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Evaluation of Incisional Wound Healing in Dogs after Closure with Staples or Tissue Glue and Comparison to Intradermal Suture Pattern. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030426. [PMID: 36766316 PMCID: PMC9913468 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to monitor the healing process in the canine skin following surgical incision and closure using staples or tissue glue and to compare them with the intradermal suture pattern. Surgically created skin incisions in 10 dogs were apposed with staples, tissue glue (n-butyl cyanoacrylate) and continuous intradermal pattern. The cosmetic appearance of the wounds was blindly evaluated on days 7, 14 and 28 and once a month until the end of the experiment, i.e., one year after the incision. Ultrasonographic and clinical evaluation was performed on days 0-10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24 and 28, once a week until the end of the 3rd month and once a month until the end of the experiment. Histopathological evaluation was performed on days 7, 14, 28, 180 and 365. The median time required for the performance of each technique differed significantly between techniques; stapling lasted 21 s, glue 2 min 16 s and intradermal 15 min 37 s. Cosmetic appearance with glue was statistically worse than staples and intradermal. The clinical appearance of intradermal was significantly better than glue and staples. No significant differences were found at histological evaluation; however, glue had the worst score throughout the experiment. The overall evaluation of the techniques showed that glue had the worst score compared to intradermal and staples, with the difference being statistically significant in the first postoperative week. Intradermal suture pattern is much better than glue application for skin closure in dogs, whilst is not significantly better than staples. Staples should be preferred when time is an important factor.
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El-Rashidy NM, El-Bakary MA, Omar EEZ, El-Sayed NM, Hamza AA. Phase estimation for investigating the optical and mechanical properties of Monocryl suture for soft tissue approximation and ligation. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3455-3465. [PMID: 35804492 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monocryl is a bio-absorbable suture composed of a polyglycolide and poly-epsiloncaprolactone copolymer material and is considered a promising candidate for soft tissues approximation. Consequently, the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties are essential for the surgeons to select the suitable suture for their surgical perform. In this article, Mach Zehnder interferometer equipped with a mechanical drawing device are used for evaluating the mechanical properties and a better understanding of how the Monocryl suture reacts to loading. The two-dimensional fast Fourier transform is applied to extract the phase from the captured interference microinterferograms at different draw ratios. The extracted phase helps to determine some opto-mechanical and structural properties of Monocryle suture. Quantitative structure-activity relationships model is employed for investigating the biological activity of the tested suture. The stress-strain behavior of Monocryl suture has a J-shaped behavior which compatible with the behavior of the soft tissues. The molecular electrostatic potential maps showed that Monocryl model structure is proved to be electrophilic interplays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M El-Rashidy
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - El-Emam Z Omar
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nayera M El-Sayed
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Hamza
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Gouletsou PG, Prassinos NN, Papazoglou LG, Kostoulas P, Galatos AD. Comparison of continuous intradermal with simple interrupted suture pattern: an experimental study in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 41:100454. [PMID: 32823154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare incisional wound healing in intradermal and simple interrupted suture patterns. Ten dogs were included. Surgically created skin incisions were apposed with (a) continuous intradermal pattern, (b) simple interrupted pattern, [both with 3/0 poliglecaprone 25], and (c) continuous intradermal pattern with 4/0 poliglecaprone 25. Cosmetic, clinical and histologic scores were evaluated. Simple interrupted sutures required significantly less time than intradermal sutures to complete. Cosmetic evaluation scoring was not statistically significant among the techniques. Irrespectively of the technique, the cosmetic, clinical and histologic appearance of the incisions improved over time. The cosmetic and histologic differences between the techniques were large during the first month, but decreased latter, whereas clinical differences persisted. The clinical appearance of the intradermal pattern was initially very good, worsened during the second postoperative month, and improved afterwards. Intradermal pattern with 4/0 poliglecaprone 25 was superior in terms of cosmetic, clinical and histologic appearance compared to simple interrupted pattern and to intradermal pattern with 3/0 poliglecaprone 25 for skin closure in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pagona G Gouletsou
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece.
