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Shurrab K, Alzghayar JN. Low-level laser therapy for skin rejuvenation: A safe and effective solution baked by data and visual evidence. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38817003 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin aging and photoaging is a process that may appear at a relatively early age, causing an aesthetic problem. Common signs of skin aging include wrinkles, dyspigmentation, and decreased elasticity. AIM Aim of this article is to study the effectiveness and safety of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for skin rejuvenation. METHODS Thirty Syrian female patients aged 25-50 participated in this study and were diagnosed with moderate to severe melasma and wrinkles. The patients were divided into two groups and received LLLT with a wavelength of 660 nm emitting a continuous wave. The power density and dose used were 15.6 mW/cm2, and 3 J/cm2 respectively, and the laser effective area was 32 cm2. The evaluation was done before, during, and after 12 treatment sessions, based on photographs, in addition to the modified Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI), Pinch test, and Fitzpatrick's classification of facial wrinkling at baseline. RESULTS Comparing before, and after treatment, and between the two groups, revealed a significant improvement in skin rejuvenation, with a statistical significance (p < 0.05). Additional outcome measures included assessments of patient satisfaction scores, and no adverse effects or re-pigmentation were reported. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that LLLT may be a useful and safe therapeutic option in treating melasma, skin elasticity, and wrinkle improvement, which we advised to be integrated into treatment, and follow-up programs in cosmetics and dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawthar Shurrab
- Higher Institute for Laser Research and Applications, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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2
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Philipp-Dormston WG. Melasma: A Step-by-Step Approach Towards a Multimodal Combination Therapy. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1203-1216. [PMID: 38800358 PMCID: PMC11128260 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s372456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Melasma is a common challenge in the field of pigmentary skin disorders, exerting a significant emotional and psychosocial burden on patients. The persistent and recurring nature of melasma complicates its management in routine clinical practice. This comprehensive review outlines a stepwise, practical approach encompassing diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic strategies for the management of melasma. A thorough exploration of aggravating and exacerbating factors, including sun exposure, hormonal imbalances, photosensitizing medication and cosmetics, is essential for a holistic assessment of the disease. With an emphasis on consistent and effective photoprotection, initial topical treatment modalities target the melanin production and/or the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes. Topical tyrosine inhibitors emerge as the first choice for reducing and preventing hyperpigmentation, with compounds such as thiamidol or tranexamic acid (TXA) being preferred for their safety profile over hydroquinone (HQ), kojic acid and arbutin. Combination with chemical peels can further enhance the therapeutic efficacy, even in cases with resistant melasma. In more severe cases, laser- and light-based interventions may be considered, but with the caveat of the likelihood of recurrence within 3-6 months. Assisted TXA delivery, via either fractional non-ablative laser or microneedling techniques, can further improve clinical outcomes. In conclusion, an optimal melasma management strategy is a multimodal approach, which includes effective photoprotection and a mix of different topical treatments targeting melanin synthesis, the anti-inflammatory environment, senescence and vascularity. Complementary procedures, such as chemical peels, and laser, light-based or microneedling procedures, with or without TXA, can further expedite melanin clearance in more severely affected instances. Individual discussions with patients regarding treatment expectations, recurrence likelihood and potential side effects are paramount to a comprehensive and successful therapeutic journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang G Philipp-Dormston
- Hautzentrum Köln/Cologne Dermatology, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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3
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Sarkar R, Lakhani R. Chemical Peels for Melasma: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Surg 2024:00042728-990000000-00737. [PMID: 38530985 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000004167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common chronic, relapsing pigmentary disorder that causes psychological impact. Chemical peels are a well-known therapeutic modality used for accelerating the treatment of melasma. OBJECTIVE To review the published evidence on the efficacy and safety of chemical peels in the treatment of melasma. METHODS A systematic review was done. A meta-analysis could not be done due to the heterogeneity of data. RESULT The authors conducted a PubMed search and included prospective case series of more than 10 cases and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have studied the safety and/or efficacy of chemical peel in melasma. Out of 24 studies, 9 were clinical/comparative trials and 15 were RCTs. The total sample size was 1,075. The duration of the study varied from 8 to 36 weeks. Only 8 studies were split face. All studies used self-assessment, physician global assessment, and Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) for quantifying the results. Glycolic acid was found to be the most safe and effective in melasma. CONCLUSION Chemical peels were found to be safe and effective in the management of melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sarkar
- All authors are affiliated with the Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Lady Hardinge Medical College and associated Hospitals, Central Delhi, New Delhi, India
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4
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Sarkar R, Katoch S. Chemical Peels in Treatment of Melasma. Dermatol Clin 2024; 42:21-32. [PMID: 37977681 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Superficial chemical peels are one of the most popular skin resurfacing procedures in a dermatologists' clinic today due to quick application process, fast recovery, good patient acceptance, and excellent cosmetic results. The role of various peeling agents like glycolic acid, salicylic acid, trichloroacetic acid, Jessner's solution, retinoic acid, and lactic acid in the management of melasma has been established as that of an additional or maintenance therapy. This article details the current evidence and recommendations for the use of chemical peels in the treatment of melasma, a chronic and recurrent hyperpigmentary disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and SSK and KSC Hospital, New Delhi 110001, India.
