1
|
Kushwah V, Poms J, Vuylsteke B, Peter A, Paudel A. Towards an Understanding of the Adsorption of Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP) Residues on Glass Vials After a VHP Decontamination Process Using a Miniaturized Tool. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2454-2463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
2
|
Mickelse RL, Wood J, Calfee MW, Serre S, Ryan S, Touati A, Delafield FR, Aslett LD. Low-concentration hydrogen peroxide decontamination for Bacillus spore contamination in buildings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 30:47-56. [PMID: 32831530 DOI: 10.1002/rem.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Remediation and recovery efforts after a release of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spores may be difficult and costly. In addition, response and recovery technologies may be focused on critical resources, leaving the small business or homeowner without remediation options. This study evaluates the efficacy of relatively low levels of hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) delivered from off-the-shelf equipment for the inactivation of Bacillus spores within an indoor environment. Decontamination evaluations were conducted in a house using both Bacillus atrophaeus var. globigii (Bg; as surrogates for B. anthracis ) inoculated on the carpet and galvanized metal as coupons and Geobacillus stearothermophilus (Gs) as biological indicators on steel. The total decontamination time ranged from 4 to 7 days. Using the longer exposure times, low concentrations of HPV (average levels below 20 parts per million) effectively inactivated Bg and Gs spores on the materials tested. The HPV was generated with commercial humidifiers and household-strength hydrogen peroxide solutions. The presence of home furnishings did not have a significant impact on HPV efficacy. This simple, inexpensive, and effective decontamination method could have significant utility for remediation following a B. anthracis spore release, such as following a terrorist attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Leroy Mickelse
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph Wood
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael Worth Calfee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shannon Serre
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shawn Ryan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Abderrahmane Touati
- Homeland Security Department, Jacobs Technology Inc., Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Lola Denise Aslett
- Homeland Security Department, Jacobs Technology Inc., Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wyrzykowska-Ceradini B, Calfee MW, Touati A, Wood J, Mickelsen RL, Miller L, Colby M, Slone C, Gatchalian NG, Pongur SG, Aslett D. The use of bacteriophage MS2 for the development and application of a virucide decontamination test method for porous and heavily soiled surfaces. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1315-1326. [PMID: 31379024 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS (i) To develop an analytical method for recovery and quantification of bacteriophage MS2-as a surrogate for foot-and-mouth disease virus-from complex porous surfaces, with and without the presence of laboratory-developed agricultural grime; (ii) to evaluate, with a 4-log dynamic range, the virucidal activity of common biocides for their ability to decontaminate surfaces and hence remediate facilities, following a foreign animal disease contamination incident. METHODS AND RESULTS An analytical method was developed and optimized for MS2 recovery from simulated agricultural surfaces. The addition of Dey-Engley neutralizing broth to an extraction buffer improved MS2 viability in liquid extracts, with optimal analytical holding times determined as <8 to ≤24 h, depending on matrix. The recovery of MS2 from surface materials decreased in the order: nonporous reference material >grimed porous materials >nongrimed porous materials. In disinfectant testing, two spray applications of pAB were effective against MS2 (≥4-log reduction) on all operational-scale materials. Two per cent citric acid had limited effectiveness, with a ≥4-log reduction observed on a selected subset of grimed concrete samples. CONCLUSIONS Decontamination efficacy test results can be affected by surface characteristics, extraction buffer composition, analytical holding time and surface-specific organism survivability. Efficacy should be evaluated using a test method that reflects the environmental characteristics of the intended application. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study demonstrate the importance of analytical method verification tests for disinfectant testing prior to application in complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M W Calfee
- Decontamination and Consequence Management Division, National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A Touati
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Tullahoma, TN, USA
| | - J Wood
- Decontamination and Consequence Management Division, National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R L Mickelsen
- CBRN Consequence Management Advisory Division, Office of Land and Emergency Management, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Miller
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Riverdale, MD, USA
| | - M Colby
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture, USDA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Slone
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Tullahoma, TN, USA
| | | | - S G Pongur
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Tullahoma, TN, USA
| | - D Aslett
