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Hosseini E, Solouki A, Haghshenas M, Ghasemzadeh M, Schoenwaelder SM. Agitation-dependent biomechanical forces modulate GPVI receptor expression and platelet adhesion capacity during storage. Thromb J 2022; 20:3. [PMID: 35022046 PMCID: PMC8756730 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-021-00359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous agitation during storage slows down the platelet storage lesions. However, in special circumstances, manual-mixing can be alternatively used to store products for short time periods without compromising platelet quality. Based on this finding, and given the role of shear stress in modulating receptor expression, we were interested in comparing the levels of platelet adhesion receptor, GPVI and platelet adhesion capacity under each storage condition. METHODS Platelet concentrates (PCs) were divided into three groups: continuously-agitated PCs (CAG-PCs) with or without PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor) and manually-mixed PCs (MM-PCs). Platelet count/MPV, swirling, GPVI and P-selectin expression, GPVI shedding, platelet adhesion/spreading to collagen were examined during 5 days of storage. RESULTS While MM- and CAG-PCs showed similar levels of P-selectin expression, GPVI expression was significantly elevated in MM-PCs with lower GPVI shedding/expression ratios, enhanced platelet adhesion/spreading and swirling in manually-mixed PCs. Of note, CAG-PCs treated with PP2 also demonstrated lower P-selectin expression and GPVI shedding, higher GPVI expression and attenuated swirling and spreading capability. CONCLUSION Given the comparable platelet activation state in MM and CAG-PCs as indicated by P-selectin expression, enhanced platelet adhesion/spreading in MM-PCs, along with relatively higher GPVI expression here, supports previous studies demonstrating a role for biomechanical forces in modulating GPVI-dependent function. Thus, lower GPVI expression in CAG-PCs may be due to shear forces induced by agitation, which keeps this receptor down-regulated while also attenuating platelet adhesion/spreading capacities during storage. Low platelet function in PP2-CAG-PCs also highlights the importance of Src-kinases threshold activity in maintaining platelets quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehteramolsadat Hosseini
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Solouki
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Haghshenas
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Simone M Schoenwaelder
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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Thomas S. Platelets: handle with care. Transfus Med 2016; 26:330-338. [PMID: 27346788 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are delicate cells that require careful handling between collection, preparation and transfusion. This review addresses practical questions relating to platelet concentration, resting time after collection, total time and number of periods without agitation and temperature. The bags in which platelets are stored are made from gas-permeable plastic to allow sufficient oxygen for the platelets to maintain aerobic respiration. Manufacturers have assigned limits for platelet content and concentration, and these must not be exceeded. There is no strong evidence for or against the resting of platelets post-collection and pre-agitation, but platelets should not be over-wrapped during this period as this compromises gas exchange; a short rest period of up to 1 h may allow the separation of minor aggregates. It is necessary to transport platelet concentrates (e.g. from manufacturing site to hospital), but these periods without gas exchange must be limited to avoid excessive damage to the platelets. Current data support a total of 24 h of transportation per component but with no individual period lasting more than 8 h. Platelets need to be stored at 20-24 °C based on evidence that colder storage leads to irreversible changes on the platelet membrane, resulting in phagocytosis of the platelets following transfusion. Storage at warmer temperatures may lead to an increase in bacterial risk. On the basis of this review, the UK Guidelines for Blood Transfusion Services have been updated to ensure that platelets are handled in the most appropriate way to ensure that efficacious components are provided for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas
- Manufacturing Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Watford, UK.
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Morrison A, McMillan L, Radwanski K, Blatchford O, Min K, Petrik J. Storage of apheresis platelet concentrates after manual replacement of >95% of plasma with PAS 5. Vox Sang 2014; 107:247-53. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Morrison
- National Science Laboratory; Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service; Microbiology and Components RD&I Group; Edinburgh UK
| | - L. McMillan
- National Science Laboratory; Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service; Microbiology and Components RD&I Group; Edinburgh UK
| | | | | | - K. Min
- Fresenius Kabi USA; Lake Zurich IL USA
| | - J. Petrik
- National Science Laboratory; Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service; Microbiology and Components RD&I Group; Edinburgh UK
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Bosch-Marcé M, Seetharaman S, Kurtz J, Mohan KVK, Wagner SJ, Atreya CD. Leukoreduced whole blood-derived platelets treated with antimicrobial peptides maintain in vitro properties during storage. Transfusion 2014; 54:1604-9. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bosch-Marcé
- Section of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland
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Platelet storage and flow cytometry, an interesting couple. Transfus Apher Sci 2012; 47:121-2. [PMID: 22673526 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moroff G, Kurtz J, Seetharaman S, Skripchenko A, Awatefe H, Thompson-Montgomery D, Myrup A, Wagner SJ. Comparative in vitro evaluation of apheresis platelets stored with 100% plasma or 65% platelet additive solution III/35% plasma and including periods without agitation under simulated shipping conditions. Transfusion 2011; 52:834-43. [PMID: 22014086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comparative study evaluated the retention of apheresis platelet (A-PLT) in vitro properties prepared with PLT additive solution (PAS)-III or 100% plasma and stored with continuous agitation (CA) and without continuous agitation (WCA). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PLTs collected with the Amicus cell separator (Fenwal, Inc.) were utilized to prepare two matched components, each with approximately 4 × 10(11) PLTs. In the primary study, one component contained 65% PAS-III/35% plasma and the other 100% plasma. Four storage scenarios were used, one with CA and three with periods without agitation under simulated shipping conditions. In vitro assays were used early and after 5 days of storage. RESULTS pH levels after 5 days with CA were less with PAS-III components than 100% plasma components, with levels always above 6.6 in any component. With CA, a number of other variables were reduced even early during storage with PAS-III including morphology, extent of shape change, hypotonic stress response, adhesion, and aggregation. Storage WCA resulted in only a limited increase in the magnitude of the assay differences between PAS-III and 100% plasma components. Periods WCA did not reduce the pH below 6.6. The thromboelastograph variable associated with the strengthening of clots by PLTs was essentially comparable with PAS-III and plasma components throughout storage with CA or WCA. CONCLUSION The data indicate that a 100% plasma medium provides for better retention of specific in vitro PLT properties, with CA and WCA, although the clinical significance of these in vitro decrements due to PAS-III is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Moroff
