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Ferrero C, Klonner ME, Verdier N, Bradbrook C. Ultrasound‐guided saphenous and sciatic nerve block as part of multimodal pain management in a goat undergoing tibial fracture repair. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stenger V, Zeiter S, Buchholz T, Arens D, Spadavecchia C, Schüpbach-Regula G, Rohrbach H. Is a Block of the Femoral and Sciatic Nerves an Alternative to Epidural Analgesia in Sheep Undergoing Orthopaedic Hind Limb Surgery? A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded Experimental Trial. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2567. [PMID: 34573533 PMCID: PMC8467810 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve blocks are commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of the study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of a combined block of the femoral and sciatic nerves with an epidural injection of ropivacaine in experimental sheep undergoing orthopaedic hind limb surgery. Twenty-five sheep were assigned to two groups (peripheral nerve block; sciatic and femoral nerves (P); epidural analgesia (E)). In group P 10 mL ropivacaine 0.5% was injected around the sciatic and the femoral nerves under sonographic guidance and 10 mL NaCl 0.9% into the epidural space while in group E 10 mL ropivacaine 0.5% was injected into the epidural space and 10 mL NaCl 0.9% to the sciatic and the femoral nerves. During surgery, heart rate, respiratory rate and mean blood pressure were used as indicators of nociception. In the postoperative phase, nociception was evaluated every hour by use of a purposefully adapted pain score until the animal showed painful sensation at the surgical site. The mean duration of analgesia at the surgical wound was 6 h in group P and 8 h in group E. Mean time to standing was 4 h in group P and 7 h in group E. In conclusion time to standing was significantly shorter in group P while the duration of nociception was comparable in both groups. The peripheral nerve block can be used as an alternative to epidural analgesia in experimental sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Stenger
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrase 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (V.S.); (S.Z.); (T.B.); (D.A.)
| | - Stephan Zeiter
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrase 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (V.S.); (S.Z.); (T.B.); (D.A.)
| | - Tim Buchholz
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrase 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (V.S.); (S.Z.); (T.B.); (D.A.)
| | - Daniel Arens
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrase 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (V.S.); (S.Z.); (T.B.); (D.A.)
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesia Section, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | | | - Helene Rohrbach
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesia Section, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Clutton RE. A review of factors affecting analgesic selection in large animals undergoing translational research. Vet J 2018; 236:12-22. [PMID: 29871744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The widespread physiological effects of pain in experimental animals are likely to reduce the validity of data except when pain itself is studied. Appropriately prescribed analgesics will limit pain and improve the welfare of animals undergoing noxious experimental procedures. However, their injudicious use may also introduce variability in data and limit study reproducibility. Optimizing both animal welfare and the value of scientific data from experimental studies requires the ability to identify, quantify and treat animal pain by applying a knowledge of analgesic pharmacology that is sympathetic to study objectives. This review first examines the reasons for promoting analgesic use in translational animal research and, in focussing on pigs and small ruminants, then identifies factors that should be considered when devising analgesic plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Clutton
- The Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Ghadirian S, Vesal N, Maghsoudi B, Akhlagh SH. Comparison of lidocaine, lidocaine-morphine, lidocaine-tramadol or bupivacaine for neural blockade of the brachial plexus in fat-tailed lambs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:109-16. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Waag S, Stoffel MH, Spadavecchia C, Eichenberger U, Rohrbach H. Ultrasound-guided block of sciatic and femoral nerves: an anatomical study. Lab Anim 2014; 48:97-104. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677213516314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sheep is a popular animal model for human biomechanical research involving invasive surgery on the hind limb. These painful procedures can only be ethically justified with the application of adequate analgesia protocols. Regional anaesthesia as an adjunct to general anaesthesia may markedly improve well-being of these experimental animals during the postoperative period due to a higher analgesic efficacy when compared with systemic drugs, and may therefore reduce stress and consequently the severity of such studies. As a first step 14 sheep cadavers were used to establish a new technique for the peripheral blockade of the sciatic and the femoral nerves under sonographic guidance and to evaluate the success rate by determination of the colorization of both nerves after an injection of 0.5 mL of a 0.1% methylene blue solution. First, both nerves were visualized sonographically. Then, methylene blue solution was injected and subsequently the length of colorization was measured by gross anatomical dissection of the target nerves. Twenty-four sciatic nerves were identified sonographically in 12 out of 13 cadavers. In one animal, the nerve could not be ascertained unequivocally and, consequently, nerve colorization failed. Twenty femoral nerves were located by ultrasound in 10 out of 13 cadavers. In three cadavers, signs of autolysis impeded the scan. This study provides a detailed anatomical description of the localization of the sciatic and the femoral nerves and presents an effective and safe yet simple and rapid technique for performing peripheral nerve blocks with a high success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Waag
- Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesia Department, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Eichenberger
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, St Anna Clinic, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Helene Rohrbach
