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Shankar K, Ramborger J, Bonnet-Zahedi S, Carrette LLG, George O. Acute nicotine intake increases feeding behavior through decreasing glucagon signaling in dependent male and female rats. Horm Behav 2024; 159:105447. [PMID: 37926623 PMCID: PMC11384237 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic use of nicotine is known to dysregulate metabolic signaling through altering circulating levels of feeding-related hormones, contributing to the onset of disorders like type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the acute effects of nicotine on hormonal signaling. We previously identified an acute increase in food intake following acute nicotine, and we sought to determine whether this behavior was due to a change in hormone levels. We first identified that acute nicotine injection produces an increase in feeding behavior in dependent rats, but not nondependent rats. We confirmed that chronic nicotine use increases circulating levels of insulin, leptin, and ghrelin, and these correlate with rats' body weight and food intake. Acute nicotine injection in dependent animals decreased circulating GLP-1 and glucagon levels, and administration of glucagon prior to acute nicotine injection prevented the acute increase in feeding behavior. Thus, acute nicotine injection increases feeding behavior in dependent rats by decreasing glucagon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokila Shankar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jarryd Ramborger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sélène Bonnet-Zahedi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Lieselot L G Carrette
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Kuebler IRK, Liu Y, Bueno Álvarez BS, Huber NM, Jolton JA, Dasari R, Wakabayashi KT. Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonism differentially attenuates nicotine experience-dependent locomotor behavior in female and male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 232:173649. [PMID: 37793486 PMCID: PMC10985048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a significant public health concern because it is the primary pharmacological agent in tobacco use disorder. One neural system that has been implicated in the symptoms of several substance use disorders is the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system. MCH regulates various motivated behaviors depending on sex, yet little is known of how this interaction affects experience with drugs of abuse, particularly nicotine. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of MCH receptor antagonism on experience-dependent nicotine-induced locomotion after chronic exposure, particularly on the expression of locomotor sensitization. Adult female and male Wistar rats were given saline then cumulative doses of nicotine (0.1, 0.32, 0.56, and 1.0 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to determine the acute effects of nicotine (day 1). Next, rats were treated with 1.0 mg/kg nicotine for 6 days, given an identical series of cumulative doses (day 8), and then kept in a drug-free state for 6 days. On day 15, rats were pretreated with vehicle or the MCH receptor antagonist GW803430 (10 or 30 mg/kg) before another series of cumulative doses to assess response to chronic nicotine. After vehicle, male rats increased nicotine locomotor activation from day 1 to day 15, and both sexes showed a sensitized response when normalized to saline. The lower dose of GW803430 decreased locomotion compared to vehicle in females, while the higher dose decreased locomotion in males. Both sexes showed nicotine dose-dependent effects of GW803430, strongest at lower doses of nicotine. Controlling for sex-based locomotor differences revealed that females are more sensitive to GW803430. The high dose of GW803430 also decreased saline locomotion in males. Together, the results of our study suggest that MCH is involved in the expression of nicotine locomotor sensitization, and that MCH regulates these nicotine behavioral symptoms differently across sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R K Kuebler
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Youxi Liu
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Bárbara S Bueno Álvarez
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Noah M Huber
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Joshua A Jolton
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Raaga Dasari
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Ken T Wakabayashi
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America; Rural Drug Addiction Research Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 660 N 12th St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America.
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Keeley RJ, Prillaman ME, Scarlata M, Vrana A, Tsai PJ, Gomez JL, Bonaventura J, Lu H, Michaelides M, Stein EA. Adolescent nicotine administration increases nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and functional connectivity in specific cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac291. [PMID: 36440101 PMCID: PMC9683397 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine exposure is associated with regional changes in brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors subtype expression patterns as a function of dose and age at the time of exposure. Moreover, nicotine dependence is associated with changes in brain circuit functional connectivity, but the relationship between such connectivity and concomitant regional distribution changes in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes following nicotine exposure is not understood. Although smoking typically begins in adolescence, developmental changes in brain circuits and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors following chronic nicotine exposure remain minimally investigated. Here, we combined in vitro nicotinic acetylcholine receptor autoradiography with resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure changes in [3H]nicotine binding and α4ß2 subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and circuit connectivity across the brain in adolescent (postnatal Day 33) and adult (postnatal Day 68) rats exposed to 6 weeks of nicotine administration (0, 1.2 and 4.8 mg/kg/day). Chronic nicotine exposure increased nicotinic acetylcholine receptor levels and induced discrete, developmental stage changes in regional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype distribution. These effects were most pronounced in striatal, thalamic and cortical regions when nicotine was administered during adolescence but not in adults. Using these regional receptor changes as seeds, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging identified dysregulations in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits that were also dysregulated following adolescent nicotine exposure. Thus, nicotine-induced increases in cortical, striatal and thalamic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors during adolescence modifies processing and brain circuits within cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loops, which are known to be crucial for multisensory integration, action selection and motor output, and may alter the developmental trajectory of the adolescent brain. This unique multimodal study significantly advances our understanding of nicotine dependence and its effects on the adolescent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Keeley
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - McKenzie E Prillaman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Miranda Scarlata
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Antonia Vrana
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Pei-Jung Tsai
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Juan L Gomez
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Departament de Patologia Terapèutica Experimental, Institut de Neurociènes, Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hanbing Lu
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael Michaelides
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Zakiniaeiz Y, Liu H, Gao H, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Matuskey D, Chen MK, Cosgrove KP, Morris ED. Nicotine Patch Alters Patterns of Cigarette Smoking-Induced Dopamine Release: Patterns Relate to Biomarkers Associated With Treatment Response. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1597-1606. [PMID: 35100429 PMCID: PMC9575980 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking is a major public health burden. The first-line pharmacological treatment for tobacco smoking is nicotine replacement therapy (eg, the nicotine patch (NIC)). Nicotine acts on nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors on dopamine terminals to release dopamine in the ventral and dorsal striatum encoding reward and habit formation, respectively. AIMS AND METHODS To better understand treatment efficacy, a naturalistic experimental design combined with a kinetic model designed to characterize smoking-induced dopamine release in vivo was used. Thirty-five tobacco smokers (16 female) wore a NIC (21 mg, daily) for 1-week and a placebo patch (PBO) for 1-week in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Following 1-week under NIC and then overnight abstinence, smokers participated in a 90-minute [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography scan and smoked a cigarette while in the scanner. Identical procedures were followed for the PBO scan. A time-varying kinetic model was used at the voxel level to model transient dopamine release peaking instantaneously at the start of the stimulus and decaying exponentially. Magnitude and spatial extent of dopamine release were estimated. Smokers were subcategorized by nicotine dependence level and nicotine metabolism rate. RESULTS Dopamine release magnitude was enhanced by NIC in ventral striatum and diminished by NIC in dorsal striatum. More-dependent smokers activated more voxels than the less-dependent smokers under both conditions. Under PBO, fast metabolizers activated more voxels in ventral striatum and fewer voxels in dorsal striatum compared to slow metabolizers. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the model captured a pattern of transient dopamine responses to cigarette smoking which may be different across smoker subgroup categorizations. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study to show that NIC alters highly localized patterns of cigarette smoking-induced dopamine release and that levels of nicotine dependence and nicotine clearance rate contribute to these alterations. This current work included a homogeneous subject sample with regards to demographic and smoking variables, as well as a highly sensitive model capable of detecting significant acute dopamine transients. The findings of this study add support to the recent identification of biomarkers for predicting the effect of nicotine replacement therapies on dopamine function which could help refine clinical practice for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Zakiniaeiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Heather Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hong Gao
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Evan D Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Novoa C, Solano JL, Ballesteros-Acosta HN, Lamprea MR, Ortega LA. Nicotine Differentially Modulates Emotional-Locomotor Interactions for Adult or Adolescent Rats. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rcp.v31n1.89822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that exposure to nicotine and other drugs of abuse stimulate dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic circuit. Sustained activation of this circuit by prolonged exposure to drugs promotes locomotor sensitization. However, there are inconsistent reports about nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization when assessed among different developmental stages. We evaluated exploratory behavior on specific areas of the open field as an indicator of behavioral disinhibition and general locomotor activity as an indicator of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization, to further explore the mechanisms underlying behavioral adaptations to nicotine exposure in animals from different developmental stages. We found that while adolescent and adult rats are equally responsive to nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization, nicotine disrupts inhibition of risk-related behavior only in adolescent rats. Together, our results suggest that chronic daily exposure to nicotine promotes potentiation of its stimulant effects on locomotor activity. In adolescents, this effect is accompanied by a decreased capacity to inhibit risk-related behaviors under the acute effect of the drug.
