On managing chronic pain in older persons

Why and how to use insulin therapy earlier in the management of type 2 diabetes

Most patients with type 2 diabetes are inadequately controlled on their current therapy. Suboptimal glycemic control can have devastating consequences, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease that may ultimately lead to mortality. Most patients eventually need insulin therapy, and initiating insulin earlier in the course of type 2 diabetes may lead to optimal glycemic control and prevent or delay diabetes-related complications. Although insulin therapy is the most effective method of managing hyperglycemia, it is often delayed owing to concerns about the complexity and inconvenience of treatment regimens; fear of injections, hypoglycemia or weight gain; and the time required to learn how to effectively manage insulin therapy. The development of insulin analogs, biphasic insulin analogs, and more convenient insulin delivery systems may make insulin therapy more manageable and help more patients achieve their treatment goals.