Recent advances in the use of Doppler waveform indices in the antenatal assessment of intrauterine growth retardation

Abnormal fetal cerebral and umbilical Doppler measurements in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction predicts the severity of perinatal morbidity

PURPOSE

This prospective study was performed to determine if the ratio of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) S/D ratio (ratio of peak systolic blood flow velocity to diastolic velocity) to the umbilical artery (UA) S/D ratio (MCA/UA S/D ratio) predicts the degree of neonatal morbidity in fetuses suspected of having intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

METHODS

Sixty-one fetuses were identified prospectively by sonography as having an estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age. The 61 fetuses underwent Doppler sonography in the third trimester and then were stratified into 3 groups based on the MCA/UA S/D ratio: group A, MCA/UA S/D ratio > 1.0 (controls; n = 37); group B, MCA/UA S/D ratio < or = 1.0 (intracerebral blood flow redistribution; n = 16); and group C, reversed or absent UA diastolic flow (n = 8). Outcome variables assessed included gestational age at delivery, birth weight, UA pH, mode of delivery, respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation, and intracranial hemorrhage.

RESULTS

The mean MCA/UA S/D ratios in groups A and B were 1.69 + /- 0.61 and 0.59 + /- 0.24, respectively (p < 0.01). The mean gestational ages at delivery for groups A, B, and C were 34.7, 33.2, and 29.0 weeks, respectively. The mean birth weights were below the fifth percentile for age for groups B and C and significantly related to the severity of abnormal Doppler findings (p < 0.01) after correction for age. Mean UA pHs were 7.25 + /- 0.01, 7.19 + /- 0.01, and 7.14 + /- 0.13 for groups A, B, and C, respectively, with significant differences between groups A and B (p < 0.05) and groups A and C (p < 0.05). Respiratory distress syndrome and intracranial hemorrhage were not associated with abnormal Doppler findings after correction for gestational age. The interval between the abnormal Doppler examination and delivery (p < 0.001) and the occurrence of fetal distress requiring cesarean section (p < 0.001) were significantly related to the severity of Doppler findings.

CONCLUSIONS

In fetuses with suspected IUGR, abnormal MCA/UA S/D ratios are strongly associated with low gestational age at delivery, low birth weight, and low UA pH. Abnormal MCA/UA S/D ratios are also significantly associated with shorter interval to delivery and the need for emergent delivery.