How to cite this article: Novoa, C., Solano, J. L., Ballesteros-Acosta, H., Lamprea, R. M., & Ortega, L. A. (2021). Nicotine Differentially Modulates Emotional-Locomotor Interactions for Adult or Adolescent Rats. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 31(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v31n1.89822
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Calakos KC, Hillmer AT, Angarita GA, Baldassarri SR, Najafzadeh S, Emery PR, Matuskey D, Huang Y, Cosgrove KP. Recently abstinent smokers exhibit mood-associated dopamine dysfunction in the ventral striatum compared to nonsmokers: a [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET study. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 24:745-752. [PMID: 34628508 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic nicotine exposure desensitizes dopamine responses in animals, but it is not known if this occurs in human tobacco smokers. Deficits in dopamine function are likely to make smoking cessation difficult. We used positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging with the dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist radioligand [ 11C]-(+)-PHNO to determine if abstinent smokers exhibit less amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum than nonsmokers, and whether this was associated with clinical correlates of smoking cessation. METHODS Baseline [ 11C]-(+)-PHNO scans were acquired from smokers (n=22, 7 female, abstinent 11±9 days) and nonsmokers (n=20, 7 female). A subset of thirty-seven participants (18 smokers) received oral amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) three hours before a second [ 11C]-(+)-PHNO scan. Binding potential (BPND) (i.e., D2/3 receptor availability) was estimated at baseline and post-amphetamine in the ventral striatum. Amphetamine-induced percent change in BPND was calculated to reflect dopamine release. Subjects also completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). RESULTS There were no group differences in baseline BPND. Amphetamine-induced percent change in BPND in the ventral striatum was significantly lower in abstinent smokers compared to nonsmokers (p=0.019; d=0.82). Higher CES-D scores were significantly associated with lower ventral striatal percent change in BPND for abstinent smokers (rs=-0.627, p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, abstinent smokers exhibited significantly less amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum than nonsmokers. In abstinent smokers, worse mood was significantly associated with less striatal dopamine release. Our findings highlight a potential neural mechanism that may underlie negative mood symptoms during early abstinence. IMPLICATIONS This study combined quantitative PET imaging and an amphetamine challenge to examine striatal dopamine function during early smoking cessation attempts. The findings demonstrate that recently abstinent tobacco smokers exhibit significant, mood-associated striatal dopamine dysfunction compared to nonsmokers. This study advances our knowledge of the neurobiology underlying early quit attempts, and bridges novel neural findings with clinically relevant symptoms of smoking cessation. These results may explain the challenge of maintaining long-term abstinence from smoking, and can lend insight into the development of treatment strategies for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina C Calakos
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Stephen R Baldassarri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, & Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Paul R Emery
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wills L, Kenny PJ. Addiction-related neuroadaptations following chronic nicotine exposure. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1652-1673. [PMID: 33742685 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The addiction-relevant molecular, cellular, and behavioral actions of nicotine are derived from its stimulatory effects on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system. nAChRs expressed by dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral midbrain, most notably in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), contribute to the reward-enhancing properties of nicotine that motivate the use of tobacco products. nAChRs are also expressed by neurons in brain circuits that regulate aversion. In particular, nAChRs expressed by neurons in the medial habenula (mHb) and the interpeduncular nucleus (IPn) to which the mHb almost exclusively projects regulate the "set-point" for nicotine aversion and control nicotine intake. Different nAChR subtypes are expressed in brain reward and aversion circuits and nicotine intake is titrated to maximally engage reward-enhancing nAChRs while minimizing the recruitment of aversion-promoting nAChRs. With repeated exposure to nicotine, reward- and aversion-related nAChRs and the brain circuits in which they are expressed undergo adaptations that influence whether tobacco use will transition from occasional to habitual. Genetic variation that influences the sensitivity of addiction-relevant brain circuits to the actions of nicotine also influence the propensity to develop habitual tobacco use. Here, we review some of the key advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which nicotine acts on brain reward and aversion circuits and the adaptations that occur in these circuits that may drive addiction to nicotine-containing tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wills
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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Nishitani N, Ohmura Y, Kobayashi K, Murashita T, Yoshida T, Yoshioka M. Serotonin neurons in the median raphe nucleus bidirectionally regulate somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:62-68. [PMID: 34038754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In chronic smokers, nicotine withdrawal symptoms during tobacco cessation can lead to smoking relapse. In rodent models, chronic exposure to nicotine elicited physical dependence, whereas acute antagonism of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) immediately precipitated withdrawal symptoms. Although the central serotonergic system plays an important role in nicotine withdrawal, the exact serotonergic raphe nuclei regulating these symptoms remain unknown. We used transgenic mice expressing archaerhodopsinTP009 or channelrhodopsin-2[C128S] exclusively in the central serotonergic neurons to selectively manipulate serotonergic neurons in each raphe nucleus. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms were precipitated by an acute injection of mecamylamine, a nonspecific nAChR antagonist, following chronic nicotine consumption. Somatic signs were used as measures of nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Acute mecamylamine administration significantly increased ptosis occurrence in nicotine-drinking mice compared with that in control-drinking mice. Optogenetic inhibition of the serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus (MRN), but not of those in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), mimicked the symptoms observed during mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal even in nicotine-naïve mice following the administration of acute mecamylamine injection. Optogenetic activation of the serotonergic neurons in the MRN nearly abolished the occurrence of ptosis in nicotine-drinking mice. The serotonergic neurons in the MRN, but not those in the DRN, are necessary for the occurrence of somatic signs, a nicotine withdrawal symptom, and the activation of these neurons may act as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing the somatic manifestations of nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nishitani
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yu Ohmura
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Keita Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Taichi Murashita
- Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshida
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshioka
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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9
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Baumbach JL, McCormick CM. Nicotine sensitization (part 1): estradiol or tamoxifen is required during the induction phase and not the expression phase to enable locomotor sensitization to nicotine in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:355-370. [PMID: 33130925 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine sensitization involves two functionally distinct phases: induction and expression. Estradiol enhances nicotine sensitization in female rats, but it is not known whether this enhancement is specific to one or both phases. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of estradiol selectively during the induction and the expression of nicotine sensitization. METHODS Ovariectomy (OVX) rats were administered E2 during the induction (2 injection days) and/or the expression phase (9 days later) of nicotine sensitization. The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen (agonist of ERα and ERß, agonist of the g-coupled estradiol receptor GPER1) also was used to elucidate receptor candidates for the effects of E2 on nicotine sensitization. RESULTS Gonadally intact female rats exhibited expression of nicotine sensitization after a 9-day delay, whereas OVX females did not. Administration of E2 limited to the induction phase of nicotine sensitization rescued expression of nicotine sensitization in OVX females. Tamoxifen during induction did not alter expression of sensitization in gonadally intact female rats, and, like E2, was sufficient to reverse the dampening effects of OVX on expression of sensitization. CONCLUSIONS The enhancing effects of E2 on nicotine sensitization occur during the induction phase of nicotine sensitization, although require a delay to produce the effects on locomotor activity to nicotine, and may involve non-canonical estrogen pathways (e.g., activation of GPER1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennet L Baumbach
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Cheryl M McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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10
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Varenicline rescues nicotine-induced decrease in motivation for sucrose reinforcement. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112887. [PMID: 32931838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Varenicline is one of the top medications used for smoking cessation and is often prescribed before termination of nicotine use. The effect of this combined nicotine and varenicline use on the reward system and motivation for primary reinforcement is underexplored. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine and varenicline on motivation for a food reinforcer. In Experiment 1, we first assessed the responding for sucrose after pretreatment with nicotine (0, 0.1, or 0.4 mg/kg) and varenicline (0.0, 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg) using a behavioral economics approach. The responding for sucrose was then assessed using a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement after pretreatment with all possible combinations of nicotine and varenicline doses. In Experiment 2, rats were assessed for the consumption of sucrose in home cages after pretreatment with nicotine and varenicline. We found that (a) nicotine decreased economic demand for sucrose, (b) varenicline rescued nicotine-induced reduction in economic demand for sucrose, and (c) history of varenicline treatment predicted responding for sucrose on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement where rats with a history of varenicline treatment responded significantly lower for sucrose across nicotine doses than rats that had not been exposed to varenicline. The results of Experiment 2 largely confirmed that nicotine decreases motivation for sucrose using a passive consumption protocol and that varenicline rescues this effect. Overall, these findings suggest that varenicline interacts with the effects of nicotine by restoring nicotine-induced reduction in motivation for appetitive rewards.
