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Ahrens C, Beatrice L, Meier V, Rohrer Bley C. Radiation toxicity grading after chemoradiotherapy of canine urinary tract carcinomas: Comparing VRTOG to VRTOG_v2.0. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:255-264. [PMID: 38544415 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Radiation toxicities may be underestimated after treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in dogs' lower urinary tract. Assessing acute and late toxicities and differentiating them from progressive disease (PD) impacts further therapeutic approach. We retrospectively assessed dogs treated with definitive-intent chemoradiotherapy (12 × 3.8 Gy, various first-line chemotherapeutics). Local tumour control, radiation toxicities and survival were evaluated. We classified radiation toxicities according to the previously published radiation toxicity scheme "VRTOG" as well as the updated version, "VRTOG_v2.0". Fourteen dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder ± urethra (n = 8), +prostate (n = 3) or solely urethra (n = 3), were included. Median follow-up was 298 days (range 185-1798 days), median overall survival 305 days (95%CI = 209;402) and 28.6% deaths were tumour-progression-related. Acute radiation toxicity was mild and self-limiting with both classification systems: In VRTOG, 5 dogs showed grade 1, and 1 dog grade 2 toxicity. In VRTOG_v2.0, 2 dogs showed grade 1, 3 dogs grade 2, and 3 dogs grade 3 toxicity. Late toxicity was noted in 14.2% of dogs (2/14) with the VRTOG, both with grade 3 toxicity. With VRTOG_v2.0, a larger proportion of 42.9% of dogs (6/14) showed late toxicities: Four dogs grade 3 (persistent incontinence), 2 dogs grade 5 (urethral obstructions without PD resulting in euthanasia). At time of death, 5 dogs underwent further workup and only 3 were confirmed to have PD. With the updated VRTOG_v2.0 classification system, more dogs with probable late toxicity are registered, but it is ultimately difficult to distinguish these from disease progression as restaging remains to be the most robust determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Ahrens
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Beatrice
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Meier
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Butty EM, Hahn S, Labato MA. Presumptive malignant transformation of chronic polypoid cystitis into an apical transitional cell carcinoma without BRAF mutation in a young female dog. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1551-1557. [PMID: 33739477 PMCID: PMC8163141 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old spayed female English Springer Spaniel was presented twice 4 months apart for investigation of hematuria and pollakiuria without urinary tract infection. Both ultrasound examinations identified a stable craniodorsal bladder wall thickening. The first cystoscopic biopsy samples indicated lymphoplasmacytic cystitis and the second polypoid cystitis. The dog was represented 8 months later for recurrent clinical signs despite medical management. Although the ultrasound examination showed stable disease, repeat cystoscopic biopsy identified transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), confirmed on tissue removed by partial cystectomy. No BRAF mutation was ever detected in urine or tissue samples. To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of presumptive malignant transformation of polypoid cystitis into an apical TCC in a dog. Dogs with polypoid cystitis should be followed closely and surgical management considered if rapid resolution is not achieved with medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Marie Butty
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shelley Hahn
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Anna Labato
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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Culp WTN, Johnson EG, Giuffrida MA, Palm CA, Mayhew PD, Kent MS, Rebhun RB, Burton JH. Use of transrectal ultrasonography for assessment of the size and location of prostatic carcinoma in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020; 80:1012-1019. [PMID: 31644342 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for the assessment of prostatic tumors in dogs and to compare results for TRUS with results for other imaging modalities. ANIMALS 10 client-owned male dogs. PROCEDURES Client-owned dogs identified with prostatic carcinoma were enrolled. Fluoroscopy, transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS), TRUS, and MRI were performed on all dogs. Tumor measurements, urethral penetration (identification of abnormal tissue within the urethral lumen), and tumor extension into the urinary tract were recorded for all imaging modalities. Agreement between results for MRI (considered the criterion-referenced standard) and results for other modalities were compared. RESULTS Median body weight of the 10 dogs was 26.3 kg (range, 9.4 to 49.5 kg). No complications were encountered during or after TRUS. Significant moderate to good agreements (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.60 to 0.86) among TAUS, TRUS, fluoroscopy, and MRI were identified for tumor length and height. Assessments of urethral penetration and tumor extension into the bladder with TRUS did not differ significantly from those made with MRI and were superior in terms of absolute agreement with MRI when compared with those for TAUS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE TRUS was successfully and safely used to evaluate prostatic carcinoma in dogs. There was moderate to good agreement with MRI results for tumor height and length measurements, and TRUS was found to be superior to TAUS for some assessments. Transrectal ultrasonography can be considered an adjunctive imaging modality for the performance of prostatic interventional procedures or assessment of response to treatment.