| | - Saloni Katoch
- Dr. KN Barua Institute of Dermatological Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
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5
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Speeckaert R, Bulat V, Speeckaert MM, van Geel N. The Impact of Antioxidants on Vitiligo and Melasma: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2082. [PMID: 38136202 PMCID: PMC10740621 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during melanogenesis make melanocytes particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, influencing their survival and melanin synthesis. Oxidative stress, significantly present in vitiligo and recently also detected in melasma, triggers inflammatory cascades and melanogenesis, making antioxidants a promising therapeutic avenue. A systematic search was conducted on Embase and Pubmed to study the efficacy of antioxidants for treating vitiligo and/or melasma. Meta-analysis was performed to assess the difference in Melasma Severity Index (MASI) scores between baseline and follow-up. Various antioxidants like polypodium leucotomos, ginkgo biloba, catalase/superoxide dismutase, and vitamin E have potential in vitiligo. For melasma, vitamin C, silymarin, and niacinamide were among those showing promise in reducing pigmentation, with vitamin C displaying significant effects in meta-analysis. Different antioxidants improve both vitiligo and melasma, with an increased minimal erythema dose (MED) following UV exposure being significant for vitiligo and tyrosinase inhibition being crucial for melasma. However, the efficacy of individual antioxidants varies, and their exact mechanisms, especially in stimulating melanocyte proliferation and anti-inflammatory pathways, require further investigation to understand better and optimize their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhart Speeckaert
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vedrana Bulat
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nanja van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Sullivan DA, da Costa AX, Del Duca E, Doll T, Grupcheva CN, Lazreg S, Liu SH, McGee SR, Murthy R, Narang P, Ng A, Nistico S, O'Dell L, Roos J, Shen J, Markoulli M. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of cosmetics on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:77-130. [PMID: 37061220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
In this report the use of eye cosmetic products and procedures and how this represents a lifestyle challenge that may exacerbate or promote the development of ocular surface and adnexal disease is discussed. Multiple aspects of eye cosmetics are addressed, including their history and market value, psychological and social impacts, possible problems associated with cosmetic ingredients, products, and procedures, and regulations for eye cosmetic use. In addition, a systematic review that critically appraises randomized controlled trial evidence concerning the ocular effects of eyelash growth products is included. The findings of this systematic review highlight the evidence gaps and indicate future directions for research to focus on ocular surface outcomes associated with eyelash growth products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ester Del Duca
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sihem Lazreg
- Lazreg Cornea and Ocular Surface Center, Blida, Algeria
| | - Su-Hsun Liu
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alison Ng
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Steven Nistico
- Department of Dermatology, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Joanne Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Ko D, Wang RF, Ozog D, Lim HW, Mohammad TF. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. Part II. Review of management and treatment options for hyperpigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 88:291-320. [PMID: 35158001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Key challenges in the management of pigmentary disorders such as melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation are their resistance to treatment, tendency to recur after treatment, and the risk of exacerbating hyperpigmentation with many treatment modalities. The second article in this 2-part continuing medical education series on pigmentary disorders focuses on the evidence behind medical and procedural treatments of dyschromias, including photoprotection, topical lightening agents, oral agents, chemical peels, and laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Rebecca F Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - David Ozog
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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8