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Tullahoma, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wood JP, Adrion AC. Review of Decontamination Techniques for the Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis and Other Spore-Forming Bacteria Associated with Building or Outdoor Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4045-4062. [PMID: 30901213 PMCID: PMC6547374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the intentional release of Bacillus anthracis spores through the U.S. Postal Service in the fall of 2001, research and development related to decontamination for this biological agent have increased substantially. This review synthesizes the advances made relative to B. anthracis spore decontamination science and technology since approximately 2002, referencing the open scientific literature and publicly available, well-documented scientific reports. In the process of conducting this review, scientific knowledge gaps have also been identified. This review focuses primarily on techniques that are commercially available and that could potentially be used in the large-scale decontamination of buildings and other structures, as well as outdoor environments. Since 2002, the body of scientific data related to decontamination and microbial sterilization has grown substantially, especially in terms of quantifying decontamination efficacy as a function of several factors. Specifically, progress has been made in understanding how decontaminant chemistry, the materials the microorganisms are associated with, environmental factors, and microbiological methods quantitatively impact spore inactivation. While advancement has been made in the past 15 years to further the state of the science in the inactivation of bacterial spores in a decontamination scenario, further research is warranted to close the scientific gaps that remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offce of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (919) 541-5029;
| | - Alden Charles Adrion
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offce of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mourya DT, Shahani HC, Yadav PD, Barde PV. Use of hydrogen peroxide vapour & plasma irradiation in combination for quick decontamination of closed chambers. Indian J Med Res 2016; 144:245-249. [PMID: 27934804 PMCID: PMC5206876 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.195039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Various conventional methods such as gaseous, vapour and misting systems, fogging, manual spray and wipe techniques employing a number of chemical agents are used for decontamination of enclosed spaces. Among all these methods, use of aerosolized formaldehyde is the most preferred method due to cost-effectiveness and practical aspects. However, being extremely corrosive in nature generating very irritating fumes and difficulty in maintaining a high level of gas concentration, many laboratories prefer the vaporization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an alternative. We present here the results of using H2O2 vapour in combination with plasma irradiation for quick decontamination of closed chambers. Methods: The present study describes a decontamination method, using plasma irradiation in combination with H2O2 (5%). Effect of plasma irradiation and H2O2 on the viability of bacterial spores (Bacillus subtilis), Chikungunya and Kyasanur Forest Disease viruses was assessed. Results: Data suggest that with the combination of H2O2 vapour and plasma irradiation, within short time (three minutes), decontamination of surfaces and space volume could be achieved. Although it showed damage of spores present on the strips, it did not show any penetration power. Interpretation & conclusions: The results were encouraging, and this method was found to be efficient for achieving surface sterilization in a short time. This application may be useful in laboratories and industries particularly, those working on clean facility concept following good laboratory and manufacturing practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra T Mourya
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pradip V Barde
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wood JP, Calfee MW, Clayton M, Griffin-Gatchalian N, Touati A, Ryan S, Mickelsen L, Smith L, Rastogi V. A simple decontamination approach using hydrogen peroxide vapour for Bacillus anthracis spore inactivation. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1603-1615. [PMID: 27569380 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the use of relatively low levels of hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) for the inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores within an indoor environment. METHODS AND RESULTS Laboratory-scale decontamination tests were conducted using bacterial spores of both B. anthracis Ames and Bacillus atrophaeus inoculated onto several types of materials. Pilot-scale tests were also conducted using a larger chamber furnished as an indoor office. Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) humidifiers filled with aqueous solutions of 3 or 8% hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) were used to generate the HPV inside the mock office. The spores were exposed to HPV for periods ranging from 8 h up to 1 week. CONCLUSIONS Four- to seven-day exposures to low levels of HPV (average air concentrations of approx. 5-10 parts per million) were effective in inactivating B. anthracis spores on multiple materials. The HPV can be generated with COTS humidifiers and household H2 O2 solutions. With the exception of one test/material, B. atrophaeus spores were equally or more resistant to HPV inactivation compared to those from B. anthracis Ames. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This simple and effective decontamination method is another option that could be widely applied in the event of a B. anthracis spore release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Wood
- National Homeland Security Research Center, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M W Calfee
- National Homeland Security Research Center, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - A Touati
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S Ryan
- National Homeland Security Research Center, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Mickelsen
- Consequence Management Advisory Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Smith
- US Army Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Gunpowder, MD, USA
| | - V Rastogi