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Abstract
Primary renal tumors are an uncommon diagnosis in small animals. Presentation, treatment, and prognosis depend on tumor type. Surgery with or without chemotherapy are the mainstays of treatment. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common tumor of the urinary system. Clinical signs include hematuria, stranguria, and pollakiuria. Metastatic disease can develop over time within medial iliac lymph nodes, lungs, and vertebrae. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma centers on chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, vinblastine, or carboplatin. Other agents used with success, include toceranib phosphate and chlorambucil. Interventional surgery, such as stenting and laser ablation, is used in a palliative setting addressing urinary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Elaine Burgess
- Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Carol J DeRegis
- Piper Memorial Veterinary Center, 730 Randolph Road, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
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Griffin MA, Culp WTN, Rebhun RB. Lower Urinary Tract Neoplasia. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5040096. [PMID: 30486368 PMCID: PMC6313859 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract neoplasia in companion animals is a debilitating and often life-threatening disease. Tumors of the bladder, urethra, and prostate often occur independently, although extension of these tumors into adjacent regions of the lower urinary tract is documented frequently. The most common lower urinary tract tumor in dogs and cats is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In both dogs and cats, TCC affecting the urinary bladder is generally considered to be highly aggressive with both local and metastatic disease potential, and this disease poses unique treatment challenges. Whereas much literature exists regarding the TCC disease process, treatment options, and prognosis in dogs, relatively few studies on feline TCC have been published due to the lower incidence of TCC in this species. Prostate tumors, most commonly adenocarcinomas, occur less commonly in dogs and cats but serve an important role as a comparative model for prostate neoplasia in humans. This article serves as a review of the current information regarding canine and feline lower urinary tract neoplasia as well as the relevance of these diseases with respect to their human counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Griffin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - William T N Culp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Leffler AJ, Hostnik ET, Warry EE, Habing GG, Auld DM, Green EM, Drost WT. Canine urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma tumor volume is dependent on imaging modality and measurement technique. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:767-776. [PMID: 29989254 PMCID: PMC6218272 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the canine urinary tract. The inconsistent appearance of transitional cell carcinoma in patients introduces error if applying mathematic models for extrapolating total tumor volume from linear measurements. Reliable techniques to assess tumor size are important for monitoring treatment response. A method comparison study was performed comparing four techniques for calculating tumor volume were compared: (1 and 2) contoured tracing of tumor margins using serial computed tomography (CT) images using pre-(1) and postintravenous (2) contrast medium studies, (3) longest three linear dimensions using CT, and (4) longest three linear dimensions on abdominal ultrasound. Volumes of the transitional cell carcinoma tumor calculated by CT tracing techniques were significantly smaller than volumes calculated with an ellipsoid mathematic model using the linear measurements (P < 0.01). Intravenous contrast medium did not significantly change the volumes calculated from tracing tumor margins on CT for observer B; however, volumes differed for observer A. The volumes extrapolated from linear measurements using CT and ultrasound did not differ significantly. The interobserver reliability was highest for the precontrast CT contoured technique and was lowest using the ultrasound linear technique. Tumor volumes differed significantly between techniques of contoured tracing of the tumor margins on serial CT images compared to calculation of tumor volume from linear dimensions. The calculated volume of a transitional cell carcinoma depends upon the technique used. Characterizing the response of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma tumor size to therapy differs based on the method and modality used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Leffler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric T. Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emma E. Warry
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory G. Habing
- Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Danelle M. Auld
- Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Eric M. Green
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wm Tod Drost