| | - Nikitas N Prassinos
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lysimachos G Papazoglou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Apostolos D Galatos
- Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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Swaffield MJ, Molloy SL, Lipscomb VJ. Prospective comparison of perioperative wound and pain score parameters in cats undergoing flank vs midline ovariectomy. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:168-177. [PMID: 30950672 PMCID: PMC10814559 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19837038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to prospectively compare perioperative pain score and wound parameters, inclusive of postoperative swelling and erythema, between flank and midline ovariectomy (OVE) in cats, performed by final-year veterinary students. METHODS Healthy cats presented for routine OVE were randomly assigned to either the midline or flank group after owner consent to participate in the study. Perioperative protocols were standardised for both groups. Clinical data were collected prior to surgery, intraoperatively, at 1 h postoperatively, at the time of discharge, and at 3 and 10 day postoperative re-examination appointments. Data recorded included duration of surgery and anaesthesia, intraoperative complications, Feline Acute Pain Scale (FAPS) scores, a simple descriptive scale of reaction to wound palpation (SDSwound), a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scale assessment of pain (DIVAS), and both a simple descriptive scale (SDSswelling) and a visual analogue scale (VASswelling) of surgical wound swelling. RESULTS Thirty-eight cats received a flank OVE and 37 received a midline OVE. Duration of surgery, duration of anaesthesia and intraoperative complications did not vary significantly between the two groups. Cats in both groups had significantly higher FAPS scores after surgery (P = 0.0002), with cats receiving a flank OVE having significantly higher pain scores compared with a midline OVE at 1 h postoperatively (P = 0.0004) and at discharge (P = 0.002). Swelling of the surgical wound (SDSswelling) was significantly higher in cats receiving a midline OVE at the time of discharge (P = 0.048), as well as at the 3 day (P <0.0001) and 10 day (P = 0.001) postoperative re-examinations. FAPS scores were significantly higher in cats receiving a midline OVE at the 3 day (P = 0.016) and 10 day re-examinations (P = 0.045). No cats in either group suffered a wound breakdown or infection. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our study does not support advocating a preferred surgical approach for feline OVE within a teaching environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara L Molloy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Victoria J Lipscomb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Ávila Filho SH, Dias Ferreira K, Vieira da Silva R, Vieira de Souza Silva E, Fernandes Santos Catelan B, Brianezi Dignani de Moura VM, Franco da Silva LA. Comparison between poliglecaprone and chitosan absorbable sutures in laparorrhaphy and cecorrhaphy in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2102-2108. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bali R, Kankam HK, Agrawal A. A rare reaction to synthetic mono-filament sutures: a report of two cases. J Perioper Pract 2018; 28:27-30. [PMID: 29376782 DOI: 10.1177/1750458917742055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to their clinical advantages, synthetic mono-filament sutures are dominantly used for postoperative wound closures. We present two patients who suffered rare skin reactions to either poliglecaprone 25 or glyconate sutures, following breast cancer lumpectomy. This report aims to make perioperative practitioners and clinicians aware of reactions to sutures and possible management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Bali
- University of Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals, UK
| | - Hadyn Kn Kankam
- University of Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals, UK
| | - Amit Agrawal
- University of Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals, UK
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Reina Rodriguez FS, Buckley CT, Milgram J, Kirby BM. Biomechanical properties of feline ventral abdominal wall and celiotomy closure techniques. Vet Surg 2017; 47:193-203. [PMID: 29150929 PMCID: PMC5813137 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare biomechanical properties and mechanism of failure of 3 regions of ventral abdominal wall in cats by using 2 suture materials, 2 suture bite‐to‐stitch intervals (SBSI), and full‐thickness versus fascia‐only closure. Study Design Randomized, cadaveric, ex vivo mechanical testing. Sample Population 16 adult cat cadavers, 3 samples per cat. Methods Three regions of ventral abdominal wall were mechanically tested (N = 48 samples). Preumbilical, umbilical (U), and postumbilical (POU) regions were harvested by using a template. The thickness of the linea alba was recorded. Six samples without celiotomy served as controls. Twenty‐eight samples were randomized to SBSI (2 × 2 or 5 × 5 mm) and suture material (3‐0 polyglactin 910 or 3‐0 polydioxanone) for simple continuous celiotomy closure. Fourteen samples were randomized to full‐thickness or fascia‐only closure. Samples were tested by linear distraction; tensile strength and mechanism of failure were recorded. Effects of body weight, thickness of linea alba, anatomic region, SBSI, type of closure, and suture material were evaluated by mixed model linear analysis. Load to failure was compared between males and females, full‐thickness and fascia‐only closure by independent t test, with P < .05 considered statistically significant. Results The POU region achieved lower loads to failure. Load to failure was greater in males compared with females. No difference was detected between full‐thickness and fascia‐only closure. Failure most commonly occurred by tearing of suture through tissues. Tissue failure with suture line loosening occurred mainly in the 5 × 5‐mm SBSI group. Conclusion The POU region is biomechanically weak and may therefore be predisposed to incisional herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor T Buckley