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Piętowska Z, Nowicka D, Szepietowski JC. Understanding Melasma-How Can Pharmacology and Cosmetology Procedures and Prevention Help to Achieve Optimal Treatment Results? A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912084. [PMID: 36231404 PMCID: PMC9564742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melasma is a chronic skin condition that involves the overproduction of melanin in areas exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Melasma treatment is long-term and complicated with recurrence and resistance to treatment. The pathogenesis of melasma is highly complex with multiple pathologies occurring outside of the skin pigment cells. It includes photoaging, excessive melanogenesis, an increased number of mast cells, increased vascularization, and basement membrane damage. In addition, skin lesions related to melasma and their surrounding skin have nearly 300 genes differentially expressed from healthy skin. Traditionally, melasma was treated with topical agents, including hydroquinone, tretinoin, glucocorticosteroids and various formulations; however, the current approach includes the topical application of a variety of substances, chemical peels, laser and light treatments, mesotherapy, microneedling and/or the use of systemic therapy. The treatment plan for patients with melasma begins with the elimination of risk factors, strict protection against ultraviolet radiation, and the topical use of lightening agents. Hyperpigmentation treatment alone can be ineffective unless combined with regenerative methods and photoprotection. In this review, we show that in-depth knowledge associated with proper communication and the establishment of a relationship with the patient help to achieve good adherence and compliance in this long-term, time-consuming and difficult procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Piętowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Danuta Nowicka
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacek C. Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Jiang L, Mu Y. The Application of Skin Care Product in Melasma Treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1165-1171. [PMID: 34526794 PMCID: PMC8435474 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s323748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melasma is an acquired and chronic hyperpigmentation disorder which is recognized as one of the most psychologically distressing and difficult to cure forms of skin hyperpigmentation. It is associated with substantial quality of life impairments. Treatments of melasma include local application, oral medication, physical laser therapy and program combination therapy. However, routine treatment usually leads to the damage of skin barrier function, resulting in adverse reactions such as erythema, pruritus, post-inflammatory pigmentation and even scar. Skin care products contain a variety of active ingredients, which are widely concerned by cosmetic dermatologists because of high safety, good tolerance and the effect of improving the damaged skin barrier. Using skin care products alone or in combination with routine treatment not only can improve the curative effect for melasma, reduce side effects and recurrence rate, but also improve patient satisfaction. This article mainly describes the application of skin care products in the treatment of melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhu Mu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People's Republic of China
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10
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Babbush KM, Babbush RA, Khachemoune A. Treatment of melasma: a review of less commonly used antioxidants. Int J Dermatol 2020; 60:166-173. [PMID: 32815582 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Melasma, a common cause for seeking dermatologic care, is a chronic condition of skin hyperpigmentation. With a poorly understood pathogenesis, and no universal cure, melasma is a challenge for many dermatologists. For decades, there has been investigation into the role of oxidative stress in melasma. In this literature review, we introduce the role of oxidative stress in melasma and discuss the function of various topical and oral antioxidant therapies for patients suffering from melasma. Numerous studies have shown efficacy of various antioxidant therapies for treatment of hyperpigmentation, and in this review, we focus primarily on those with less widespread use. Vitamin E, niacinamide, polypodium leucotomos, pycnogenol, grape seed extract, amino fruit acids, phytic acid, zinc, silymarin, Korean red ginseng powder, plant extracts, and parsley all have well-demonstrated evidence of antioxidant properties, and these substances have been studied in the context of skin hyperpigmentation. Although there is conflicting evidence of their therapeutic efficacy, the use of these naturally occurring substances is promising for patients and medical providers seeking alternative therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Babbush
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Remy A Babbush
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Amor Khachemoune
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Health Administration, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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11
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12