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Honkisz S, Naughton J, Weng H, Fourez L, Knapp D. Evaluation of two-dimensional ultrasonography and computed tomography in the mapping and measuring of canine urinary bladder tumors. Vet J 2018; 232:23-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rippy SB, Gardner HL, Nguyen SM, Warry EE, Portela RA, Drost WT, Hostnik ET, Green EM, Chew DJ, Peng J, London CA. A pilot study of toceranib/vinblastine therapy for canine transitional cell carcinoma. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:257. [PMID: 27855679 PMCID: PMC5114733 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Effective therapies for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are limited, with objective response rates to most chemotherapeutic regimens below 20%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biologic activity of combined toceranib phosphate and vinblastine chemotherapy for treatment of TCC. A secondary objective was to compare the utility of Computed Tomography (CT) and abdominal ultrasound (AUS) in tumor response assessments. Results Dogs with TCC received vinblastine at 1.6 mg/m2 every 2 weeks and toceranib at 2.5–2.75 mg/kg on Monday/Wednesday/Friday. Tumor monitoring was achieved through CT and AUS. Five patients completed the 16-week study. Based on AUS assessments, 3 dogs experienced biologic response to therapy including partial responses (PR, n = 2) and stable disease (SD, n = 1). Based on CT, 5 dogs experienced a biologic response (n = 2 PR, n = 3 SD). Both imaging modalities (ultrasound and CT) were found to provide repeatable measurements between operators, however agreement between operator measurements was greater when CT images were used to assess tumor size. Conclusions The combination of toceranib and vinblastine did not result in improved response rates. While agreement in tumor volume assessments between both AUS and CT were excellent between operators, this did not extend to assessment of tumor response. The higher rate of concordance between operators when assessing response to treatment with CT suggests that CT should be considered for future clinical trials involving canine bladder TCC to improve the accuracy and repeatability of tumor measurement. The data suggest that response to therapy as assessed by AUS or CT do not predict duration of clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather L Gardner
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Emma E Warry
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - William Tod Drost
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eric T Hostnik
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eric M Green
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dennis J Chew
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cheryl A London
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Culp WTN, Weisse C, Berent AC, Reetz JA, Krick EL, Jackson DE, Kass PH, Clifford CA, Sorenmo KU. Early tumor response to intraarterial or intravenous administration of carboplatin to treat naturally occurring lower urinary tract carcinoma in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:900-7. [PMID: 25900646 PMCID: PMC4895401 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Survival times and tumor responses associated with malignant neoplasia of the lower urinary tract are poor despite the vast array of current treatments. Therefore, the evaluation of alternative treatments, such as intraarterial administration of chemotherapy (IAC) should be considered. Objective To describe a technique for superselective catheterization for IAC and to evaluate initial tumor response by ultrasonography after both IAC and intravenous administration of chemotherapy (IVC). Animals Client‐owned dogs with lower urinary tract neoplasia treated with either IVC (n = 15) or IAC (n = 11). Methods Retrospective study. An arterial approach via the carotid or femoral artery was utilized to obtain superselective access and administer chemotherapy in the IAC cases. Medical record review was performed, data were recorded, and recorded variables were evaluated statistically. Results Intraarterial chemotherapy was successfully administered in all cases. There was a significantly greater decrease in longest unidimensional measurement in the IAC group as compared to the IVC group (P = .013). The IAC group was also significantly more likely to have a tumor response as assessed by modified RECIST guidelines (P = .049). Dogs in the IAC group were significantly less likely to develop anemia (P = .001), lethargy (P = .010) and anorexia (P = .024). Conclusion and Clinical Importance This study demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of performing IAC for lower urinary tract neoplasia. Further investigation is necessary as the follow‐up time was short and the impact on long‐term outcome and survival was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T N Culp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - C Weisse
- Animal Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - A C Berent
- Animal Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - J A Reetz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E L Krick
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - D E Jackson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - P H Kass