- US Army Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Gunpowder, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Radl S, Larisegger S, Suzzi D, Khinast JG. Quantifying Absorption Effects during Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination. J Pharm Innov 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-011-9114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Estill CF, Baron PA, Beard JK, Hein MJ, Larsen LD, Deye GJ, Rose L, Hodges L. Comparison of air sampling methods for aerosolized spores of B. anthracis Sterne. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2011; 8:179-186. [PMID: 21347959 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2011.556981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores were aerosolized within a chamber at concentrations ranging from 1 x 10³ to 1.7 x 10⁴ spores per cubic meter of air (particles (p)/m³) to compare three different sampling methods: Andersen samplers, gelatin filters, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters. Three samples of each type were collected during each of 19 chamber runs. Chamber concentration was determined by an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) for the size range of 1.114-1.596 μm. Runs were categorized (low, medium, and high) based on tertiles of the APS estimated air concentrations. Measured air concentrations and recovery efficiency [ratio of the measured (colony forming units (CFU)/m³) to the APS estimated (particles/m³) air concentrations] for the sampling methods were compared using mixed-effects regression models. Limits of detection for each method were estimated based on estimated recovery efficiencies. Mean APS estimated air concentrations were 1600 particles/m³, 4100 particles/m³, and 9100 particles/m³ at the low, medium, and high tertiles, respectively; coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 25 to 40%. Statistically significant differences were not observed among the three sampling methods. At the high and medium tertiles, estimated correlations of measured air concentration (CFU/m³) among samples collected from the same run of the same type were high (0.73 to 0.93). Among samples collected from the same run but of different types, correlations were moderate to high (0.45 to 0.85); however, correlations were somewhat lower at the low tertile (-0.31 to 0.75). Estimated mean recovery efficiencies ranged from 0.22 to 0.25 CFU/particle with total CVs of approximately 84 to 97%. Estimated detection limits ranged from 35 to 39 particles/m³. These results will enable investigators to conduct environmental sampling, quantify contamination levels, and conduct risk assessments of B. anthracis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Fairfield Estill
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Raman spectroscopy-compatible inactivation method for pathogenic endospores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2895-907. [PMID: 20208030 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02481-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a fast and sensitive tool for the detection, classification, and identification of biological organisms. The vibrational spectrum inherently serves as a fingerprint of the biochemical composition of each bacterium and thus makes identification at the species level, or even the subspecies level, possible. Therefore, microorganisms in areas susceptible to bacterial contamination, e.g., clinical environments or food-processing technology, can be sensed. Within the scope of point-of-care-testing also, detection of intentionally released biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) agents, such as Bacillus anthracis endospores, or their products is attainable. However, no Raman spectroscopy-compatible inactivation method for the notoriously resistant Bacillus endospores has been elaborated so far. In this work we present an inactivation protocol for endospores that permits, on the one hand, sufficient microbial inactivation and, on the other hand, the recording of Raman spectroscopic signatures of single endospores, making species-specific identification by means of highly sophisticated chemometrical methods possible. Several physical and chemical inactivation methods were assessed, and eventually treatment with 20% formaldehyde proved to be superior to the other methods in terms of sporicidal capacity and information conservation in the Raman spectra. The latter fact has been verified by successfully using self-learning machines (such as support vector machines or artificial neural networks) to identify inactivated B. anthracis-related endospores with adequate accuracies within the range of the limited model database employed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Richter WR, Wendling MQS, Rogers JV. A Novel Approach for Conducting Room-scale Vaporous Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination of VirulentBacillus AnthracisSpores. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600901400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Recovery efficiency and limit of detection of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis Sterne from environmental surface samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4297-306. [PMID: 19429546 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02549-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After the 2001 anthrax incidents, surface sampling techniques for biological agents were found to be inadequately validated, especially at low surface loadings. We aerosolized Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores within a chamber to achieve very low surface loading (ca. 3, 30, and 200 CFU per 100 cm(2)). Steel and carpet coupons seeded in the chamber were sampled with swab (103 cm(2)) or wipe or vacuum (929 cm(2)) surface sampling methods and analyzed at three laboratories. Agar settle plates (60 cm(2)) were the reference for determining recovery efficiency (RE). The minimum estimated surface concentrations to achieve a 95% response rate based on probit regression were 190, 15, and 44 CFU/100 cm(2) for sampling steel surfaces and 40, 9.2, and 28 CFU/100 cm(2) for sampling carpet surfaces with swab, wipe, and vacuum methods, respectively; however, these results should be cautiously interpreted because of high observed variability. Mean REs at the highest surface loading were 5.0%, 18%, and 3.7% on steel and 12%, 23%, and 4.7% on carpet for the swab, wipe, and vacuum methods, respectively. Precision (coefficient of variation) was poor at the lower surface concentrations but improved with increasing surface concentration. The best precision was obtained with wipe samples on carpet, achieving 38% at the highest surface concentration. The wipe sampling method detected B. anthracis at lower estimated surface concentrations and had higher RE and better precision than the other methods. These results may guide investigators to more meaningfully conduct environmental sampling, quantify contamination levels, and conduct risk assessment for humans.
Collapse
|