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11
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Crummy EA, O'Neal TJ, Baskin BM, Ferguson SM. One Is Not Enough: Understanding and Modeling Polysubstance Use. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:569. [PMID: 32612502 PMCID: PMC7309369 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative affect, and motivation to maintain drug consumption. SUDs are highly prevalent, with 35 million people meeting criteria for SUD. While drug use and addiction are highly studied, most investigations of SUDs examine drug use in isolation, rather than in the more prevalent context of comorbid substance histories. Indeed, 11.3% of individuals diagnosed with a SUD have concurrent alcohol and illicit drug use disorders. Furthermore, having a SUD with one substance increases susceptibility to developing dependence on additional substances. For example, the increased risk of developing heroin dependence is twofold for alcohol misusers, threefold for cannabis users, 15-fold for cocaine users, and 40-fold for prescription misusers. Given the prevalence and risk associated with polysubstance use and current public health crises, examining these disorders through the lens of co-use is essential for translatability and improved treatment efficacy. The escalating economic and social costs and continued rise in drug use has spurred interest in developing preclinical models that effectively model this phenomenon. Here, we review the current state of the field in understanding the behavioral and neural circuitry in the context of co-use with common pairings of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and other addictive substances. Moreover, we outline key considerations when developing polysubstance models, including challenges to developing preclinical models to provide insights and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Crummy
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Timothy J O'Neal
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Britahny M Baskin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan M Ferguson
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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12
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Keeley RJ, Hsu LM, Brynildsen JK, Lu H, Yang Y, Stein EA. Intrinsic differences in insular circuits moderate the negative association between nicotine dependence and cingulate-striatal connectivity strength. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1042-1049. [PMID: 32053829 PMCID: PMC7162949 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of brain-based biomarkers to assess nicotine dependence severity and treatment efficacy are essential to improve the current marginally effective treatment outcomes. Cross-sectional resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) studies in humans identified a circuit between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral striatum that negatively correlated with increased nicotine dependence severity but was unaffected by acute nicotine administration, suggesting a trait marker of addiction. However, whether this trait circuit dysregulation is predispositional to or resultant from nicotine dependence is unclear. Using a rat model of nicotine dependence with longitudinal fMRI measurements, we assessed the relationship between ACC-striatal rsFC and nicotine dependence severity. Data-driven modularity-based parcellation of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) combined with seed-based connectivity analysis with the striatum recapitulated the cingulate-striatum relationship observed in humans. Furthermore, the relationship between cingulate-striatal brain circuits and nicotine dependence severity as indexed by the intensity of precipitated withdrawal, was fully statistically moderated by a predispositional insular-frontal cortical functional circuit. These data suggest that the identified trans-species ACC-striatal circuit relationship with nicotine dependence severity is dysregulated following chronic nicotine administration-induced dependence and may be biased by individual differences in predispositional insula-based striatal-frontal circuits, highlighting the circuit's potential as a biomarker of dependence severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Keeley
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Li-Ming Hsu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 130 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Julia K Brynildsen
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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13
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Taraseviciene-Stewart L. Lessons learned from animal models: adverse effects of electronic cigarettes. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:1901338. [PMID: 31467185 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01338-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laimute Taraseviciene-Stewart
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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14
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Hsu LM, Keeley RJ, Liang X, Brynildsen JK, Lu H, Yang Y, Stein EA. Intrinsic Insular-Frontal Networks Predict Future Nicotine Dependence Severity. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5028-5037. [PMID: 30992371 PMCID: PMC6670258 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0140-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although 60% of the US population have tried smoking cigarettes, only 16% smoke regularly. Identifying this susceptible subset of the population before the onset of nicotine dependence may encourage targeted early interventions to prevent regular smoking and/or minimize severity. While prospective neuroimaging in human populations can be challenging, preclinical neuroimaging models before chronic nicotine administration can help to develop translational biomarkers of disease risk. Chronic, intermittent nicotine (0, 1.2, or 4.8 mg/kg/d; N = 10-11/group) was administered to male Sprague Dawley rats for 14 d; dependence severity was quantified using precipitated withdrawal behaviors collected before, during, and following forced nicotine abstinence. Resting-state fMRI functional connectivity (FC) before drug administration was subjected to a graph theory analytical framework to form a predictive model of subsequent individual differences in nicotine dependence. Whole-brain modularity analysis identified five modules in the rat brain. A metric of intermodule connectivity, participation coefficient, of an identified insular-frontal cortical module predicted subsequent dependence severity, independent of nicotine dose. To better spatially isolate this effect, this module was subjected to a secondary exploratory modularity analysis, which segregated it into three submodules (frontal-motor, insular, and sensory). Higher FC among these three submodules and three of the five originally identified modules (striatal, frontal-executive, and sensory association) also predicted dependence severity. These data suggest that predispositional, intrinsic differences in circuit strength between insular-frontal-based brain networks before drug exposure may identify those at highest risk for the development of nicotine dependence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Developing biomarkers of individuals at high risk for addiction before the onset of this brain-based disease is essential for prevention, early intervention, and/or subsequent treatment decisions. Using a rodent model of nicotine dependence and a novel data-driven, network-based analysis of resting-state fMRI data collected before drug exposure, functional connections centered on an intrinsic insular-frontal module predicted the severity of nicotine dependence after drug exposure. The predictive capacity of baseline network measures was specific to inter-regional but not within-region connectivity. While insular and frontal regions have consistently been implicated in nicotine dependence, this is the first study to reveal that innate, individual differences in their circuit strength have the predictive capacity to identify those at greatest risk for and resilience to drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Hsu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, and
| | - Robin J Keeley
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, and
| | - Xia Liang
- Research Center of Basic Space Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Nangang Qu, Haerbin Shi 150001, Heilongjiang Sheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Julia K Brynildsen
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, and
| | - Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, and
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, and
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, and
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15
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Shao XM, Liu S, Lee ES, Fung D, Pei H, Liang J, Mudgway R, Zhang J, Feldman JL, Zhu Y, Louie S, Xie XS. Chronic intermittent nicotine delivery via lung alveolar region-targeted aerosol technology produces circadian pharmacokinetics in rats resembling human smokers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1555-1562. [PMID: 30236046 PMCID: PMC6295479 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00357.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is an aerosol containing microparticles that carry nicotine into the lung alveolar region where nicotine is rapidly absorbed into circulation. Nicotine exposure in smokers is a chronic intermittent process, with episodic intake during wakefulness and abstinence during sleep resulting in circadian fluctuation of blood nicotine levels. We developed an integrated platform where freely moving rodents can be exposed to episodic nicotine aerosol on an investigator-designed schedule. Plasma nicotine and its metabolite cotinine levels were determined with a LC-MS/MS method. We characterized the aerosol in the breathing zone of the rodent exposure chamber. The droplet-size distribution was within the respirable diameter range. The system can generate a wide range of nicotine concentrations in air that meet a variety of experimental needs. Rats were exposed to nicotine aerosol once every half hour in the dark phase of 12:12-h light-dark cycles for 10 days. We optimized the parameters of aerosol generation and exposure: plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations reached 30-35 and 190-240 ng/ml, respectively. The nicotine levels and circadian patterns resembled the pharmacokinetic pattern of human smokers. In summary, we developed an aerosol system that can produce clinically relevant chronic intermittent nicotine exposure in unanesthetized, unrestrained rodents with route of administration and circadian blood pharmacokinetics resembling human smokers. This methodology is a novel tool for understanding the health effects of chronic intermittent nicotine exposure such as with tobacco cigarettes and electronic cigarettes for studies of behavior, pharmacology and toxicology, nicotine addiction, tobacco-related diseases, and teratogenicity, and for the discovery of therapeutics. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed a lung alveolar region-targeted aerosol method and a system that provides chronic intermittent nicotine exposure in freely moving rodents. The method produces in rodents clinically relevant nicotine exposure with the route and circadian pharmacokinetics resembling human smokers. This method is a novel tool for understanding the health impacts of chronic nicotine exposures such as with tobacco cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, for studying nicotine pharmacology, toxicology, addiction, and tobacco-related diseases, and for the discovery of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesi M Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Siyu Liu