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - K U Sorenmo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: a review. Vet J 2015; 205:217-25. [PMID: 25747698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also referred to as urothelial carcinoma, is the most common form of urinary bladder cancer in dogs, affecting tens of thousands of dogs worldwide each year. Canine TCC is usually a high grade invasive cancer. Problems associated with TCC include urinary tract obstruction, distant metastases in >50% of affected dogs, and clinical signs that are troubling both to the dogs and to their owners. Risk factors for TCC include exposure to older types of flea control products and lawn chemicals, obesity, female sex, and a very strong breed-associated risk. This knowledge is allowing pet owners to take steps to reduce the risk of TCC in their dog. The diagnosis of TCC is made by histopathology of tissue biopsies obtained by cystoscopy, surgery, or catheter. Percutaneous aspirates and biopsies should be avoided due to the risk of tumor seeding. TCC is most commonly located in the trigone region of the bladder precluding complete surgical resection. Medical treatment is the mainstay for TCC therapy in dogs. Although TCC is not usually curable in dogs, multiple drugs have activity against it. Approximately 75% of dogs respond favorably to TCC treatment and can enjoy several months to a year or more of good quality life. Many promising new therapies for TCC are emerging and with the close similarity between TCC in dogs and high grade invasive bladder cancer in humans, new treatment strategies found to be successful in canine studies are expected to help dogs and to be subsequently translated to humans.
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Allstadt SD, Rodriguez CO, Boostrom B, Rebhun RB, Skorupski KA. Randomized phase III trial of piroxicam in combination with mitoxantrone or carboplatin for first-line treatment of urogenital tract transitional cell carcinoma in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:261-7. [PMID: 25619518 PMCID: PMC4858101 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reported response rates of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in dogs to piroxicam in combination with either mitoxantrone or carboplatin are similar; however, it is unknown whether either drug might provide superior duration of response. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine if the progression-free interval (PFI) of dogs with TCC treated with mitoxantrone and piroxicam was different than that of dogs receiving carboplatin and piroxicam. The hypothesis was that the efficacy of mitoxantrone is no different from carboplatin. ANIMALS Fifty dogs with TCC without azotemia. METHODS Prospective open-label phase III randomized study. Either mitoxantrone or carboplatin was administered every 3 weeks concurrently with piroxicam with restaging at 6-week intervals. Twenty-four dogs received carboplatin and 26 received mitoxantrone. RESULTS Response was not different between groups (P = .56). None of the dogs showed complete response. In the mitoxantrone group, there were 2 (8%) partial responses (PR) and 18 (69%) dogs with stable disease (SD). In the carboplatin group, there were 3 PR (13%) and 13 (54%) dogs with SD. The PFI was not significantly different between groups (mitoxantrone = 106 days; carboplatin = 73.5 days; P = .62; hazard ratio 0.86; 95% confidence interval 0.47-1.56). Dogs with prostatic involvement experienced a shorter survival (median, 109 days) compared to dogs with urethral, trigonal, or apically located tumors; this difference was significant (median 300, 190, and 645 days, respectively; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study did not detect a different in outcome in dogs with TCC treated with either mitoxantrone or carboplatin in combination with piroxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Allstadt
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA
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12
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Childress MO, Fulkerson CM, Lahrman SA, Weng HY. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of calliper-based lymph node measurement in dogs with peripheral nodal lymphomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14 Suppl 1:74-81. [PMID: 25399863 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. O. Childress
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - C. M. Fulkerson
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - S. A. Lahrman
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - H.-Y. Weng
- Comparative Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
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13