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Aboul-Einien MH, Kandil SM, Abdou EM, Diab HM, Zaki MSE. Ascorbic acid derivative-loaded modified aspasomes: formulation, in vitro, ex vivo and clinical evaluation for melasma treatment. J Liposome Res 2019; 30:54-67. [PMID: 30821553 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2019.1585448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid) has many favourable effects on the skin such as antioxidant, anti-aging and whitening effects. Its instability and low permeability limit its pharmaceutical use in cosmetic and dermatological products. Instead, Mg ascorbyl phosphate (MAP), an ascorbic acid derivative, has the same effect with higher stability is being used. In this work, a vesicular system, aspasomes, containing MAP was developed and evaluated. Aspasomes are multilayered vesicles formed by amphiphiles molecules, Ascorbyl palmitate (ASP), in combination with cholesterol and charged lipids for drug encapsulation. Here, we investigated the use of lecithin instead of the charged lipid dicetyl phosphate for aspasomes development. Nine formulations were prepared and evaluated for their entrapment efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential. Their entrapment efficiency ranged from 33.00 ± 2.27 to 95.18 ± 1.06, while their particle size was from 373.34 ± 60.85 to 464.37 ± 93.46 nm with acceptable PDI (from 0.212 ± 0.068 to 0.351 ± 0.061) and zeta potential (from -37.52 ± 2.42 to -50.36 ± 1.82). Three formulations were selected and evaluated for their drug release, permeation and retention into skin. One formulation was selected to be formulated as aspasomal topical cream and gel. The aspasomal cream was found to have enhanced drug permeation and skin retention over the aspasomal gel as well as the aspasomes formulation. MAP aspasomal cream was evaluated clinically as an effective treatment for melasma against 15% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and the results recorded that the aspasomal cream showed the greatest degree of improvement regarding the hemi-MASI scores with 35% of patients rating it as excellent treatment. The study showed that MAP aspasomal cream can be considered a novel treatment of melasma which is free of side effects. Its efficacy as a monotherapy is superior to that of chemical peeling using 15% TCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona H Aboul-Einien
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soha M Kandil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology & Information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtsam M Abdou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M Diab
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shamas University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa S E Zaki
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shamas University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Sarkar R, Arsiwala S, Dubey N, Sonthalia S, Das A, Arya L, Gokhale N, Torsekar RG, Somani VK, Majid I, Godse K, Ravichandran G, Singh M, Aurangabadkar S, Salim T, Shah S, Sinha S. Chemical Peels in Melasma: A Review with Consensus Recommendations by Indian Pigmentary Expert Group. Indian J Dermatol 2017; 62:578-584. [PMID: 29263530 PMCID: PMC5724304 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_490_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melasma is a notorious dermatosis, often resistant to treatment. Chemical peeling constitutes an acceptable option of management of melasma (of any type and duration). In this article, as a group of experts from Pigmentary Disorders Society (PDS) in collaboration with South Asian Pigmentary Forum (SPF), we have tried to elaborate the various chemical peeling agents for the treatment of melasma. Besides, we have reviewed the indications, mechanism of action, rationality and the detailed procedure of peeling. The evidence in favor of various peeling agents have been summarized as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sarkar
- Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shehnaz Arsiwala
- Consultant Dermatologist, Saifee Hospital, Prince Aly Khan Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Dubey
- Consultant Dermatologist, Medanta Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Sidharth Sonthalia
- Consultant Dermatologist, Skinnocence: The Skin Clinic, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Dermatology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Latika Arya
- Consultant Dermatologist, L A Skin and Aesthetic Clinic, New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Gokhale
- Consultant Dermatologist, Sklinic Skin Clinic, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - R G Torsekar
- Consultant Dermatologist, Fortis Hospital, Mulund, Mumbai, India
| | - V K Somani
- Consultant Dermatologist, Skintrendz, Himayat Nagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Imran Majid
- Dermatology, Govt Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Kiran Godse
- Dermatology, D Y Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - G Ravichandran
- Senior Consultant and Coordinator, Dermatology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - Mohan Singh
- Consultant Dermatologist, Mohan Skin Diseases Hospital, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | | | - T Salim
- Consultant Dermatologist, Cutis institute of Dermatology and Aesthetic Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Swapnil Shah
- Consultant Dermatologist, Solapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Surabhi Sinha
- Dermatologist Specialist, Dr RML Hospital and PGIMS, New Delhi, India
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14