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy , Los Angeles, California
| | - Eon S Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health , Los Angeles, California
| | - David Fung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health , Los Angeles, California
| | - Hua Pei
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jing Liang
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ross Mudgway
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jingxi Zhang
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, AfaSci, Incorporated, Redwood City, California
| | - Jack L Feldman
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health , Los Angeles, California
| | - Stan Louie
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy , Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinmin S Xie
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, AfaSci, Incorporated, Redwood City, California
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16
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Halawa AA, Damborsky JC, Slaton GS, Winzer-Serhan UH. Activation of immediate early genes by nicotine after chronic neonatal nicotine exposure in brain areas involved in stress and anxiety responses. Brain Res 2018; 1687:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Reinikovaite V, Rodriguez IE, Karoor V, Rau A, Trinh BB, Deleyiannis FWB, Taraseviciene-Stewart L. The effects of electronic cigarette vapour on the lung: direct comparison to tobacco smoke. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:13993003.01661-2017. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01661-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Mendez IA, Carcoba L, Wellman PJ, Cepeda-Benito A. High-fat diet meal patterns during and after continuous nicotine treatment in male rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:477-484. [PMID: 27643914 PMCID: PMC5955698 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Smoking to control body weight is an obstacle to smoking cessation, particularly in western cultures where diets are often rich in calories derived from fat sources. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous nicotine administration on meal patterns in rats fed a high-fat diet. Male rats were housed in cages designed to continuously monitor food intake and implanted with minipumps to deliver approximately 1.00 mg/kg/day of nicotine or saline. Meal patterns and body weights were assessed for 2 weeks of treatment and 1 week posttreatment. When compared with controls, rats with continuous nicotine treatment exhibited a decrease in the average meal duration(s) during the first week of treatment and a modest, yet sustained reduction in daily number of meals over the 14-day treatment period. Nicotine-induced decreases in body weight gain were observed throughout the 2 weeks of treatment. No differences in meal patterns or body weight gain were seen for 1 week following cessation of treatment. Results from this study suggest that while continuous nicotine treatment decreases daily food intake, meal durations, meal numbers, and weight gain, cessation of this treatment does not result in significant compensatory increases. Understanding the effects of nicotine on feeding patterns and weight gain may allow for improvements in treatment protocols aimed at addressing the factors that contribute to tobacco use. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Mendez
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding Author: Ian A. Mendez, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, , Phone: (310)206-7890, Fax: (310)825-7067
| | - Luis Carcoba
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Paul J. Wellman
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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19
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Goutier W, Kloeze M, McCreary AC. Nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization: pharmacological analyses with candidate smoking cessation aids. Addict Biol 2016; 21:234-41. [PMID: 25307867 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of approved therapeutics for the management of alcohol dependence, which might also convey the potential as smoking cessation aids. The present study investigated the effect of a few of these therapeutics and potential candidates (non-peptide vasopressin V1b antagonists) on the expression of nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization in Wistar rats. The following compounds were included in this evaluation: rimonabant, bupropion, topiramate, acamprosate, naltrexone, mecamylamine, nelivaptan (SSR-149415, V1b antagonist) and two novel V1b antagonists. Following the development of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and a withdrawal period, the expression of sensitization was assessed in the presence of one of the examined agents given 30 minutes prior to the nicotine challenge injection. Acamprosate, naltrexone, rimonabant, mecamylamine, nelivaptan and V1b antagonist 'compound 2' significantly antagonized the expression of nicotine-induced sensitization. Whereas topiramate showed a trend for effects, the V1b antagonist 'compound 1' did not show any significant effects. Bupropion failed to block sensitization but increased activity alone and was therefore tested in development and cross-sensitization studies. Taken together, these findings provide pre-clinical evidence that these molecules attenuated the expression of nicotine-induced sensitization and should be further investigated as putative treatments for nicotine addiction. Moreover, V1b antagonists should be further investigated as a potential novel smoking cessation aid.
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20
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Brynildsen JK, Najar J, Hsu LM, Vaupel DB, Lu H, Ross TJ, Yang Y, Stein EA. A novel method to induce nicotine dependence by intermittent drug delivery using osmotic minipumps. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 142:79-84. [PMID: 26751248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although osmotic minipumps are a reliable method for inducing nicotine dependence in rodents, continuous nicotine administration does not accurately model the intermittent pattern of nicotine intake in cigarette smokers. Our objectives, therefore, were to investigate whether intermittent nicotine delivery via osmotic minipumps could induce dependence in rats, and to compare the magnitude and duration of withdrawal following forced abstinence from intermittent nicotine to that induced by continuous nicotine administration. In order to administer nicotine intermittently, rats were surgically implanted with saline-filled osmotic minipumps attached to polyethylene tubing that contained hourly unit doses of nicotine alternating with mineral oil to mimic "injections". Three doses of nicotine (1.2, 2.4, and 4.8mg/kg/day) and saline were administered for 14days using this method. In order to compare our intermittent delivery method with the more traditional continuous nicotine delivery, a second group of rats was implanted with minipumps attached to tubing that delivered continuous nicotine for 14days. Rats were administered a 1.5mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) mecamylamine challenge and observed for somatic signs of withdrawal on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following minipump implantation. Fifteen somatic withdrawal signs were summed within a 50-minute observation period to obtain a composite Dependence Score. A generalized linear mixed-effects model revealed a significant Day×Dose×Method interaction. Amongst continuously-treated rats, only 4.8mg/kg/d nicotine resulted in dependence scores significantly greater than those of controls at 14days of exposure. In contrast, all intermittent nicotine groups showed significantly higher scores beginning at 7days of exposure and persisting beyond 7days of abstinence. In general, intermittent delivery produced a more robust withdrawal syndrome than continuous delivery, and did so at a lower dose threshold and with greater persistence after forced abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Brynildsen
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie Najar
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Li-Ming Hsu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Bruce Vaupel
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Maternal nicotine exposure during lactation alters food preference, anxiety-like behavior and the brain dopaminergic reward system in the adult rat offspring. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:131-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Valdivia S, Cornejo MP, Reynaldo M, De Francesco PN, Perello M. Escalation in high fat intake in a binge eating model differentially engages dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area and requires ghrelin signaling. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 60:206-16. [PMID: 26186250 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating is a behavior observed in a variety of human eating disorders. Ad libitum fed rodents daily and time-limited exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) display robust binge eating events that gradually escalate over the initial accesses. Intake escalation is proposed to be part of the transition from a controlled to a compulsive or loss of control behavior. Here, we used a combination of behavioral and neuroanatomical studies in mice daily and time-limited exposed to HFD to determine the neuronal brain targets that are activated--as indicated by the marker of cellular activation c-Fos--under these circumstances. Also, we used pharmacologically or genetically manipulated mice to study the role of orexin or ghrelin signaling, respectively, in the modulation of this behavior. We found that four daily and time-limited accesses to HFD induce: (i) a robust hyperphagia with an escalating profile, (ii) an activation of different sub-populations of the ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons and accumbens neurons that is, in general, more pronounced than the activation observed after a single HFD consumption event, and (iii) an activation of the hypothalamic orexin neurons, although orexin signaling blockage fails to affect escalation of HFD intake. In addition, we found that ghrelin receptor-deficient mice fail to both escalate the HFD consumption over the successive days of exposure and fully induce activation of the mesolimbic pathway in response to HFD consumption. Current data suggest that the escalation in high fat intake during repeated accesses differentially engages dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area and requires ghrelin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spring Valdivia
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE-CONICET/CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - María P Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE-CONICET/CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mirta Reynaldo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE-CONICET/CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE-CONICET/CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE-CONICET/CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina.