- American Red Cross Biomedical Services and Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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Galan AM, Lozano M, Molina P, Navalon F, Marschner S, Goodrich R, Escolar G. Impact of pathogen reduction technology and storage in platelet additive solutions on platelet function. Transfusion 2010; 51:808-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krause M, Doescher A, Zimmermann B, Müller TH. Noninvasive pH measurement to monitor changes during suboptimal storage of platelet concentrates. Transfusion 2010; 50:2185-92. [PMID: 20456693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive pH measurement of platelet concentrates (PCs) was evaluated as a tool for the quality control of PC storage by simulating worst-case conditions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PCs from pooling four buffy coats in 70% PAS-3M were both stored in bags wrapped to impair gas permeability and agitated or not until Day 9 of storage. pH values measured both in samples (electrode, blood gas analyzer) and noninvasively by fluorimetry (BCSI pH1000, Blood Cell Storage, Inc.) were compared groupwise and to changes in platelet (PLT) size and biochemical variables. RESULTS The noninvasive pH measurements agreed well with the results from each of the two reference methods (R(2) >0.9) in a wide range of pH values between 6.4 and 7.5. Changes of the pH of PCs (n=64) by all interventions (agitation or resting plus occlusion by 0, 25, 50, or 100%; n=8/group) were subtle but already significant after 20 to 24 hours of treatment in comparison to the controls. A steady state after Day 6 and reductions up to a mean pH of approximately 6.5 were observed. The extent of manipulation determined both the absolute pH differences to the controls and the interindividual variation of pH changes. Termination of the agitation significantly enhanced pH reduction by surface blockade. Significant changes were also observed for the mean PLT volume, β-thromboglobulin, and soluble P-selectin. CONCLUSION Noninvasive pH measurement in PCs using this technique reliably detects pH changes of 0.1 or more. Storage of PLTs in buffered additive solution requires profound impairment of gas exchange to trigger a substantial decline in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krause
- German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service NSTOB, Institute Bremen-Oldenburg, Bremen, Germany
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Moroff G, Kurtz J, Seetharaman S, Wagner SJ. Storing apheresis platelets without agitation with simulated shipping conditions during two separate periods: immediately after collection and subsequently between Day 2 and Day 3. Transfusion 2010; 51:636-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wagner SJ, Skripchenko A, Seetharaman S, Myrup A, Kurtz J, Thomas-Montgomery D, Awatefe H, Moroff G. Influence of apheresis container size on the maintenance of platelet in vitro storage properties after a 30-h interruption of agitation. Transfus Apher Sci 2010; 43:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Macher S, Sipurzynski-Budraß S, Rosskopf K, Rohde E, Griesbacher A, Groselj-Strele A, Lanzer G, Schallmoser K. Function and activation state of platelets in vitro depend on apheresis modality. Vox Sang 2010; 99:332-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wagner SJ. The maintenance of platelet properties during 20–24°C storage after periods of shipment or interrupted agitation. Transfus Apher Sci 2010; 42:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Skripchenko A, Myrup A, Thompson-Montgomery D, Awatefe H, Moroff G, Wagner SJ. Periods without agitation diminish platelet mitochondrial function during storage. Transfusion 2009; 50:390-9. [PMID: 19874561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged periods without agitation produce platelet (PLT) storage lesions that result in reduced in vitro assay parameters and an increase of apoptotic markers during storage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of periods without agitation on PLT mitochondrial function, blood gases, and activation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Apheresis PLT units (n = 12) were collected using a cell separator and each was equally divided among five storage bags (50 mL of PLT suspension in 300-mL nominal volume containers). Four bags were held without agitation for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours in a standard shipping box at room temperature and the fifth bag was continuously agitated. PLTs were assayed for standard in vitro PLT assays as well as for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), accumulation of reactive oxygen species, Annexin V binding, mitochondrial mass, and activity of mitochondrial reduction power (MRP) immediately after removal of units from the shipping container on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7. RESULTS Increasing periods without agitation resulted in increased superoxide anion generation and PLT activation as well as reduced PLT MMP and MRP. Increasing periods without agitation resulted in increasing Annexin V binding. PLTs that had undergone periods without agitation showed increased oxygen and carbon dioxide levels immediately after storage without agitation. The superoxide anion generation was highly correlated with the loss of MMP, increasing Annexin V binding, and pH decline. CONCLUSIONS PLTs, if stored without agitation, produce a lesion that leads PLTs to apoptosis. The severity of the lesion depends on the length of the period without agitation. Prolonged periods without agitation induce formation of superoxides and depolarization of MMP along with a presentation of apoptotic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Skripchenko
- American Red Cross Biomedical Services, Holland Laboratory, Blood Components Development, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA.
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Vassallo RR, Wagner SJ, Einarson M, Nixon J, Ziegler D, Moroff G. Maintenance of in vitro properties of leukoreduced whole blood-derived pooled platelets after a 24-hour interruption of agitation. Transfusion 2009; 49:2131-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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