- Trinity College Dublin Centre for Bioengineering, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joshua Milgram
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara M Kirby
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
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Bekele T, Bhokre AP, Tesfaye A. Tissue reactivity and suture handling characteristics of "jimat" against silk and chromic gut in cat thigh muscle: A comparative study. Vet World 2015; 8:958-69. [PMID: 27047183 PMCID: PMC4774762 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.958-969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the tissue reactivity and suture handling characteristics of chromic gut, silk, and 'jimat' suture materials in cat thigh muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experimental study was conducted from November, 2013 to April, 2014 in Kombolcha Animal Diseases Survey, Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Kombolcha, Ethiopia. A total of 36 local breed male cats were randomly assigned into chromic gut, silk, and "jimat" groups of 12 cats each as A, B, and C, respectively. The hind leg muscle biceps femoris was incised and sutured with suture materials according to their groups. The muscle samples with its suture were collected at six different days interval i.e. 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 and processed histopathologically to assess the degree of leukocytic infiltration and fibrous and granulation tissue formation (GTF). In addition, all suture materials were evaluated intraoperatively about their handling characteristics, by rating the precision of knot tying, square knot positioning, and resistance to knot slippage. The statistical analysis was done with two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Chi-square tests. RESULTS The histopathology showed that "jimat" thread (2.4±1.2) had produced least leukocytic infiltration than chromic gut (4.5±1.9) and silk (4.3±1.5) sutures during the study period. Higher GTF was seen at day 3 (6 [100%]), 7 (6 [100%]) and day 14 (4 [66.7%]) in all sutures, whereas "jimat" showed significantly (p<0.05) higher fibrous tissue formation (10 [83.3%]) than others. Moreover, "jimat" suture had equal suture handling characteristics (p>0.05) with both chromic gut and silk. CONCLUSION The result indicated that a single strand "jimat" thread appears to be the most satisfactory suture material as regards to both tissue reaction and suture handling characteristics for skeletal muscle approximation in cats and provided that studies on its carcinogenic effects should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Bekele
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P. O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - A. P. Bhokre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Abreha Tesfaye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Williams J. Feline gastrointestinal surgery: principles and essential techniques. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:231-9. [PMID: 24563494 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14523185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Gastrointestinal (GI) surgical procedures are performed commonly in cats in general practice for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. It is essential that the surgeon understands and adheres to the principles of GI surgery in order that postoperative morbidity and mortality are kept to a minimum. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at feline and general practitioners wanting to update their core skills in GI surgery. It discusses anatomical considerations and surgical principles, and aims to familiarise the surgeon with techniques (some well established, others newer) that will help to promote surgical success. EQUIPMENT Standard general surgical equipment is required, together with the facilities to provide adequate pre-, intra- and postoperative patient care. EVIDENCE BASE The author draws on clinical experience and evidence from the literature, where appropriate, in reviewing the guidance and techniques under discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Williams
- Northwest Surgeons, Delamere House, Ashville Point, Sutton Weaver, Cheshire WA7 3FW, UK
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Bernis-Filho WO, Wouters F, Wouters AAB, Bernis VMO, Lopes LR, Andreollo NA. Estudo comparativo entre os fios de algodão, poliglactina e poliglecaprone nas anastomoses intestinais de cães. ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2013; 26:18-26. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-67202013000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RACIONAL: Nos últimos anos muitos fios de sutura foram desenvolvidos e depois abandonados. Até hoje não foi encontrado um fio cirúrgico ideal aos intestinos ou a outros tecidos de um modo geral, tornando sua escolha tarefa difícil. OBJETIVO: Avaliar macro e microscopicamente a cicatrização de anastomoses do intestino delgado de cães, utilizando suturas com fios de poliglecaprone 25; poliglactina 910 e algodão. MÉTODOS: Vinte cães machos adultos foram operados e submetidos a três anastomoses no intestino delgado empregando a técnica extramucosa com pontos separados. Foram utilizados os três tipos fios e as anastomoses foram analisadas em diferentes períodos no pós-operatório: grupo I -três dias; grupo II - sete dias; grupo III - 14 dias; grupo IV - 21dias. A análise macroscópica consistiu em avaliar a presença ou não de peritonite, aspecto das anastomoses e aderências. Os estudos histológicos das anastomoses, empregando a hematoxilina e eosina e o tricrômico de Masson analisaram a inflamação exsudativa, inflamação granulomatosa, o revestimento epitelial da mucosa e as fibras colágenas. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação macroscópica os fios apresentaram boa coaptação das bordas com moderado grau de aderência entre alças e omento do 3º ao 21º dia do pós-operatório. A avaliação microscópica mostrou inflamação exsudativa com neutrófilos e fibrina que variou de discreta a moderada até o 14º dia; inflamação granulomatosa com presença de macrófagos, células gigantes multinucleadas e células epitelioides mais evidentes ao 14º dia para o fio algodão; presença de tecido de granulação (fibroblastos) e fibras colágenas, de forma moderada, a partir do 7º dia para os três fios. CONCLUSÃO: Os três tipos de fios de sutura apresentaram comportamento semelhante, com boa cicatrização e podem ser recomendados em anastomoses do intestino delgado.
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Nematollahi A, Bigham AS, Karimi I, Abbasi F. Reactions of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to three suture patterns following full thickness skin incisions. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:451-4. [PMID: 20434740 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three different suture patterns (simple interrupted, interrupted horizontal mattress, subcuticular) were placed in a full thickness incision (skin and body wall) of 18 goldfish (Carassius auratus). After 14 days all fish were euthanized using benzocaine solution. The tissue reactions were evaluated by gross visual inspection and histopathological examination. The superficial inflammatory reactions were graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammation) to 3 (severe inflammation). The inflammatory response in histological examination was graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammatory response or normal skin tissue) to 5 (severe inflammatory response and necrosis). The interrupted horizontal mattress induced a moderately severe to severe inflammatory response and necrosis (grades 4-5) but the subcuticular suture induced a very mild to mild inflammatory response (grades 0-1). The simple interrupted suture induced a moderate to moderately severe inflammatory response (grades 2-4). In conclusion, results showed that a subcuticular suture is the most appropriate to use in the closure of a full thickness body wall incision.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nematollahi
- Division of Aquatic Animal Health, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Iran.
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Andrade MGS, Weissman R, Reis SRA. Tissue reaction and surface morphology of absorbable sutures after in vivo exposure. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2006; 17:949-61. [PMID: 16977393 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue reaction to suture materials depends mainly on how the polymer they are composed of interacts with the tissues. There are few in vivo studies evaluating the suture material modifications resulting from its interaction with tissues. This paper aimed to study rat subcutaneous tissue reaction to irradiated polyglactin 910, polydioxanone, poliglecaprone 25 and chromic gut and its correlation with the ultra-structural alterations the materials undergo. The histological alterations were studied on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th and 14th day after suture implantations. In these periods, the materials were removed from the tissues and their surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Irradiated polyglactin 910 stimulated the formation of multinucleated giant cells and its filaments underwent cleavage and dissolution. In potydioxanone, a few inflammatory cells and scar fibrosis was observed, and triangular cracks appeared on its surface. Around the poliglecaprone 25, a diffused infiltration of a few mononuclear cells and fibrosis was recorded and formation of craters was observed on its surface. Chromic gut induced necrosis and granulation tissue and underwent dissolution in the tissues during the studied periods. In this study, it was observed that suture materials induced differentiated tissue reactions and morphologic surface changes, suggesting that indications should be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G S Andrade
- Post-graduation Program on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology, Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Tan RHH, Bell RJW, Dowling BA, Dart AJ. Suture materials: composition and applications in vetern-ary wound repair. Aust Vet J 2003; 81:140-5. [PMID: 15080426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Suture materials play an important role in veterinary surgery by providing support for healing tissues during wound repair. As there is no single ideal suture material, clinicians must compromise on some properties when selecting a material for a specific purpose. By reviewing the characteristics of absorbable and non-absorbable materials, general recommendations can be made on their usage in skin, fascia, viscera and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H H Tan
- University Veterinary Centre Camden, The University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570
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