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesia Department, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Methadone in healthy goats – Pharmacokinetics, behaviour and blood pressure. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vettorato E, Schoeffmann G, Beard P, Clutton RE. Postoperative complications in a lamb after major surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:63-9. [PMID: 21214711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaesthesia in lambs undergoing experimental surgery may develop problems associated with age-related immune incompetency: a postoperative complication in a 3 week old Scottish blackface lamb after spinal surgery is presented. CASE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT: Both lamb and ewe were in good condition. The ewe was vaccinated against Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium tetani 5 weeks pre-partum. There were no apparent problems with the lamb's intake of colostrum. Pre-anaesthetic medication was intramuscular medetomidine (10 μg kg(-1)). Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. Morphine (0.5 mg kg(-1)), meloxicam (0.6 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (1 mg kg(-1) followed by 10 μg kg(-1) minute(-1)) were administered intravenously (IV) for perioperative analgesia. Atracurium (0.5 mg kg(-1) IV, followed by 0.17 mg kg(-1) injected when the first twitch of the four, train-of four count was palpated) was used to improve muscle relaxation. The lamb's trachea was intubated and the lungs mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia. Intrathecal morphine (0.2 mg kg(-1)), IV meloxicam (0.3 mg kg(-1)) and edrophonium (0.5 mg kg(-1)) were administered before recovery. Operative and initial recovery periods were unremarkable. Three hours after surgery the lamb became depressed. Tachycardia (180-250 beats minute(-1)), tachypnoea (30 breaths minute(-1)), poor peripheral perfusion and cold pelvic limb extremities were present mimicking severe pain, and/or hypovolaemic shock. Analgesics - morphine (total dose 1.3 mg kg(-1)) - and IV fluid therapy boluses - crystalloids (300 mL), colloids (120 mL) and fresh whole blood (60 mL) - failed to ameliorate clinical signs and so the lamb was euthanized 10 hours after surgery. Post-mortem findings supported a possible diagnosis of peracute Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia. CONCLUSION Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia should be considered when clinical signs of severe pain and/or hypovolaemic shock fail to respond to analgesics and fluid resuscitation in lambs after major surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Vettorato
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Burford JH, Corley KTT. Morphine-associated pruritus after single extradural administration in a horse. Vet Anaesth Analg 2006; 33:193-8. [PMID: 16634946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pruritus following a single administration of 100 microg kg(-1) of preservative-free morphine sulphate given via an extradural catheter was seen in a 580 kg horse. The catheter was placed in the first intercoccygeal space. Focal irritation, represented by both local alopecia over the left gluteal muscles and serum exudation, occurred 4-8 hours after injection. This was attributed to the extradural morphine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Burford
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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Kona-Boun JJ, Pibarot P, Quesnel A. Myoclonus and urinary retention following subarachnoid morphine injection in a dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2003; 30:257-64. [PMID: 12925183 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old German Shepherd dog which presented for total hip replacement developed myoclonus and urinary retention after the subarachnoid injection of preservative-free morphine. Myoclonus was resistant to treatment, except pentobarbital anesthesia. Urinary retention was treated with bethanechol and subsided within a few days. Involuntary muscular activity can result from the epidural, subarachnoid or systemic injection of various opioid drugs, or as a result of the toxic or irritant effect of preservatives or autologous blood. The latter were not causative factors in this case. Opioid agonist inhibition of central inhibitory neurotransmitter action may have explained the myoclonus. Postoperative urinary retention was attributed to the spinal action of morphine inhibiting efferent parasympathetic nervous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Kona-Boun
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Anesthesiology), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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Kästner SB, Von Rechenberg B, Keller K, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine as premedication in isoflurane anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery in domestic sheep. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2001; 48:231-41. [PMID: 11413983 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the potency of dexmedetomidine in relation to medetomidine in sheep undergoing orthopaedic surgery by comparing the anaesthetic requirements and cardiovascular changes at a dose relationship that represented equipotency in vitro. Twenty-four non-pregnant, female sheep were used. The study was carried out as a blind, randomized, experimental trial. Group 1 received 5 micrograms/kg bodyweight (BW) dexmedetomidine and group 2 received 10 micrograms/kg BW medetomidine intravenously 5 min prior to induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.0 mg/kg BW intravenously) and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. End expired anaesthetic concentration (FEIso), end expired carbon dioxide concentration (FECO2), respiratory frequency (fR), direct arterial blood pressures, heart rates (HR) and arterial blood gases were monitored. Data were averaged over time and tested for differences between groups by independent t-tests, and analysis of variance for repeated measures. Average FEIso concentrations required to maintain a surgical plane of anaesthesia were not different between groups (1: 1.02 +/- 0.04%; 2: 0.99 +/- 0.07%). There was no difference in HR, arterial blood pressures, fR, FECO2 and arterial blood gases between groups. Average mean PaO2 were 279.54 +/- 113.37 mmHg and 220.21 +/- 102.15 mmHg with individual minimum values of 27.2 mmHg and 58.5 mmHg in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In conclusion, intravenous dexmedetomidine at 5 micrograms/kg BW and medetomidine at 10 micrograms/kg BW have the same effects on isoflurane requirements and cardiopulmonary parameters in sheep, indicating an equipotent dose relationship. Both preparations induced moderate to severe hypoxaemia in individual sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Kästner
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haitjema
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150
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