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Dayal S, Sahu P, Yadav M, Jain VK. Clinical Efficacy and Safety on Combining 20% Trichloroacetic Acid Peel with Topical 5% Ascorbic Acid for Melasma. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:WC08-WC11. [PMID: 29207818 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26078.10685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) is a versatile peeling agent for treatment of melasma. However, Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH) is reported to be the most common side-effect associated with TCA peel. Topical Ascorbic Acid (AA) due to its effect as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor helps to prevent PIH and maintains the response. Aim To assess the clinical efficacy, safety and reduction in Melasma Quality of Life (MELASQOL) on combining 20% TCA peel with 5% ascorbic acid cream in epidermal melasma. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology, Pt. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak. This was an open labelled prospective randomized study in which 60 patients of epidermal melasma were enrolled for 12 weeks. Patients were divided into two groups: Combination group received 20% TCA peel every two weeks with once daily 5% ascorbic acid cream and Control group received only 20% TCA peel. Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI) was used for evaluating clinical improvement of melasma. Improvement in Quality Of Life (QoL) was assessed by MELASQOL scale in both groups. Adverse effects were evaluated at each visit. All statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS 20th version. The difference in change in mean MASI scoring and MELASQOL scores between the two groups were analysed using Mann-Whitney test. The side effects between the two groups were compared using Chi-square test. Results The combination group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in MASI, percentage decrease in MASI and quality of life as compared to control group after treatment. At the baseline there was no statistically significant difference in MASI between the two groups (i.e., MASI in combination group and control group were 23.55±4.61 and 23.613±4.088 respectively). However, it was statistically significant at the end of therapy (i.e., MASI in combination group was 9.50±5.31 and in control group was 15.10±4.44). When the results were analysed in terms of percentage decrease in MASI from baseline, there was statistically significant difference in combination group (i.e., 10.87±4.11) as compared to control group (i.e., 6.3±1.97) after 2nd week of therapy. When the mean MELASQOL scores were compared between the two groups at the end of therapy (i.e., 12 weeks), it was found to be statistically significantly lower in combination group (16.60±8.03) as compared to control group (25.90±8.17). Minor adverse effects like post peel erythema, pruritus, burning and stinging sensation were observed in some of the patients, which didn't necessitate termination of the therapy. Conclusion Combination of 20% TCA peel with topical 5% ascorbic acid is a highly effective, safe and promising therapeutic option in treatment of melasma which significantly improves the QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Dayal
- Professor, Department of Dermatology, Pt. B. D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Priyadarshini Sahu
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Pt. B. D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj Yadav
- Consultant, Department of Dermatology, Civil General Hospital, Rewari, Haryana, India
| | - V K Jain
- Senior Professor and Head, Department of Dermatology, Pt. B. D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Combined Jessner Solution and Trichloroacetic Acid Versus Trichloroacetic Acid Alone in the Treatment of Melasma in Dark-Skinned Patients. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43:651-656. [DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sarma N, Chakraborty S, Poojary SA, Rathi S, Kumaran S, Nirmal B, Felicita J, Sarkar R, Jaiswal P, D'Souza P, Donthula N, Sethi S, Ailawadi P, Joseph B. Evidence-based Review, Grade of Recommendation, and Suggested Treatment Recommendations for Melasma. Indian Dermatol Online J 2017; 8:406-442. [PMID: 29204385 PMCID: PMC5707834 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_187_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of melasma is known to be less satisfactory, often incomplete, and relapse is frequent. Although many treatment options are available, they are either known to be unsafe on long-term use or their long-term safety profile is unknown. Patients often use various drugs, even topical steroid-based preparation without any medical supervision for long period of time, making the skin unsuitable for many of the drugs available. Thus, there has been gross disparity among the treating physician about what drugs and what regimen are best suitable for various categories of melasma patients and in different situations. With this background, numerous newer drugs, mostly combinations of some proprietary molecules or even unknown plant extracts, have flooded the market for the management of melasma. Information on efficacy or safety of these products are almost unknown. Studies on Asian people, especially Indian population, are far less commonly available. Therapeutic guideline for use on Indian patients with melasma is almost missing. Extrapolation of data from Caucasian people for use on Asian people may not be scientifically justifiable because Caucasian and Asian people are known to have inherent difference in their response as well as tolerance to the drugs used for melasma. With this background, we have extensively evaluated, following a strict, scientifically designed protocol, all the available studies on melasma management till May 2016 and prepared this document on level of evidence, grade of recommendation and suggested therapeutic guideline for melasma as per the method proposed by Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine. Various ethical, social, logical, regional, and economic issues in the context of Indian and similar populations were given due importance while preparing the suggested therapeutic recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilendu Sarma