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23
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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24
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Huang W, Tam K, Fernando J, Heffernan M, King J, DiFranza JR. Nicotine and Resting-State Functional Connectivity: Effects of Intermittent Doses. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1311-7. [PMID: 25646348 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is unknown how the timing between doses might affect nicotine's impact on neural activity. Our objective was to examine how the interdose interval affects nicotine's impact on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered nicotine daily (0.4 mg/kg) over 6 days while control animals received saline vehicle. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure rsFC before and after a challenge dose of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) delivered for the first time and 3, 6, 12, or 24hr after the previous dose. RESULTS As the interval between nicotine doses increased from 3 to 24hr, the strength of rsFC increased in some circuits, particularly the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal circuits, and decreased in others, namely the interpeduncular nucleus, hippocampus, caudoputamen, retrosplenial cortex, ventral tegmental, and the insular circuits. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the effect that nicotine has on the brain is affected by the amount of time that has passed since the previous dose. The effect on rsFC of cumulative doses is not additive. This may have important implications for the study of nicotine addiction as it implies that the same dose of nicotine might have a different impact on the brain depending on the time elapsed from the previous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kelly Tam
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Janaque Fernando
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Meghan Heffernan
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Joseph R DiFranza
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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25
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Abstract
There is abundant evidence that the dopamine (DA) neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens play a central role in neurobiological mechanisms underpinning drug dependence. This chapter considers the ways in which these projections facilitate the addiction to nicotine and tobacco. It focuses on the complimentary roles of the two principal subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens, the accumbal core and shell, in the acquisition and maintenance of nicotine-seeking behavior. The ways in which tonic and phasic firing of the neurons contributes to the ways in which the accumbens mediate the behavioral responses to nicotine are also considered. Experimental studies suggest that nicotine has relatively weak addictive properties which are insufficient to explain the powerful addictive properties of tobacco smoke. This chapter discusses hypotheses that seek to explain this conundrum. They implicate both discrete sensory stimuli closely paired with the delivery of tobacco smoke and contextual stimuli habitually associated with the delivery of the drug. The mechanisms by which each type of stimulus influence tobacco dependence are hypothesized to depend upon the increased DA release and overflow, respectively, in the two subdivisions of the accumbens. It is suggested that a majority of pharmacotherapies for tobacco dependence are not more successful because they fail to address this important aspect of the dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J K Balfour
- Medical Research Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland,
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26
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Abstract
Nicotine is naturally found in the plants belonging to the Solanaceae family. Concentrations high enough to have a pharmacological effect are seen only in the tobacco sub-family, approximately 2% of dry weight and in Duboisia Hopwoodii that has been used by Australian aborigines (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia_hopwoodii). It is also present in the range of 2–7 microgram per kg of various edible plants.
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Ávila-Ruiz T, Carranza V, Gustavo LL, Limón DI, Martínez I, Flores G, Flores-Hernández J. Chronic administration of nicotine enhances NMDA-activated currents in the prefrontal cortex and core part of the nucleus accumbens of rats. Synapse 2014; 68:248-56. [PMID: 24549882 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is an addictive substance of tobacco. It has been suggested that nicotine acts on glutamatergic (N-methyl-d-aspartate, NMDA) neurotransmission affecting dopamine release in the mesocorticolimbic system. This effect is reflected in neuroadaptative changes that can modulate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) core (cNAcc) and shell (sNAcc) regions. We evaluated the effect of chronic administration of nicotine (4.23 mg/kg/day for 14 days) on NMDA activated currents in dissociated neurons from the PFC, and NAcc (from core and shell regions). We assessed nicotine blood levels by mass spectrophotometry and we confirmed that nicotine increases locomotor activity. An electrophysiological study showed an increase in NMDA currents in neurons from the PFC and core part of the NAcc in animals treated with nicotine compared to those of control rats. No change was observed in neurons from the shell part of the NAcc. The enhanced glutamatergic activity observed in the neurons of rats with chronic administration of nicotine may explain the increased locomotive activity also observed in such rats. To assess one of the possible causes of increased NMDA currents, we used magnesium, to block NMDA receptor that contains the NR2B subunit. If there is a change in percent block of NMDA currents, it means that there is a possible change in expression of NMDA receptor subunits. Our results showed that there is no difference in the blocking effect of magnesium on the NMDA currents. The magnesium lacks of effect after nicotinic treatment suggests that there is no change in expression of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors, then, the effect of nicotine treatment on amplitude of NMDA currents may be due to an increase in the quantity of receptors or to a change in the unitary conductance, rather than a change in the expression of the subunits that constitute it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ávila-Ruiz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, México
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28
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Liu Y, Richardson J, Tran T, Al-Muhtasib N, Xie T, Yenugonda VM, Sexton HG, Rezvani AH, Levin ED, Sahibzada N, Kellar KJ, Brown ML, Xiao Y, Paige M. Chemistry and pharmacological studies of 3-alkoxy-2,5-disubstituted-pyridinyl compounds as novel selective α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands that reduce alcohol intake in rats. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3000-11. [PMID: 23540678 PMCID: PMC3809750 DOI: 10.1021/jm4000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal acetylcholine receptors mediate the addictive effects of nicotine and may also be involved in alcohol addiction. Varenicline, an approved smoking cessation medication, showed clear efficacy in reducing alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokers. More recently, sazetidine-A, which selectively desensitizes α4β2 nicotinic receptors, was shown to significantly reduce alcohol intake in a rat model. To develop novel therapeutics for treating alcohol use disorder, we designed and synthesized novel sazetidine-A analogues containing a methyl group at the 2-position of the pyridine ring. In vitro pharmacological studies revealed that some of the novel compounds showed overall pharmacological property profiles similar to that of sazetidine-A but exhibited reduced agonist activity across all nicotinic receptor subtypes tested. In rat studies, compound (S)-9 significantly reduced alcohol uptake. More importantly, preliminary results from studies in a ferret model indicate that these novel nAChR ligands have an improved adverse side-effect profile in comparison with that of varenicline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Center of Drug Discovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Janell Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Thao Tran
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Nour Al-Muhtasib
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Teresa Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Venkata Mahidhar Yenugonda
- Center of Drug Discovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Hannah G. Sexton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Amir H. Rezvani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Edward D. Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Niaz Sahibzada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Kenneth J. Kellar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Milton L. Brown
- Center of Drug Discovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Yingxian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Mikell Paige
- Center of Drug Discovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
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29
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Saint-Preux F, Bores LR, Tulloch I, Ladenheim B, Kim R, Thanos PK, Volkow ND, Cadet JL. Chronic co-administration of nicotine and methamphetamine causes differential expression of immediate early genes in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens of rats. Neuroscience 2013; 243:89-96. [PMID: 23562942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and methamphetamine (METH) cause addiction by triggering neuroplastic changes in brain reward pathways though they each engage distinct molecular targets (nicotine receptors and dopamine transporters respectively). Addiction to both drugs is very prevalent, with the vast majority of METH users also being smokers of cigarettes. This co-morbid occurrence thus raised questions about potential synergistic rewarding effects of the drugs. However, few studies have investigated the chronic neurobiological changes associated with co-morbid nicotine and METH addiction. Here we investigated the effects of these two drugs alone and in combination on the expression of several immediate early genes (IEGs) that are sensitive to drug exposures. Chronic exposure to either nicotine or METH caused significant decreases in the expression of fosb, fra1, and fra2 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) but not in the dorsal striatum whereas the drug combination increased fra2 expression in both structures. Except for junB mRNA levels that were decreased by the three drug treatments in the NAc, there were no significant changes in the Jun family members. Of the Egr family members, NAc egr2 expression was decreased after nicotine and the drug combination whereas NAc egr3 was decreased after METH and the drug combination. The drug combination also increased striatal egr3 expression. The Nr4a family member, nr4a2/nurr1, showed increased striatal expression after all three drug treatments, while striatal nr4a3/nor-1 expression was increased by the drug combination whereas NAc nr4a1/nurr77 was decreased by nicotine and the drug combination. These observations suggest that, when given in combination, the two drugs exert distinct effects on the expression of IEGs in dopaminergic projection areas from those elicited by each drug alone. The significance of these changes in IEG expression and in other molecular markers in fostering co-morbid METH and nicotine abuse needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saint-Preux
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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30
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Gozen O, Balkan B, Yildirim E, Koylu EO, Pogun S. The epigenetic effect of nicotine on dopamine D1 receptor expression in rat prefrontal cortex. Synapse 2013; 67:545-52. [PMID: 23447334 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is a highly addictive drug and exerts its effect partially through causing dopamine release, thereby increasing intrasynaptic dopamine levels in the brain reward systems. Dopaine D1 receptor (DRD1) mRNAs and receptors are localized in reward-related brain regions, which receive cholinergic input. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether nicotine administration affects the expression of DRD1s, and if so, whether epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone acetylation, are involved. Twenty Male Sprague Dawley rats received nicotine (0.4 mg/kg/day, s.c.) or saline injections for 15 days. After nicotine/saline treatment, rats were perfused with saline; prefrontal cortex (PFC), corpus striatum (STR), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were dissected. Homogenates were divided into two parts for total RNA isolation and histone H4 acetylation studies. DRD1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the PFC of the nicotine-treated group compared with controls; similar trends were observed in the VTA and STR. To study epigenetic regulation, the 2kb upstream region of the DRD1 gene promoter was investigated for histone H4 acetylation in PFC samples. After chromatin immunoprecipitation with anti-acetyl histone H4 antibody, we found an increase in histone acetylation by two different primer pairs which amplified the -1365 to -1202 (P < 0.005) and -170 to +12 (P < 0.05) upstream regions of the DRD1 promoter. Our results suggest that intermittent subcutaneous nicotine administration increases the expression of DRD1 mRNA in the PFC of rats, and this increase may be due to changes in histone H4 acetylation of the 2kb promoter of the DRD1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Gozen
- Ege University School of Medicine Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey.
