1
|
Pouncey DL, Barnette DA, Sinnott RW, Phillips SJ, Flynn NR, Hendrickson HP, Swamidass SJ, Miller GP. Discovery of Novel Reductive Elimination Pathway for 10-Hydroxywarfarin. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:805133. [PMID: 35095511 PMCID: PMC8793337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.805133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumadin (R/S-warfarin) anticoagulant therapy is highly efficacious in preventing the formation of blood clots; however, significant inter-individual variations in response risks over or under dosing resulting in adverse bleeding events or ineffective therapy, respectively. Levels of pharmacologically active forms of the drug and metabolites depend on a diversity of metabolic pathways. Cytochromes P450 play a major role in oxidizing R- and S-warfarin to 6-, 7-, 8-, 10-, and 4′-hydroxywarfarin, and warfarin alcohols form through a minor metabolic pathway involving reduction at the C11 position. We hypothesized that due to structural similarities with warfarin, hydroxywarfarins undergo reduction, possibly impacting their pharmacological activity and elimination. We modeled reduction reactions and carried out experimental steady-state reactions with human liver cytosol for conversion of rac-6-, 7-, 8-, 4′-hydroxywarfarin and 10-hydroxywarfarin isomers to the corresponding alcohols. The modeling correctly predicted the more efficient reduction of 10-hydroxywarfarin over warfarin but not the order of the remaining hydroxywarfarins. Experimental studies did not indicate any clear trends in the reduction for rac-hydroxywarfarins or 10-hydroxywarfarin into alcohol 1 and 2. The collective findings indicated the location of the hydroxyl group significantly impacted reduction selectivity among the hydroxywarfarins, as well as the specificity for the resulting metabolites. Based on studies with R- and S-7-hydroxywarfarin, we predicted that all hydroxywarfarin reductions are enantioselective toward R substrates and enantiospecific for S alcohol metabolites. CBR1 and to a lesser extent AKR1C3 reductases are responsible for those reactions. Due to the inefficiency of reactions, only reduction of 10-hydroxywarfarin is likely to be important in clearance of the metabolite. This pathway for 10-hydroxywarfarin may have clinical relevance as well given its anticoagulant activity and capacity to inhibit S-warfarin metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dakota L Pouncey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Dustyn A Barnette
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Riley W Sinnott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Sarah J Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Noah R Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Howard P Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Social and Administrative Sciences, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hiraide M, Minowa Y, Nakano Y, Suzuki K, Shiga T, Nishio M, Miyoshi J, Takahashi H, Hama T. Drug interactions between tyrosine kinase inhibitors (gefitinib and erlotinib) and warfarin: Assessment of international normalized ratio elevation characteristics and in vitro CYP2C9 activity. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2018; 25:1599-1607. [PMID: 30253730 DOI: 10.1177/1078155218801061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevation of the international normalized ratio and bleeding complications has been reported in patients taking warfarin concomitantly with tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib and erlotinib. OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency, degree, and onset of international normalized ratio elevation in patients receiving warfarin with gefitinib or erlotinib, and changes in vitro cytochrome P450 2C9 activity. METHODS This retrospective, single-center, observational study compared international normalized ratio values during the treatment with warfarin in the absence and presence of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gefitinib, and erlotinib. In addition, the inhibitory effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on cytochrome P450 2C9 activity was screened in an in vitro study. RESULTS Compared with international normalized ratio at the baseline significant (P < 0.05) international normalized ratio elevations were observed in the majority of the patients (5/6 patients with gefitinib, 83.3%; 6/7 patients with erlotinib, 85.7%) during concurrent therapy. The international normalized ratio was increased 1.8- and 1.6-fold relative to the baseline value, on median, in the presence of gefitinib and erlotinib, respectively, and the onset of international normalized ratio elevation was observed at a median of seven days and nine days, respectively. In vitro (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation activity was inhibited by 36% in the presence of 1 µM gefitinib and 27% by 10 µM erlotinib, which are comparable to the steady-state plasma levels of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors after standard dosing. CONCLUSION In most patients, international normalized ratio elevation was observed within two weeks of the start of concomitant therapy with warfarin and gefitinib or erlotinib. To avoid excessive anticoagulant response by warfarin, international normalized ratio should be carefully monitored weekly and dosage adjustment of warfarin might be recommended during the first month after the start of concurrent tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hiraide
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose-city, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Minowa
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakano
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Suzuki
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Shiga
- 3 Departments of General Medicine and Cardiology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishio
- 4 Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Miyoshi
- 2 Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose-city, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harumi Takahashi
- 2 Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose-city, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hama
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim SY, Jones DR, Kang JY, Yun CH, Miller GP. Regioselectivity significantly impacts microsomal glucuronidation efficiency of R/S-6, 7-, and 8-hydroxywarfarin. Xenobiotica 2018. [PMID: 29543105 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1451668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Coumadin (R/S-warfarin) metabolism plays a critical role in patient response to anticoagulant therapy. Several cytochrome P450s oxidize warfarin into R/S-6-, 7-, 8-, 10, and 4'-hydroxywarfarin that can undergo subsequent glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs); however, current studies on recombinant UGTs cannot be adequately extrapolated to microsomal glucuronidation capacities for the liver. Herein, we estimated the capacity of the average human liver to glucuronidate hydroxywarfarin and identified UGTs responsible for those metabolic reactions through inhibitor phenotyping. There was no observable activity toward R/S-warfarin, R/S-10-hydroxywarfarin or R/S-4'-hydroxywarfarin. The observed metabolic efficiencies (Vmax/Km) toward R/S-6-, 7-, and especially 8-hydroxywarfarin indicated a high glucuronidation capacity to metabolize these compounds. UGTs demonstrated strong regioselectivity toward the hydroxywarfarins. UGT1A6 and UGT1A1 played a major role in R/S-6- and 7-hydroxywarfarin glucuronidation, respectively, whereas UGT1A9 accounted for almost all of the generation of the R/S-8-hydroxywarfarin glucuronide. In summary, these studies expanded insights to glucuronidation of hydroxywarfarins by pooled human liver microsomes, novel roles for UGT1A6 and 1A9, and the overall degree of regioselectivity for the UGT reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Kim