- Department of Dermatology, Dr B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Pediatric Science, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Shital A Poojary
- Department of Dermatology, K J Somaiya Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Sendhil Kumaran
- Department of Dermatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Balakrishnan Nirmal
- Department of Dermatology, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joan Felicita
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, Karakonam, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Rashmi Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, Basaidarapur, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashansa Jaiswal
- ESI- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science and Research, Basaidarapur, New Delhi, India
| | - Paschal D'Souza
- ESI- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science and Research, Basaidarapur, New Delhi, India
| | - Nagaraju Donthula
- Department of Dermatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumit Sethi
- Department of Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, Basaidarapur, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Ailawadi
- Department of Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, Basaidarapur, New Delhi, India
| | - Bebisha Joseph
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, Karakonam, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Jayaprasad S, Subramaniyan R, Devgan S. Comparative Evaluation of Topical 10% Potassium Hydroxide and 30% Trichloroacetic Acid in the Treatment of Plane Warts. Indian J Dermatol 2016; 61:634-639. [PMID: 27904181 PMCID: PMC5122278 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.193670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Warts are benign proliferations of skin and mucosa caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Plane warts are caused by HPV types 3, 10, 28, and 41, occurring mostly in children and young adults. Among the treatment modalities, topical application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is age old. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) has a keratolytic effect on virus-infected cells. It is less irritating, less painful, less scar forming, and can be safely used in children too. Hence, it could be a better topical agent in the treatment of plane warts. Aims and Objectives: To compare the safety and efficacy of topical 10% KOH with 30% TCA in the treatment of plane warts. Materials and Methods: Sixty consecutive patients with plane warts were randomly assigned into two arms of thirty patients each; arm A received topical 10% KOH and arm B received topical 30% TCA as a once weekly application until the complete clearance of warts or a maximum period of 12 weeks. Results: Statistically no significant difference (P = 0.07) was found between the objective therapeutic response to 10% KOH and 30% TCA at the end of study (12 weeks). However, subjective response to 10% KOH was better and statistically significant (P = 0.03). There was no recurrence of warts seen on follow-up for 3 months of complete responders in both the arms. Conclusion: 10% KOH is found to be equally effective in the treatment of plane warts compared to 30% TCA with the advantage of faster onset of action and tendency of completely clearing warts with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhaya Jayaprasad
- Department of Dermatology, Command Hospital Air Force, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shalini Devgan
- Department of Community Medicine, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India
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Evaluation of 70% glycolic peels versus 15% trichloroacetic peels for the treatment of photodamaged facial skin in aging women. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40:883-91. [PMID: 25068547 DOI: 10.1097/01.dss.0000452669.84787.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic solar irradiation results in both morphological and functional changes in affected skin. Superficial peels have been shown to improve all symptoms of photodamaged skin. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of glycolic acid (GA, 70%) with trichloroacetic acid (TCA, 15%) for the treatment of photoaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty female patients affected by photodamage were treated with graded concentrations of 70% GA and 15% TCA peel. Each patient was submitted to 5 sessions of these peels, with an interval of 14 days between each session. Four clinical parameters of surface evaluation of the living skin (hydration, elasticity, melanin, and erythema) were measured. The records were made before each treatment and 3 months after the last application. RESULTS The statistical significance in each group of patients was observed with elasticity and hydration. Decrease in melanin content in the skin occurred significantly after the application of a series of treatments with GA. Increase in severity of erythema showed statistical significance after the treatment with TCA. CONCLUSION Superficial peels, such as 70% GA and 15% TCA, proved to be an effective treatment modality for photodamaged facial skin. Both acids contribute to improvement of the photodamaged skin's parameters. Glycolic acid increases skin's hydration faster.