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31
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Hussmann GP, Turner JR, Lomazzo E, Venkatesh R, Cousins V, Xiao Y, Yasuda RP, Wolfe BB, Perry DC, Rezvani AH, Levin ED, Blendy JA, Kellar KJ. Chronic sazetidine-A at behaviorally active doses does not increase nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rodent brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:441-50. [PMID: 22899752 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.198085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic nicotine administration increases α4β2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) density in brain. This up-regulation probably contributes to the development and/or maintenance of nicotine dependence. nAChR up-regulation is believed to be triggered at the ligand binding site, so it is not surprising that other nicotinic ligands also up-regulate nAChRs in the brain. These other ligands include varenicline, which is currently used for smoking cessation therapy. Sazetidine-A (saz-A) is a newer nicotinic ligand that binds with high affinity and selectivity at α4β2* nAChRs. In behavioral studies, saz-A decreases nicotine self-administration and increases performance on tasks of attention. We report here that, unlike nicotine and varenicline, chronic administration of saz-A at behaviorally active and even higher doses does not up-regulate nAChRs in rodent brains. We used a newly developed method involving radioligand binding to measure the concentrations and nAChR occupancy of saz-A, nicotine, and varenicline in brains from chronically treated rats. Our results indicate that saz-A reached concentrations in the brain that were ∼150 times its affinity for α4β2* nAChRs and occupied at least 75% of nAChRs. Thus, chronic administration of saz-A did not up-regulate nAChRs despite it reaching brain concentrations that are known to bind and desensitize virtually all α4β2* nAChRs in brain. These findings reinforce a model of nicotine addiction based on desensitization of up-regulated nAChRs and introduce a potential new strategy for smoking cessation therapy in which drugs such as saz-A can promote smoking cessation without maintaining nAChR up-regulation, thereby potentially increasing the rate of long-term abstinence from nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patrick Hussmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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32
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Winterer G, Gallinat J, Brinkmeyer J, Musso F, Kornhuber J, Thuerauf N, Rujescu D, Favis R, Sun Y, Franc MA, Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan S, Janssens L, Timmers M, Streffer JR. Allosteric alpha-7 nicotinic receptor modulation and P50 sensory gating in schizophrenia: a proof-of-mechanism study. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:197-204. [PMID: 22766391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, four way cross-over proof-of-mechanism study, we tested the effect of the positive allosteric α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulator JNJ-39393406 in a key translational assay (sensory P50 gating) in 39 regularly smoking male patients with schizophrenia. All patients were clinically stable and JNJ-39393406 was administered as an adjunct treatment to antipsychotics. No indication was found that JNJ-39393406 has the potential to reverse basic deficits of information processing in schizophrenia (sensory P50 gating) or has a significant effect on other tested electrophysiological markers (MMN, P300 and quantitative resting EEG). Sensitivity analyses including severity of disease, baseline P50 gating, medication and gene variants of the CHRNA7 gene did not reveal any subgroups with consistent significant effects. It is discussed that potential positive effects in subgroups not present or not large enough in the current study or upon chronic dosing are possible, but unlikely to be developed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Winterer
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Skwara AJ, Karwoski TE, Czambel RK, Rubin RT, Rhodes ME. Influence of environmental enrichment on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to single-dose nicotine, continuous nicotine by osmotic mini-pumps, and nicotine withdrawal by mecamylamine in male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:1-10. [PMID: 22705101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the effects of environmental enrichment (EE; Kong Toys and Nestlets) on sexually diergic HPA axis responses to single-dose nicotine (NIC), single-dose NIC following continuous NIC administration for two weeks, and NIC withdrawal by single-dose mecamylamine (MEC) in male and female rats. Blood sampling occurred before and after MEC and NIC administrations for the determination of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT). Supporting and extending our previous findings, EE appeared to produce anxiolytic effects by reducing hormone responses: Male and female rats housed with EE had lower baseline ACTH and significantly lower HPA axis responses to the mild stress of saline (SAL) injection than did those housed without EE. The sexually diergic responses to single dose NIC, continuous NIC, and MEC-induced NIC withdrawal were reduced by EE in many male and female groups. ACTH responses to continuous NIC and MEC-induced NIC withdrawal were blunted to a greater extent in female EE groups than in male EE groups, suggesting that females are more sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of EE. Because EE lowered stress-responsive hormones of the HPA axis in most groups, EE may be a useful intervention for stress reduction in animal models of NIC addiction. As well, the effectiveness of EE in animal studies of NIC withdrawal may enlighten human studies addressing coping styles and tobacco cessation in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Skwara
- Department of Biology, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA 15650, United States
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34
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No al “hábito”, sí a la “adicción”. Análisis crítico de un eufemismo asociado al tabaco. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 138:489-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alpha7-nicotinic receptors modulate nicotine-induced reinforcement and extracellular dopamine outflow in the mesolimbic system in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:1-14. [PMID: 21901321 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine is the main addictive component of tobacco and modifies brain function via its action on neuronal acetylcholine nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, where neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) project to the nucleus accumbens (ACb), is considered a core site for the processing of nicotine's reinforcing properties. However, the precise subtypes of nAChRs that mediate the rewarding properties of nicotine and that contribute to the development of addiction remain to be identified. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of the nAChRs containing the α7 nicotinic subunit (α7 nAChRs) in the reinforcing properties of nicotine within the VTA and in the nicotine-induced changes in ACb DA outflow in vivo. METHODS We performed intra-VTA self-administration and microdialysis experiments in genetically modified mice lacking the α7 nicotinic subunit or after pharmacological blockade of α7 nAChRs in wild-type mice. RESULTS We show that the reinforcing properties of nicotine within the VTA are lower in the absence or after pharmacological blockade of α7 nAChRs. We also report that nicotine-induced increases in ACb DA extracellular levels last longer in the absence of these receptors, suggesting that α7 nAChRs regulate the action of nicotine on DA levels over time. CONCLUSIONS The present results reveal new insights for the role of α7 nAChRs in modulating the action of nicotine within the mesolimbic circuit. These receptors appear to potentiate the reinforcing action of nicotine administered into the VTA while regulating its action over time on DA outflow in the ACb.
