heat, and cold enables the survival of spores in the harshest conditions (Setlow, 2016). For example, Bacillus subtilis spores can survive and remain viable after experiencing conditions similar to those on Mars (Horneck et al., 2012). Spores are disseminated through environmental factors. Wind, water, or animal carriage allow spores to be spread ubiquitously throughout the environment. Spores will break dormancy and begin to germinate once exposed to favorable conditions. Germination is the mechanism that converts the spore from a dormant biological organism to one that grows vegetatively and is capable of either sexual or asexual reproduction. The process of germination has been well studied in plants, moss, bacteria, and many fungi (Hohe & Reski, 2005; Huang & Hull, 2017; Vesty et al., 2016). Unfortunately, information on the complex signaling involved in the regulation of germination, particularly in fungi remains lacking. This chapter will discuss germination of fungal spores covering our current understanding of the regulation, signaling, outcomes, and implications of germination of pathogenic fungal spores. Owing to the morphological similarities between the spore-hyphal and yeast-hyphal transition and their relevance for disease progression, relevant aspects of fungal dimorphism will be discussed alongside spore germination in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy C S Sephton-Clark
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Hashem A, Fathi Abd-Allah E, Sultan Al-Obeed R, Abdullah Alqarawi A, Alwathnani HA. Effect of Carbon, Nitrogen Sources and Water Activity on Growth and Ochratoxin Production of Aspergillus carbonarius (Bainier) Thom. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17569. [PMID: 25825649 PMCID: PMC4362018 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.17569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi belonging to Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. The production of OTA is influenced by environmental conditions and nutritional requirements. The postharvest application of bunches of table grape fruit (TGF), with water activity of 0.8 aw, was highly effective for controlling OTA contamination in vitro and in vivo (table grape). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the influence of environmental conditions and nutritional requirements on growth and OTA production by Aspergillus carbonarius, as well as, the impact of water activity on OTA production and growth characters of A. carbonarius. Furthermore, we also examined the influence of the application of different levels of water activity (aw 0.8) on the preservation of the general appearance of TGF and control of their contamination with OTA. MATERIALS AND METHODS The growth and OTA production by A. carbonarius were studied using glucose-ammonium nitrate salt broth medium. Effect of water activity was studied using glycerol (0.80, 0.85, 0.90, and 0.98 aw). The bunches of table grape fruits were immersed in glycerol solution (equivalent to 0.80 aw) and placed as a double layer in cardboard boxes (25 × 35 × 10 cm). The boxes were stored at 20°C for 15 days to simulate local market conditions. RESULTS The maximum OTA production by A. carbonarius was observed on broth medium after eight days of incubation at 20°C, with pH 4, and fructose and ammonium nitrate supplementation as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The water activity (0.9, 0.85 aw) caused significant decrease in OTA production by A. carbonarius. The postharvest application of water activity (0.8 aw) was highly effective for maintenance of the table grape quality, which was expressed as weight loss, firmness and decay, while it also controlled OTA contamination of fruits under concept of local market conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our results reported that deterioration of TGF by A. carbonarius could be minimized by application of aw. Our experiments were performed under conditions of local markets, which support the economy of many thousands of families in Egypt, especially in the poor rural areas. In future adequate research is required to use these technologies commercially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Hashem
- Department of Mycology and Plant Disease Survey, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Sultan Al-Obeed
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Abdullah Alqarawi
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend Awad Alwathnani
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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DARWISH WS, IKENAKA Y, NAKAYAMA SM, ISHIZUKA M. An overview on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:789-97. [PMID: 24572628 PMCID: PMC4108760 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate various feedstuffs and agricultural crops. The contamination of food by mycotoxins can occur before production, during storage, processing, transportation or marketing of the food products. High temperature, moisture content and water activity are among the predisposing factors that facilitate the production of mycotoxins in food. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are all considered the major mycotoxins produced in food and feedstuffs. In Africa, mycotoxin contamination is considered to be a major problem with implications that affect human and animal health and economy. Aflatoxin-related hepatic diseases are reported in many African countries. Ochratoxin and fumonisin toxicity in humans and animals is widespread in Africa. The available, updated information on the incidence of mycotoxin contamination, decontamination and its public health importance in Africa is lacking. The aim of this review is to highlight, update and discuss the available information on the incidence of mycotoxins in African countries. The public health implications and the recommended strategies for control of mycotoxins in food and agricultural crops are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wageh Sobhy DARWISH
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9,
Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Yoshinori IKENAKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9,
Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M.M. NAKAYAMA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9,
Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi ISHIZUKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9,
Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan
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Yang J, Li J, Jiang Y, Duan X, Qu H, Yang B, Chen F, Sivakumar D. Natural occurrence, analysis, and prevention of mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:64-83. [PMID: 24188233 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.569860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are small toxic chemical products formed as the secondary metabolites by fungi that readily contaminate foods with toxins in the field or after harvest. The presence of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, in fruits and their processed products is of high concern for human health due to their properties to induce severe acute and chronic toxicity at low-dose levels. Currently, a broad range of detection techniques used for practical analysis and detection of a wide spectrum of mycotoxins are available. Many analytical methods have been developed for the determination of each group of these mycotoxins in different food matrices, but new methods are still required to achieve higher sensitivity and address other challenges that are posed by these mycotoxins. Effective technologies are needed to reduce or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Preventive measures aimed at the inhibition of mycotoxin formation in fruits and their processed products are the most effective approach. Detoxification of mycotoxins by different physical, chemical, and biological methods are less effective and sometimes restricted because of concerns of safety, possible losses in nutritional quality of the treated commodities and cost implications. This article reviewed the available information on the major mycotoxins found in foods and feeds, with an emphasis of fruits and their processed products, and the analytical methods used for their determination. Based on the current knowledge, the major strategies to prevent or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , People's Republic of China
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Gnonlonfin GJB, Hell K, Adjovi Y, Fandohan P, Koudande DO, Mensah GA, Sanni A, Brimer L. A review on aflatoxin contamination and its implications in the developing world: a sub-Saharan African perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:349-65. [PMID: 23320907 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.535718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination in some agricultural food commodities seriously impact human and animal health and reduce the commercial value of crops. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that contaminate agricultural commodities pre- or postharvest. Africa is one of the continents where environmental, agricultural and storage conditions of food commodities are conducive of Aspergillus fungi infection and aflatoxin biosynthesis. This paper reviews the commodity-wise aetiology and contamination process of aflatoxins and evaluates the potential risk of exposure from common African foods. Possible ways of reducing risk for fungal infection and aflatoxin development that are relevant to the African context. The presented database would be useful as benchmark information for development and prioritization of future research. There is need for more investigations on food quality and safety by making available advanced advanced equipments and analytical methods as well as surveillance and awareness creation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J B Gnonlonfin
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Wagacha J, Muthomi J. Mycotoxin problem in Africa: Current status, implications to food safety and health and possible management strategies. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 124:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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