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Vavouli C, Katsambas A, Gregoriou S, Teodor A, Salavastru C, Alexandru A, Kontochristopoulos G. Chemical peeling with trichloroacetic acid and lactic acid for infraorbital dark circles. J Cosmet Dermatol 2013; 12:204-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Katsambas
- Department of Dermatology; University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Stamatis Gregoriou
- Department of Dermatology; University of Athens, Attikon Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Anca Teodor
- Second Clinic of Dermatology; Colentina Hospital; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Carmen Salavastru
- Second Clinic of Dermatology; Colentina Hospital; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Adina Alexandru
- Second Clinic of Dermatology; Colentina Hospital; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Bucharest Romania
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Puri N. Comparative study of 15% TCA peel versus 35% glycolic acid peel for the treatment of melasma. Indian Dermatol Online J 2012; 3:109-13. [PMID: 23130283 PMCID: PMC3481880 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5178.96702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical peels are the mainstay of a cosmetic practitioner's armamentarium because they can be used to treat some skin disorders and can provide aesthetic benefit. OBJECTIVES To compare 15% TCA peel and 35% glycolic acid peel for the treatment of melasma. MATERIAL AND METHODS We selected 30 participants of melasma aged between 20 and 50 years from the dermatology outpatient department and treated equal numbers with 15% TCA and 35% glycolic acid. RESULTS Subjective response as graded by the patient showed good or very good response in 70% participants in the glycolic acid group and 64% in the TCA group. CONCLUSIONS There was statistically insignificant difference in the efficacy between the two groups for the treatment of melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerja Puri
- Punjab Health Systems Corporation, Punjab, India
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Hong SP, Han SS, Choi SJ, Kim MS, Won CH, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Kim YJ, Chang SE. Split-face comparative study of 1550 nm fractional photothermolysis and trichloroacetic acid 15% chemical peeling for facial melasma in Asian skin. J COSMET LASER THER 2012; 14:81-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2012.655287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra N Sehgal
- Dermato Venereology Center, Sehgal Nursing Home, Panchwati, Delhi, India.
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Reszko AE, Berson D, Lupo MP. Cosmeceuticals: practical applications. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2011; 37:547-69, viii. [PMID: 21093749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cosmeceuticals are topically applied products that are more than merely cosmetic, yet are not true drugs that have undergone rigorous placebo controlled studies for safety and efficacy. There are many review articles that outline the theoretical biologic and clinical actions of these cosmeceuticals and their various ingredients. This article reviews how to incorporate various cosmeceuticals into the treatment regime of patients, depending on the diagnosis and therapies chosen. The practical application of when, why, and on whom to use different products will enable dermatologists to improve the methodology of product selection and, ultimately, improve patient's clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta E Reszko
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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A prospective, randomized, split-face, controlled trial of salicylic acid peels in the treatment of melasma in Latin American women. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:1030-5. [PMID: 20889235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma, a common disorder of hyperpigmentation, is often resistant to therapy. Although salicylic acid peels have been reported to be useful for patients with recalcitrant melasma, controlled trials are lacking. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the efficacy of salicylic acid peels when added to hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. METHODS Twenty Latin American women with moderate to severe bilateral melasma were treated with a series of 20% to 30% salicylic acid peels every 2 weeks for a total of 4 peels on one side of the face along with 4% hydroquinone cream to both sides of the face twice daily. The primary efficacy variable was reduction in pigmentation of the peeled side compared with the unpeeled side using narrowband reflectance spectrophotometry. RESULTS Eighteen patients completed the study. Although both sides had significant reduction in pigment intensity, there was no difference between the peeled and unpeeled side with all outcome measures. LIMITATIONS Patients were limited to Latin American women and only 4 peels were performed. CONCLUSION A series of four 20% to 30% salicylic acid peels are not effective in the treatment of melasma when added to twice-daily 4% hydroquinone cream.