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36
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Scerri C, Stewart CA, Balfour DJK, Breen KC. Nicotine modifies in vivo and in vitro rat hippocampal amyloid precursor protein processing in young but not old rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 514:22-6. [PMID: 22381398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that administration of nicotine modifies the expression and secretion of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in various cell lines. The present study investigated the extent to which chronic subcutaneous nicotine administration influences APP levels and processing in cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of young and old rat brains. The results showed that constant nicotine infusion (0.25 or 4.00mg/kg/day) increased the levels of particulate APP (APPp) but not secreted APP (APPs) in the hippocampus of young rats in vivo. This response to nicotine was not observed in the striatum or cerebral cortex of young rats or in any of the brain regions examined in old animals. Subsequent in vitro analysis demonstrated that nicotine enhanced the release of APPs from hippocampal slice preparations and that this increase was attenuated by mecamylamine, a non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist. The in vitro effect of nicotine on APPs was age-related, being only detected from hippocampal slices derived from the young but not the older animals. These results suggest that nicotine modulates APP expression and secretion in the hippocampus and that the responses observed to the drug are age-dependent being only detected in younger rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Scerri
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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37
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Kolokotroni KZ, Rodgers RJ, Harrison AA. Effects of chronic nicotine, nicotine withdrawal and subsequent nicotine challenges on behavioural inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:453-68. [PMID: 22124670 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder characterised by compulsive drug use and loss of control over drug intake. Although several theories propose impulsivity as a key component of addiction, the precise nature of this relationship remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the short- and longer-term effects of chronic nicotine administration on behavioural inhibition. METHODS Rats were trained on a symmetrically reinforced go/no-go task, following which they were subcutaneously prepared with osmotic minipumps delivering either nicotine (3.16 mg kg(-1) day(-1) (freebase)) or saline for 7 days. Performance was assessed daily during chronic treatment, in early and late abstinence, and in response to acute nicotine challenges following prolonged abstinence. RESULTS Chronic nicotine resulted in a transient reduction in inhibitory control. Spontaneous withdrawal was associated with a nicotine abstinence syndrome, the early stages of which were characterised by a significant increase in inhibitory control. This was, however, short-lived with a decrease in inhibition observed in the second week of abstinence. Whilst performance returned to baseline by the end of the third week, acute challenges (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg, SC) revealed that nicotine exposure had sensitised animals to the disinhibitory effects of the compound. CONCLUSIONS Drug-induced loss of inhibitory control may be critically involved both in the initial and later stages of addiction. Neuroadaptations occurring during chronic exposure to and/or withdrawal from nicotine render animals more sensitive to the disinhibitory effects of the drug. Longer-term changes in behaviour may play an important role in the increased susceptibility to relapse in those with a history of nicotine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Kolokotroni
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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38
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Dickson PE, Rogers TD, Lester DB, Miller MM, Matta SG, Chesler EJ, Goldowitz D, Blaha CD, Mittleman G. Genotype-dependent effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on dopamine functional dynamics in the nucleus accumbens shell in male and female mice: a potential mechanism underlying the gateway effect of nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 215:631-42. [PMID: 21212937 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The tendency to use cocaine is determined by genetic and environmental effects across the lifespan. One critical environmental effect is early drug exposure, which is both driven by and interacts with genetic background. The mesoaccumbens dopamine system, which is critically involved in the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, undergoes significant development during adolescence, and thus may be at particular risk to repeated nicotine exposure during this period, thereby establishing vulnerability for subsequent adult psychostimulant use. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypotheses that adolescent nicotine exposure results in attenuation of the enhancing effects of cocaine on medial forebrain bundle (MFB) electrical stimulation-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) in adulthood and that this effect is significantly influenced by genotype. METHODS Mice from the progenitor strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J and those from the BXD20/TyJ and BXD86/RwwJ recombinant inbred lines were exposed to nicotine via osmotic minipumps from postnatal day (P) 28 to P56. When mice reached P70, dopamine functional dynamics in AcbSh was evaluated by means of in vivo fixed potential amperometry in combination with electrical stimulation of mesoaccumbens dopaminergic axons in the MFB. RESULTS Adolescent exposure to nicotine in all strains dose-dependently reduced the ability of a fixed-dose challenge injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) to enhance MFB electrical stimulation-evoked dopamine release in AcbSh in adults. The magnitude of this effect was genotype-dependent. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a genotype-dependent mechanism by which nicotine exposure during adolescence causes persistent changes in the sensitivity to "hard" stimulants such as cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Price E Dickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Gentile NE, Andrekanic JD, Karwoski TE, Czambel RK, Rubin RT, Rhodes ME. Sexually diergic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to single-dose nicotine, continuous nicotine infusion, and nicotine withdrawal by mecamylamine in rats. Brain Res Bull 2011; 85:145-52. [PMID: 21396990 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to single-dose nicotine (NIC) are sexually diergic: Female rats have higher adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) responses than do males. In the present study we determined HPA responses in male and female rats following single doses of NIC, a single-dose of NIC immediately following continuous NIC for two weeks, and NIC withdrawal by single-dose mecamylamine (MEC) following continuous NIC infusion for two weeks. Blood sampling occurred before and after MEC and NIC administrations for the determination of ACTH and CORT. In accordance with our previous findings, female ACTH and CORT responses to single-dose NIC were greater than male responses. This sex difference remained after single-dose NIC followed continuous NIC infusion, but HPA responses in both sexes were significantly lower in magnitude and duration than in the single-dose NIC alone groups. Sex differences also were observed following NIC withdrawal by MEC: the HPA responses to pretreatment with MEC were significantly higher in magnitude and duration in the continuous NIC groups than in the single-dose NIC groups. These results demonstrate that HPA responses to NIC are reduced and transient following continuous NIC infusion but are enhanced and sustained following NIC withdrawal by MEC after continuous NIC, suggesting that NIC habituation and withdrawal influence the stress responses in a diergic manner. These findings highlight the importance of sex differences in the effect of NIC on HPA axis activity and stress responsiveness, which may have implications for directing NIC-addiction treatment specifically towards men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Gentile
- Department of Biology, Saint Vincent College, 300 Fraser Purchase Road, Latrobe, PA 15650, USA
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Rahman S. Brain nicotinic receptors as emerging targets for drug addiction: neurobiology to translational research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 98:349-65. [PMID: 21199776 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385506-0.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction, a chronic relapsing disorder, is a serious public health problem around the world. A growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that mammalian brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the heterogeneous family of ion channels, play a pivotal role in drug addiction, including nicotine and alcohol dependence. As a result, there is an increasing interest in developing nAChR-based therapies for the treatment of addictive disorders. The current review summarizes the important preclinical and clinical data, demonstrating the ability of nAChR ligands to modulate nicotine and alcohol-induced biobehavioral and neurochemical changes in laboratory animals and humans. Recent studies suggest that partial agonists and antagonists at nAChRs have therapeutic potential for the management of nicotine and alcohol dependence. The complexity of nAChRs and their regulation for the development of nAChR-based drug candidates as novel pharmacotherapy for other addictive disorders will also be discussed. Taken together, this review will provide new insights into nAChR-based compounds and offer innovative translational strategies for combating drug addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
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Gestational exposure to nicotine in drinking water: teratogenic effects and methodological issues. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:206-16. [PMID: 20480542 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833a5bb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in nicotine effects lead to questions about appropriate experimental procedures for prenatal nicotine exposure in rodent models. The objective of this study was to develop a method for gestational studies in rats based on oral nicotine exposure, and to evaluate the neurodevelopmental effects. Female Lister hooded rats were exposed to nicotine solutions both before and during pregnancy. These female rats were divided into groups consuming solutions of different concentrations such that animals that initially consumed the solutions most readily were exposed to progressively higher concentrations. Offspring of these female rats were evaluated in a test battery measuring maturational and developmental milestones. Female rats ingested nicotine solutions at levels that provided blood nicotine concentrations of 10-60 ng/ml, at daily dose levels of 2.9-6.2 mg/kg. Solutions with concentrations below 0.06 mg/ml were well tolerated with some moderate adverse effects at the highest dose. Concentrations above 0.08 mg/ml led to a large drop in fluid consumption and in body weight. Strong teratogenic effects of prenatal nicotine exposure were observed at concentrations above 0.04 mg/ml, including developmental and maturational delays shown by measures of pinnae detachment, fur appearance, incisor eruption, eye opening and righting reflex. Negative geotaxis, grip strength and weight gain were impaired and postnatal mortality was increased. This study design provides a model for the impact of prenatal exposure to nicotine at blood levels comparable with those in medium and heavy smokers. There were marked developmental and behavioural deficits induced in the offspring of nicotine-exposed female rats.
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Effects of dopamine antagonists on drug cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:153-60. [PMID: 20168211 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328337be95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in associative learning processes related to drugs of abuse. However, it is not clear whether blockade of activation of dopamine receptors alters conditioned incentive properties of nicotine-associated cues. Using a response-reinstatement procedure, this study examined the effects of antagonists selective for the D1 and the D2 subtypes of dopamine receptors on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in 30 daily 1 h sessions to intravenously self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) on a fixed ratio 5 schedule and associate a conditioned stimulus (cue) with each nicotine delivery. After extinction of responding by withholding nicotine (saline substitution) and its cue, the reinstatement tests were conducted following subcutaneous administration of a D1 antagonist SCH23390 (0, 5, 10, 30 microg/kg) or a D2 antagonist eticlopride (0, 5, 10, 30 microg/kg) in different groups of animals. Both SCH23390 and eticlopride significantly attenuated the magnitude of cue-elicited reinstatement of nicotine-seeking responding. These results indicate that activation of dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors may play a role in mediating the conditioned motivational effects of nicotine-associated cues as measured in the response-reinstatement procedure. These findings suggest that manipulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission at D1 and/or D2 receptors may prove to be a potential target for the development of pharmacotherapy for prevention of environmental nicotine cue-triggered smoking relapse.