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Mattoon JS, Bryan JN. The future of imaging in veterinary oncology: Learning from human medicine. Vet J 2013; 197:541-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kaye ME, Thamm DH, Weishaar K, Lawrence JA. Vinorelbine rescue therapy for dogs with primary urinary bladder carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:443-51. [PMID: 23981116 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumour activity and toxicoses of vinorelbine as a palliative rescue therapy for dogs with primary urinary bladder carcinoma. Thirteen dogs refractory to prior chemotherapeutics and one dog naïve to chemotherapeutic treatment were enrolled. Vinorelbine (15 mg m(-2) IV) was administered intravenously along with concurrent oral anti-inflammatory drugs, if tolerated. A median of six doses of vinorelbine (range: 1-16) was administered. Two dogs (14%) had partial responses, and eight (57%) experienced stable disease. Subjective improvement in clinical signs was noted in 11 dogs (78%). Adverse events were mild and primarily haematological in nature. Median time to progression was 93 days (range: 20-239 days). Median survival time for all dogs was 187 days; median survival for 13 pre-treated dogs was 207 days. Vinorelbine may have utility in the management of canine primary urinary bladder carcinoma and should be evaluated in a prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Kaye
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - D H Thamm
- The Animal Cancer Center, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Collins, CO, USA
| | - K Weishaar
- The Animal Cancer Center, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Collins, CO, USA
| | - J A Lawrence
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.,Current address: Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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15
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Naughton JF, Widmer WR, Constable PD, Knapp DW. Accuracy of three-dimensional and two-dimensional ultrasonography for measurement of tumor volume in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1919-24. [PMID: 23176418 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of 3-D and 2-D ultrasonography for quantification of tumor volume in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. ANIMALS 10 dogs with biopsy-confirmed TCC. PROCEDURES The urinary bladder of each dog was distended with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (5.0 mL/kg), and masses were measured via 3-D and 2-D ultrasonography. Masses were also measured via 3-D ultrasonography after bladders were distended with 2.5 and 1.0 mL of saline solution/kg. Subsequently, the bladder was deflated and distended with CO(2) (5.0 mL/kg); CT was performed after IV contrast medium administration. Tumor volumes were calculated via 3-D ultrasonography, 2-D ultrasonography, and CT (reference method) and compared via ANOVA, Deming regression, and Bland-Altman plots. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess effects of bladder distension on 3-D tumor volume measurements. Repeatability of measurements was estimated via the coefficient of variation for each method. RESULTS Repeatability was considered good for all 3 methods. There was no significant difference in tumor volume measurements obtained via 3-D ultrasonography at different degrees of urinary bladder distension. Results of Deming regression and Bland-Altman plots indicated excellent agreement between tumor volume measurement with 3-D ultrasonography and CT, but not between 2-D ultrasonography and CT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Tumor volume in dogs with TCC of the urinary bladder was accurately measured via 3-D ultrasonography. Use of 3-D ultrasonography can provide a less expensive and more practical method for monitoring response to treatment than CT and was more accurate than 2-D ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Naughton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Robat C, Burton J, Thamm D, Vail D. Retrospective evaluation of doxorubicin-piroxicam combination for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:67-74. [PMID: 23286739 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether doxorubicin-piroxicam combination is safe and has activity against transitional cell carcinoma in dogs. METHODS Data was collected retrospectively from 34 dogs from two institutions over a 6-year period. Signalment, clinical presentation, treatment specifics, adverse events, response, progression-free survival and overall survival time were evaluated. RESULTS Dogs received doxorubicin every 3 weeks and daily piroxicam; 17 dogs (50%) had surgery. Clinical presentations were those typically reported for transitional cell carcinoma. Mean number of doses administered was 3·5. Of the 23 dogs with measurable disease, 14 (60·5%) had stable disease, 7 (30·5%) had progressive disease and 2 (9%) a partial response. Adverse events were generally manageable, and gastrointestinal in origin; one dog died of treatment-related complications. Overall median progression-free survival and overall survival were 103 and 168 days, respectively. Cytoreductive surgery did not result in prolongation of progression-free survival, but significantly prolonged overall survival. All dogs but one died as a result of disease progression. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Doxorubicin-piroxicam combination therapy is well-tolerated in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma although progression-free survival, overall survival and biological response rates appear modest. Combination with surgery appears to offer a survival advantage; however, this may reflect tumour location and volume. Prospective studies are necessary to compare activity of combination doxorubicin-piroxicam to currently applied therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robat
