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Chikamoto A, Tochinai R, Sekizawa SI, Kuwahara M. Plasticity occurs in a specific phenotype of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius of dystrophin gene-mutated rats. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4282-4297. [PMID: 37933572 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive neuromuscular disorder that causes cardiac and respiratory failure. Patients with DMD have tachycardia and autonomic nervous dysfunction at a young age, which can potentially worsen cardiorespiratory function. Therefore, we hypothesised that plasticity occurs in neurons of the cardiorespiratory brainstem nucleus (nucleus tractus solitarius [NTS]) due to DMD, thus affecting neuronal regulation because afferent information from cardiorespiratory organs changes with disease progression. Patch-clamp experiments were performed on second-order NTS neurons from Dmd-mutated (Dm) rats that showed no functional dystrophin protein expression, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry. NTS neurons are classified into two electrophysiological phenotypes: one showing a delayed onset of spiking from hyperpolarised membrane potentials, namely, delayed-onset spiking (DS)-type neurons, and the other showing a rapid onset, namely, rapid-onset spiking-type neurons. Neuroplasticity mainly occurs in DS-type neurons in Dm rats and is characterised by blunted neuronal excitability accompanied by reduced outward currents and a facilitatory effect on synaptic transmission, that is, an increased frequency of spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) without changes in the amplitude and an increased amplitude of tractus solitarius-evoked EPSCs without changes in the paired-pulse ratio. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that the neuroplastic changes observed in Dm rats were caused by dystrophin deficiency in the neurons themselves, the plasticity could be caused by cardiorespiratory deterioration and/or adaptation in DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Chikamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Tochinai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sekizawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Janket SJ, Fraser DD, Baird AE, Tamimi F, Sohaei D, Conte HA, Prassas I, Diamandis EP. Tachykinins and the potential causal factors for post-COVID-19 condition. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e642-e650. [PMID: 37327802 PMCID: PMC10263974 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition are pulmonary dysfunction, fatigue and muscle weakness, anxiety, anosmia, dysgeusia, headaches, difficulty in concentrating, sexual dysfunction, and digestive disturbances. Hence, neurological dysfunction and autonomic impairments predominate in post-COVID-19 condition. Tachykinins including the most studied substance P are neuropeptides expressed throughout the nervous and immune systems, and contribute to many physiopathological processes in the nervous, immune, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital, and dermal systems and participate in inflammation, nociception, and cell proliferation. Substance P is a key molecule in neuroimmune crosstalk; immune cells near the peripheral nerve endings can send signals to the brain with cytokines, which highlights the important role of tachykinins in neuroimmune communication. We reviewed the evidence that relates the symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition to the functions of tachykinins and propose a putative pathogenic mechanism. The antagonism of tachykinins receptors can be a potential treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Ja Janket
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- Paediatric Critical Care, Western University and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alison E Baird
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dorsa Sohaei
- McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Harry A Conte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Johnson Memorial Hospital, Stafford Springs, CT, USA
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Esteban F, Ramos-García P, Muñoz M, González-Moles MÁ. Substance P and Neurokinin 1 Receptor in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer of the Head and Neck: A Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010375. [PMID: 35010633 PMCID: PMC8751191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is a growing worldwide public health problem, accounting for approximately 1,500,000 new cases and 500,000 deaths annually. Substance P (SP) is a peptide of the tachykinin family, which has roles related to a large number of physiological mechanisms in humans. The implications of SP in carcinogenesis have recently been reported through the stimulation of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), or directly, through the effects derived from the constitutive activation of NK1R. Consequently, SP/NK1R seems to play relevant roles in cancer, upregulating cell proliferation, cell migration and chronic inflammation, among other oncogenic actions. Furthermore, there is growing evidence pointing to a central role for SP in tumour progression, singularly so in laryngeal and oral squamous cell carcinomas. The current narrative review of the literature focuses on the relationship between the SP/NK1R system and chronic inflammation and cancer in the head-and-neck region. We described a role for SP/NK1R in the transition from chronic inflammation of the head and neck mucosa, to preneoplastic and neoplastic transformation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esteban
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, University of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Miguel Muñoz
- Research Laboratory on Neuropeptides (IBIS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
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Chen Z, Chen F, Fang Z, Zhao H, Zhan C, Li C, He Y, Huang C, Long L, Lai K. Glial activation and inflammation in the NTS in a rat model after exposure to diesel exhaust particles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 83:103584. [PMID: 33460804 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Airway pollution can affect the central nervous system, but whether this causes glial activation and inflammation in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) remains unclear. We used a rat model with exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEP) at 200 μg/m3 (low exposure) and 1000 μg/m3 (high exposure) for 14 days. Activation of microglia and astrocytes in the NTS was assessed using Iba-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining. The expression of neurotrophic factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the NTS were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Changes in the intracellular structure of NTS neurons were observed via electron microscopy. Inflammatory cytokines and oxidant stress levels in the medulla were also measured. Exposure to DEP can cause NTS inflammation as well as airway inflammation, especially in the H-exposure group. We showed that the numbers of microglia and astrocytes in the NTS, as well as NGF expression in the NTS, were significantly higher in both exposure groups than in controls, but BDNF or GDNF expression was not detected. Exposure to DEP induced ultrastructural changes in NTS neurons as reflected by endoplasmic reticulum dilation, ribosomal loss, mitochondrial vacuolization, and a sparse myelin sheath. Medulla inflammation and an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants also resulted from exposure to DEP. The H-exposure group showed an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants with decreased levels of SOD and GSH and increased levels of MDA and ROS compared to the control group (both p < 0.01) in the medulla. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were also significantly increased in the H-exposure group. Fourteen days of exposure to DEP can affect the NTS neurons in rat. Glial activation and inflammation may play important roles in the response of the NTS to DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Laboratory of Immunology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Fagui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515031, China
| | - Zhangfu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Huasi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Chen Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yaowei He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Chuqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Li Long
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
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Significance of the Overexpression of Substance P and Its Receptor NK-1R in Head and Neck Carcinogenesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061349. [PMID: 33802704 PMCID: PMC8002440 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study has been, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, to increase the scientific evidence on the implications of SP and its receptor NK-1R in head and neck carcinogenesis. We searched studies published before May-2020 without date and publication language restrictions (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus). We evaluated the quality of the studies included (QUIPS tool). We performed heterogeneity, sensitivity, small-study effects, and subgroup analyses. A total 16 studies and 1308 cases met inclusion criteria. Qualitative evaluation demonstrated that not all studies were performed with the same scientific rigor, finding the greatest risk of bias in the study confounding and prognostic factors measurement domains. Quantitative evaluation showed a greater SP/NK-1R overexpression in malignant head and neck lesions compared to benign lesions (p = 0.02), and that expression was observed in malignant salivary gland pathology. Likewise, we found a higher overexpression of NK-1R compared to SP (p = 0.02). In conclusion, the results of this systematic review and meta-analysis show evidence that the upregulation of SP and NK-1R are oncogenic events involved in head and neck carcinogenesis, probably acting in the early stages of malignization. In addition, there is evidence of a greater relevance of the upregulation of the NK-1R receptor compared to SP, which highlights the interest in deepening the development of targeted therapies on the receptor. Future studies assessing the relationships between SP/NK-1R among subjects with head and neck tumors could consider the recommendations given in this systematic review and meta-analysis to improve and standardize future research.
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McGovern AE, Short KR, Kywe Moe AA, Mazzone SB. Translational review: Neuroimmune mechanisms in cough and emerging therapeutic targets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1392-1402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhang L, Sun T, Liu L, Wang L. The research of the possible mechanism and the treatment for capsaicin-induced cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 49:1-9. [PMID: 29288742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Unexplained chronic cough (UCC) affects millions of patients worldwide. New therapeutic approaches to this condition are urgently needed, since current treatment options provide only symptomatic relief. Cough reflex hypersensitivity has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of UCC. The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is present on peripheral terminals of airway sensory nerves and modulation of its activity represents a potential target for the pharmacological treatment of UCC. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy and the possible mechanism of SB705498, a TRPV1 antagonist, for cough in a capsaicin-induced cough animal model (i.e. guinea pigs). Induction of cough by capsaicin was successfully implemented in the guinea pigs, and the animals that met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into four treatment groups: (1) Saline inhalation group (NSInh group, N = 10, negative control group), (2) Codeine phosphate intraperitoneal injection group (CPInp group, N = 10, positive control group), (3) SB705498 inhalation group (SBInh group, N = 10), (4) SB705498 intragastric administration group (SBIng group, N = 10). After treatment with above compounds, the capsaicin-induced cough experiment was performed again. The cough numbers and the cough incubation periods were recorded to evaluate the antitussive effect of SB705498. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for substance P (SP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and neurokinin A (NKA) expression in lung and brain tissues were performed as an indication of neurogenic inflammation. Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe the pathology morphology of lung and brain tissues. When the CPInp, SBInh and SBIng groups were compared to the NSInh group, the cough numbers were significantly reduced (p < .001), while the cough incubation periods were significantly prolonged (P < .001). In addition, the expression of SP, CGRP and NKA in lung and brain tissue was reduced (P < .05). None of the animals in the four groups exhibited lung and brain parenchymal inflammation. The results from this study showed that SB705498 had a significant antitussive effect, could reduce the neurogenic inflammation by reducing the expression of SP, CGRP and NKA in a capsaicin-induced cough model of guinea pigs. The results further indicated that TRPV1 played an important role in UCC and SB705498 might be a promising therapeutic agent for UCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China; Peking University, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Tieying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China; Peking University, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Longteng Liu
- Peking University, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China; Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.