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Changeux JP. Nicotine addiction and nicotinic receptors: lessons from genetically modified mice. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:389-401. [PMID: 20485364 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The past decades have seen a revolution in our understanding of brain diseases and in particular of drug addiction. This has been largely due to the identification of neurotransmitter receptors and the development of animal models, which together have enabled the investigation of brain functions from the molecular to the cognitive level. Tobacco smoking, the principal - yet avoidable - cause of lung cancer is associated with nicotine addiction. Recent studies in mice involving deletion and replacement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits have begun to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and might offer new therapeutic strategies to treat this addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Changeux
- Collge de France and the Institut Pasteur CNRS URA 2182, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Christensen DZ, Mikkelsen JD, Hansen HH, Thomsen MS. Repeated administration of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists, but not positive allosteric modulators, increases alpha7 nAChR levels in the brain. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1205-16. [PMID: 20533993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is an important target for treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. However, the receptor desensitizes rapidly in vitro, which has led to concern regarding its applicability as a clinically relevant drug target. Here we investigate the effects of repeated agonism on alpha7 nAChR receptor levels and responsiveness in vivo in rats. Using [(125)I]-alpha-bungarotoxin (BTX) autoradiography we show that acute or repeated administration with the selective alpha7 nAChR agonist A-582941 increases the number of alpha7 nAChR binding sites in several brain regions, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. The alpha7 nAChR agonists SSR180711 and PNU-282987 also increase [(125)I]-BTX binding, suggesting that this is a general consequence of alpha7 nAChR agonism. Interestingly, the alpha7 nAChR positive allosteric modulators PNU-120596 and NS1738 do not increase [(125)I]-BTX binding. Furthermore, A-582941-induced increase in Arc and c-fos mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex is enhanced and unaltered, respectively, after repeated administration, demonstrating that the alpha7 nAChRs remain responsive. Contrarily, A-582941-induced phosphorylation of Erk2 in the prefrontal cortex occurs following acute, but not repeated administration. Our results demonstrate that repeated agonist administration increases the number of alpha7 nAChRs in the brain, and leads to coupling versus uncoupling of specific intracellular signaling pathways. Additionally, our data suggest a fundamental difference between the sequelae of repeated administration with agonists and allosteric modulators of the alpha7 nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Z Christensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
It is well established that the continued intake of drugs of abuse is reinforcing-that is repeated consumption increases preference. This has been shown in some studies to extend to other drugs of abuse; use of one increases preference for another. In particular, the present review deals with the interaction of nicotine and alcohol as it has been shown that smoking is a risk factor for alcoholism and alcohol use is a risk factor to become a smoker. The review discusses changes in the brain caused by chronic nicotine and chronic alcohol intake to approach the possible mechanisms by which one drug increases the preference for another. Chronic nicotine administration was shown to affect nicotine receptors in the brain, affecting not only receptor levels and distribution, but also receptor subunit composition, thus affecting affinity to nicotine. Other receptor systems are also affected among others catecholamine, glutamate, GABA levels and opiate and cannabinoid receptors. In addition to receptor systems and transmitters, there are endocrine, metabolic and neuropeptide changes as well induced by nicotine. Similarly chronic alcohol intake results in changes in the brain, in multiple receptors, transmitters and peptides as discussed in this overview and also illustrated in the tables. The changes are sex and age-dependent-some changes in males are different from those in females and in general adolescents are more sensitive to drug effects than adults. Although nicotine and alcohol interact-not all the changes induced by the combined intake of both are additive-some are opposing. These opposing effects include those on locomotion, acetylcholine metabolism, nicotine binding, opiate peptides, glutamate transporters and endocannabinoid content among others. The two compounds lower the negative withdrawal symptoms of each other which may contribute to the increase in preference, but the mechanism by which preference increases-most likely consists of multiple components that are not clear at the present time. As the details of induced changes of nicotine and alcohol differ, it is likely that the mechanisms of increasing nicotine preference may not be identical to that of increasing alcohol preference. Stimulation of preference of yet other drugs may again be different -representing one aspect of drug specificity of reward mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lajtha
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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Ribeiz SRI, Bassitt DP, Arrais JA, Avila R, Steffens DC, Bottino CMC. Cholinesterase inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the literature. CNS Drugs 2010; 24:303-17. [PMID: 20297855 DOI: 10.2165/11530260-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits have been described in patients with schizophrenia from the first descriptions of dementia praecox to current concepts of cognitive dysmetria. Nevertheless, little is known about how to deal with them. In Alzheimer disease, cholinergic deficit is found and cholinesterase inhibitors have been used to delay the progression of memory and cognitive dysfunction. Several lines of evidence suggest that the cholinergic system may be disrupted in schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE To evaluate cognitive and clinical effects of adjunctive cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. METHOD We conducted a literature search on PubMed and EMBASE (up to December 2008) for articles that investigated adjunctive cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with schizophrenia. The terms 'schizophrenia', 'acetylcholinesterase inhibitors', 'rivastigmine', 'donepezil', 'galantamine' and 'cognitive deficit' were searched with restriction for English language and without a year limit. All articles that presented original data from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with donepezil, rivastigmine or galantamine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were included in the meta-analysis. Studies were excluded for the following reasons: (i) case study/letter/correspondence/review; (ii) animal study; (iii) molecular/genetic investigation; and (iv) inclusion of patients with schizophrenia and co-morbid dementia. Few appropriate data for meta-analysis were found because of the large heterogeneity of the assessment instruments used. Nevertheless, effects of cholinesterase inhibitors in some cognitive domains (executive function, memory and language), psychopathology (using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) and extrapyramidal symptoms could be analysed. RESULTS Six open-label and 24 double-blind studies were found. In five open-label studies there was an improvement in memory, attention and executive functions. Thirteen double-blind studies (four with rivastigmine, six with donepezil and three with galantamine) contributed to the meta-analysis. Significant improvement was found in this analysis for memory and the Trail Making test part A. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed studies suggest that specific cognitive deficits (memory, and the motor speed and attention part of executive function) of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are responsive to rivastigmine, donepezil and galantamine as adjunctive therapy. Confirmatory studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of this treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma R I Ribeiz
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. salma.ribeiz@.usp.br
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Formaggio E, Fazzini F, Dalfini A, Di Chio M, Cantù C, Decimo I, Fiorini Z, Fumagalli G, Chiamulera C. Nicotine increases the expression of neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase receptor A in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Neuroscience 2010; 166:580-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The neuropharmacological substrates of nicotine reward: reinforcing versus reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 20:211-25. [PMID: 19421028 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32832c7083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive nicotine use is thought to be maintained by the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine and the reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine, in addition to the negative consequences of nicotine abstinence. Nicotine self-administration and nicotine-induced enhancement of non-nicotine reinforcers such as intracranial self-stimulation provide measures of these dual rewarding properties of nicotine. First, pharmacological manipulations that modulate the reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine are identified and discussed. Second, the interpretation and implications of data that identified shared and specific pharmacological substrates underlying the dual rewarding effects of nicotine are discussed, including implications for the preclinical testing of putative antismoking medications. In conclusion, reinforcement-related behaviors that are mediated by central reinforcement processes are likely to, and generally do, exhibit a number of common pharmacological substrates. Interestingly, however, a few pharmacological classes of compounds seem to exert selective effects on components of the dual nicotine reward mechanisms, indicating differences in the pharmacological substrates of the reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. Further characterization of such compounds may ultimately lead to the identification of novel medications for nicotine dependence in humans.
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Govind AP, Vezina P, Green WN. Nicotine-induced upregulation of nicotinic receptors: underlying mechanisms and relevance to nicotine addiction. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:756-65. [PMID: 19540212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A major hurdle in defining the molecular biology of nicotine addiction has been characterizing the different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes in the brain and how nicotine alters their function. Mounting evidence suggests that the addictive effects of nicotine, like other drugs of abuse, occur through interactions with its receptors in the mesolimbic dopamine system, particularly ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons, where nicotinic receptors act to modulate the release of dopamine. The molecular identity of the nicotinic receptors responsible for drug seeking behavior, their cellular and subcellular location and the mechanisms by which these receptors initiate and maintain addiction are poorly defined. In this commentary, we review how nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are upregulated by nicotine exposure, the potential posttranslational events that appear to cause it and how upregulation is linked to nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha P Govind
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Abbot Hall 402-MC0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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