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Nolan M, Kogan L, Griffin L, Custis J, Harmon J, Biller B, LaRue S. Intensity-Modulated and Image-Guided Radiation Therapy for Treatment of Genitourinary Carcinomas in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:987-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.W. Nolan
- Department of Environmental and Radiologic Health Sciences
| | - L. Kogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Fort Collins; CO
| | - L.R. Griffin
- Department of Environmental and Radiologic Health Sciences
| | - J.T. Custis
- Department of Environmental and Radiologic Health Sciences
| | - J.F. Harmon
- Bon Secours Cancer Institute; Richmond Radiation Cancer Center; Henrico; VA
| | - B.J. Biller
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Fort Collins; CO
| | - S.M. LaRue
- Department of Environmental and Radiologic Health Sciences
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18
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Fields EL, Robertson ID, Osborne JA, Brown JC. Comparison of abdominal computed tomography and abdominal ultrasound in sedated dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:513-7. [PMID: 22612269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2012.01949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal ultrasound (US) is used frequently as a first-line screening tool for abdominal disease. Although computed tomography (CT) is superior to US in the diagnosis of some abdominal diseases, a major impediment is the requirement of general anesthesia to prevent motion and for safe restraint. With multidetector helical CT, faster examinations allow general anesthesia to be avoided, while producing diagnostic-quality images. Abdominal US and CT were compared for lesion detection in 27 sedated dogs, divided into three even groups based on body weight. Lesions were categorized further as to subjective clinical relevance. In dogs less than 25 kg, there is no significant difference in lesion detection between CT and US. In dogs weighing greater than 25 kg, more lesions were detected with CT than with US (P = 0.0001), including clinically relevant lesions (P = 0.0277). From these results, it appears that CT has an advantage in lesion detection in dogs greater than 25 kg, making it a better screening test for abdominal disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Fields
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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19
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Hahn NM, Bonney PL, Dhawan D, Jones DR, Balch C, Guo Z, Hartman-Frey C, Fang F, Parker HG, Kwon EM, Ostrander EA, Nephew KP, Knapp DW. Subcutaneous 5-azacitidine treatment of naturally occurring canine urothelial carcinoma: a novel epigenetic approach to human urothelial carcinoma drug development. J Urol 2012; 187:302-9. [PMID: 22099988 PMCID: PMC3508763 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the efficacy, biological activity, pharmacokinetics and safety of the hypomethylating agent 5-azacitidine (Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey) in dogs with naturally occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a preclinical phase I trial in dogs with naturally occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma to examine once daily subcutaneous administration of 5-azacitidine in 28-day cycles at doses of 0.10 to 0.30 mg/kg per day according to 2 dose schedules, including days 1 to 5 (28-day cohort) or days 1 to 5 and 15 to 19 (14-day cohort). Clinical efficacy was assessed by serial cystosonography, radiography and cystoscopy. Urinary 5-azacitidine pharmacokinetic analysis was also done. Pretreatment and posttreatment peripheral blood mononuclear cell and invasive urothelial carcinoma DNA, respectively, was analyzed for global and gene specific [CDKN2A (p14ARF)] methylation changes. RESULTS Enrolled in the study were 19 dogs with naturally occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma. In the 28-day cohort the maximum tolerated dose was 0.20 mg/kg per day with higher doses resulting in grade 3 or 4 neutropenia in 4 of 6 dogs. In the 14-day cohort the maximum tolerated dose was 0.10 mg/kg per day with grade 3 or 4 neutropenia seen in 2 of 3 dogs treated at higher doses. No grade 3 or 4 nonhematological toxicity was observed during either dosing schedule. Of 18 dogs evaluable for tumor response partial remission, stable disease and progressive disease were observed in 4 (22.2%), 9 (50.0%) and 4 (22.2%), respectively. Consistent 5-azacitidine levels (205 to 857 ng/ml) were detected in urine. Pretreatment and posttreatment methylation analysis revealed no significant correlation with clinical response. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous 5-azacitidine showed promising clinical activity in a canine invasive urothelial carcinoma model, thus meriting further development in humans with urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M Hahn
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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