| | - Lifang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China; Peking University, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Mazzone SB, Undem BJ. Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 96:975-1024. [PMID: 27279650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology and pulmonary defense through local responses and centrally mediated neural pathways. Mechanical and chemical activation of airway afferents depends on a myriad of ionic and receptor-mediated signaling, much of which has yet to be fully explored. Alterations in the sensitivity and neurochemical phenotype of vagal afferent nerves and/or the neural pathways that they innervate occur in a wide variety of pulmonary diseases, and as such, understanding the mechanisms of vagal sensory function and dysfunction may reveal novel therapeutic targets. In this comprehensive review we discuss historical and state-of-the-art concepts in airway sensory neurobiology and explore mechanisms underlying how vagal sensory pathways become dysfunctional in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bradley J Undem
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Niimi A, Chung KF. Evidence for neuropathic processes in chronic cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:100-4. [PMID: 26474678 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cough is a very common symptom for which patients seek medical attention but can often be difficult to manage, because associated causes may remain elusive and treatment of any associated causes does not always provide adequate relief. Current antitussives have limited efficacy and undesirable side-effects. Patients with chronic cough typically describe sensory symptoms suggestive of upper airway and laryngeal neural dysfunction. They often report cough triggered by low-level physical and chemical stimuli supporting the recently emerging concept of 'cough hypersensitivity syndrome'. Chronic cough is a neuropathic condition that could be secondary to sensory nerve damage caused by inflammatory, infective and allergic factors. Mechanisms underlying peripheral and central augmentation of the afferent cough pathways have been identified. Successful treatment of chronic cough with agents used for treating neuropathic pain, such as gabapentin and amitriptyline, would also support this concept. Further research of neuropathic cough may lead to the discovery of more effective antitussives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Niimi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK; Royal Brompton NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, London, UK
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NMDA and GABA receptors as potential targets in cough hypersensitivity syndrome. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 22:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chung KF. Approach to chronic cough: the neuropathic basis for cough hypersensitivity syndrome. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:S699-707. [PMID: 25383203 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.08.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cough is a common symptom that can be difficult to manage because associated causes may remain elusive and treatment of any associated cause may not provide relief. Current antitussives have limited efficacy and undesirable side-effects. Patients with chronic cough describe sensory symptoms suggestive of upper airway and laryngeal neural dysfunction, and report cough triggered by low-level physical and chemical stimuli supporting the concept of cough reflex hypersensitivity. Mechanisms underlying peripheral and central augmentation of the afferent cough pathways have been identified. Chronic cough is a neuropathic condition that could be secondary to sensory nerve damage caused by inflammatory, infective and allergic factors. Recent success in the treatment of chronic cough with agents used for treating neuropathic pain such as gabapentin and amitryptiline would also support this concept. Research into neuropathic cough may lead to the discovery of more effective antitussives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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13
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Abstract
The airways and lungs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Cholinergic parasympathetic innervation is well conserved in the airways while the distribution of noncholinergic parasympathetic and adrenergic sympathetic nerves varies considerably amongst species. Autonomic nerve function is regulated primarily through reflexes initiated upon bronchopulmonary vagal afferent nerves. Central regulation of autonomic tone is poorly described but some key elements have been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Ritz T. Airway responsiveness to psychological processes in asthma and health. Front Physiol 2012; 3:343. [PMID: 22973233 PMCID: PMC3433706 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial factors have been found to impact airway pathophysiology in respiratory disease with considerable consistency. Influences on airway mechanics have been studied particularly well. The goal of this article is to review the literature on airway responses to psychological stimulation, discuss potential pathways of influence, and present a well-established emotion-induction paradigm to study airway obstruction elicited by unpleasant stimuli. Observational studies have found systematic associations between lung function and daily mood changes. The laboratory-based paradigm of bronchoconstrictive suggestion has been used successfully to elicit airway obstruction in a substantial proportion of asthmatic individuals. Other studies have demonstrated modulation of airway responses to standard airway challenges with exercise, allergens, or pharmacological agents by psychological factors. Standardized emotion-induction techniques have consistently shown airway constriction during unpleasant stimulation, with surgery, blood, and injury stimuli being particularly powerful. Findings with various forms of stress induction have been more mixed. A number of methodological factors may account for variability across studies, such as choice of measurement technique, temporal association between stimulation and measurement, and the specific quality and intensity of the stimulus material, in particular the extent of implied action-orientation. Research has also begun to elucidate physiological processes associated with psychologically induced airway responses, with vagal excitation and ventilatory influences being the most likely candidate pathways, whereas the role of specific central nervous system pathways and inflammatory processes has been less studied. The technique of emotion-induction using films has the potential to become a standardized challenge paradigm for the further exploration of airway hyperresponsiveness mediated by central nervous system processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Southern Methodist University Dallas, TX, USA
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Mazzone SB, McGovern AE, Cole LJ, Farrell MJ. Central nervous system control of cough: pharmacological implications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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