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Safoury OS, Zaki NM, El Nabarawy EA, Farag EA. A study comparing chemical peeling using modified Jessner's solution and 15% trichloroacetic Acid versus 15% trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of melasma. Indian J Dermatol 2010; 54:41-5. [PMID: 20049268 PMCID: PMC2800869 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.48985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melasma is a symmetric progressive hyperpigmentation of the facial skin that occurs in all races but has a predilection for darker skin phenotypes. Depigmenting agents, laser and chemical peeling as classic Jessner's solution, modified Jessner's solution and trichloroacetic acid have been used alone and in combination in the treatment of melasma. Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the therapeutic effect of combined 15% Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and modified Jessner's solution with 15% TCA on melasma. Materials and Methods: Twenty married females with melasma (epidermal type), with a mean age of 38.25 years, were included in this study. All were of skin type III or IV. Fifteen percent TCA was applied to the whole face, with the exception of the left malar area to which combined TCA 15% and modified Jessner's solution was applied. Results: Our results revealed statistically highly significant difference between MASI Score (Melasma Area and Severity Index) between the right malar area and the left malar area. Conclusion: Modified Jessner's solution proved to be useful as an adjuvant treatment with TCA in the treatment of melasma, improving the results and minimizing postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
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Azzam OA, Leheta TM, Nagui NA, Shaarawy E, Hay RMA, Hilal RF. Different therapeutic modalities for treatment of melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2009; 8:275-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pichardo R, Vallejos Q, Feldman SR, Schulz MR, Verma A, Quandt SA, Arcury TA. The prevalence of melasma and its association with quality of life in adult male Latino migrant workers. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:22-6. [PMID: 19126046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common condition of Latino women that detracts from their quality of life (QOL). The prevalence and impact of melasma in Latino men is not well characterized. AIM To assess the prevalence of melasma and its association with QOL in Latino men from Mexico and Central America working in the USA. METHODS The prevalence of melasma was assessed in three studies of Latino men: by direct examination in a study of 25 Latino poultry workers; by direct examination in a study of 54 Latino farm workers; and by examination of store-and-forward teledermatology images in a study of 300 Latino farm workers. QOL was assessed with a Spanish version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). RESULTS The prevalence of melasma was 36.0%, 7.4%, and 14.0% in the three studies. The prevalence of melasma was greatest amongst those aged 31 years and older, who were from Guatemala, and who spoke an indigenous language. The presence of melasma was associated with higher DLQI scores, indicating a poorer QOL, in the poultry worker population. CONCLUSIONS Melasma is a common condition in Latino men and is associated with a poor QOL in some affected individuals. Clinicians should be aware that melasma may be a concern for their male Latino patients. Research on the association of skin conditions with QOL amongst minority men is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pichardo
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1071, USA
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Rhee JS, McMullin BT. Outcome measures in facial plastic surgery: patient-reported and clinical efficacy measures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:194-207. [PMID: 18490547 DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.10.3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To survey the existing literature to identify, summarize, and evaluate procedure- and condition-specific outcome measures for use in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. METHODS A review of the English-language literature was performed to identify outcomes instruments specific for targeted facial plastic surgery interventions and conditions. A search was performed using MEDLINE (1950 to September 2007), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health) (1982 to September 2007), and PsychINFO (1806 to September 2007). Outcomes instruments were categorized as patient-reported or clinical efficacy measures (observer-reported or objective measures). Instruments were then categorized to include relevant details on the intervention, degree of validation, and subsequent use. RESULTS Sixty-eight distinct instruments were identified (23 patient-reported, 35 observer-reported, and 10 objective measures), with some overlap among categories. Most patient-reported measures (76%) and half observer-reported instruments (51%) were developed in the past 10 years. The rigor of validation varied widely among measures, with formal validation being most common among the patient-reported outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Validated outcomes measures are present for many common facial plastic surgery conditions and have become more prevalent during the past decade, especially for patient-reported outcomes. Challenges remain in harmonizing patient-reported, observer-based, and other objective measures to produce standardized clinically meaningful outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Rhee
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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