- a School of Biological Sciences and Technology , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Drew R Jones
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Ji-Yeon Kang
- a School of Biological Sciences and Technology , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- a School of Biological Sciences and Technology , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Grover P Miller
- a School of Biological Sciences and Technology , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
7-Hydroxylation of warfarin is strongly inhibited by sesamin, but not by episesamin, caffeic and ferulic acids in human hepatic microsomes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:14-18. [PMID: 29353070 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant drug and is a derivate of coumarin. Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) plays the key role in transformation of coumarin and thus, influences determination of warfarin dosage. A number of factors including dietary compounds such as sesamin, caffeic acid and ferulic acids can regulate the activity of CYP2C9. The present study tested the hypothesis that sesamin, episesamin, caffeic acid and ferulic acid decreases the rate of warfarin 7-hydroxylation via inhibition of hepatic CYP2C9. The experiments were conducted on hepatic microsomes from human donors. It was demonstrated that the rate of 7-hydroxylation of warfarin was significantly decreased in the presence of sesamin in the range of concentrations from 5 to 500 nM, and was not affected by episesamin, caffeic acid and ferulic acid in the same range of concentrations. The kinetic analysis indicated non-competitive type of inhibition by sesamin with Ki = 202 ± 18 nM. In conclusion, the results of our in vitro study revealed that sesamin was able to inhibit formation of a major metabolite of warfarin, 7-hydroxywarfarin. The potentially negative consequences of the consumption of high amounts of sesamin-containing food or dietary supplements in warfarin-treated patients need to be further studied.
Collapse
|
5
|
Krasulova K, Siller M, Holas O, Dvorak Z, Anzenbacher P. Enantiospecific effects of chiral drugs on cytochrome P450 inhibition in vitro. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:315-24. [PMID: 26338061 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1076086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this work was to examine the differences in the inhibitory potency of individual enantiomers and racemic mixtures of selected chiral drugs on human liver microsomal cytochromes P450. 2. The interaction of enantiomeric forms of six drugs (tamsulosin, tolterodine, citalopram, modafinil, zopiclone, ketoconazole) with nine cytochromes P450 (CYP3A4, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, CYP2B6, CYP2A6, CYP1A2) was examined. HPLC methods were used to estimate the extent of the inhibition of specific activity in vitro. 3. Tamsulosin (TAM) and tolterodine (TOL) inhibited CYP3A4 activity with an enantiospecific pattern. The inhibition of CYP3A4 activity differed for R-TAM (Ki 2.88 ± 0.12 µM) and S-TAM (Ki 14.22 ± 0.53 µM) as well as for S-TOL (Ki 1.71 ± 0.03 µM) and R-TOL (Ki 4.78 ± 0.17 µM). Also, the inhibition of CYP2C19 by ketoconazole (KET) cis-enantiomers exhibited enantioselective behavior: the (+)-KET (IC50 23.64 ± 6.25 µM) was more potent than (-)-KET (IC50 66.12 ± 12.6 µM). The inhibition of CYP2C19 by modafinil (MOD) enantiomers (R-MOD IC50 = 51.79 ± 8.58 µM, S-MOD IC50 = 48.62 ± 9.74 µM) and the inhibition of CYP2D6 by citalopram (CIT) enantiomers (R-CIT IC50 = 68.17 ± 5.70 µM, S-CIT IC50 = 62.63 ± 7.89 µM) was not enantiospecific. 4. Although enantiospecific interactions were found (TAM, TOL, KET), they are probably not clinically relevant as the plasma levels are generally lower than the drug concentration needed for prominent inhibition (at least 50% of CYP activity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Krasulova
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacky University , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Michal Siller
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacky University , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Holas
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove , Charles University in Prague , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic , and
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- c Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacky University , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jones DR, Miller GP. Assays and applications in warfarin metabolism: what we know, how we know it and what we need to know. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:857-74. [PMID: 21480820 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.576247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coumadin (R/S-warfarin) is the most widely prescribed oral anticoagulant in the world; nevertheless, its clinical use is complicated by unpredictability in dose requirements to achieve and maintain optimal anticoagulation. Variations in warfarin metabolism among patients contribute to unpredictability in therapeutic responses. Studying the clinical relevance of warfarin metabolism poses a significant analytical challenge. Warfarin is given to patients as an equal mixture of R and S enantiomers. Both drugs undergo extensive metabolism through different pathways to generate > 20 structurally similar isomeric metabolites. AREAS COVERED The article discusses how analytical methods have evolved to effectively resolve and quantify individual metabolites. The authors also discuss how the application of these methods has identified clinically relevant metabolic pathways for warfarin and fostered the investigation of clinical biomarkers for patient responses to therapy. The article additionally presents the power of these methods and how aspects of warfarin metabolism have led to the use of warfarin as a phenotyping probe for multiple drug metabolizing enzymes. EXPERT OPINION Progress in these areas has been hampered by shortcomings in analytical methods and a narrow focus on one metabolic pathway. Recent advances in liquid chromatographic-mass spectral methods can rapidly analyze most warfarin metabolites. It is now possible to effectively assess alternate metabolic pathways and expand biomarker analyses for clinical and phenotyping applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 516, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|