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Brunken L, Silva AV, Öberg M. P22-13 The choice of critical effect size – a retrospective analysis on the risk assessment of PFAS. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gohil D, Panigrahi GC, Gupta SK, Gandhi KA, Gera P, Chavan P, Sharma D, Sandur S, Gota V. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity assessment of 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022; 46:1-14. [PMID: 35899689 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5NQ) or juglone is a bioactive molecule found in walnuts and has shown therapeutic effects in various disease models. Limited information is available regarding the toxicity of 5NQ, thereby limiting the clinical development of this drug. In the present study, oral acute (50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg) and sub-acute toxicity (5, 15 and 50 mg/kg) was assessed in mice to evaluate the safety of 5NQ. The acute toxicity study identified 118 mg/kg as the point-of-departure dose (POD) for single oral administration of 5NQ using benchmark dose modeling (BMD). Repeated administration of 5NQ at doses of 15 and 50 mg/kg/day caused reduction in food consumption and body weight of mice along with alterations in liver and renal function. Histopathological assessment revealed significant damage to hepatic and renal tissues at all doses in the acute toxicity study, and at higher doses of 15 and 50 mg/kg in the sub-acute toxicity study. We observed dose dependent mortality in sub-acute toxicity study and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was established as < 5 mg/kg/day. Modeling the survival response in sub-acute toxicity study identified 1.74 mg/kg/day as the POD for repeated administration of 5NQ. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were most sensitive to 5NQ administration with a lower limit of BMD interval (BMDL) of 1.1 × 10-3 mg/kg/day. The benchmark doses reported in the study can be further used to determine a reference dose of 5NQ for human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dievya Gohil
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India, Mumbai, India
| | - Girish Ch Panigrahi
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India, Mumbai, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Gupta
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India, Mumbai, India
| | - Khushboo A Gandhi
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Poonam Gera
- ICGC Lab, ACTERC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Biorepository, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Preeti Chavan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India, Mumbai, India
- Radiation Biology & Health Science Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh Sandur
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India, Mumbai, India
- Radiation Biology & Health Science Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India, Mumbai, India
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Vieira Silva A, Ringblom J, Moldeus P, Törnqvist E, Öberg M. Benchmark dose-response analyses for multiple endpoints in drug safety evaluation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 433:115732. [PMID: 34606779 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hazard characterization during pharmaceutical development identifies the candidate drug's potential hazards and dose-response relationships. To date, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) approach has been employed to identify the highest dose which results in no observed adverse effects. The benchmark dose (BMD) modeling approach describes potential dose-response relationships and has been used in diverse regulatory domains, but its applicability for pharmaceutical development has not previously been examined. Thus, we applied BMD-modeling to all endpoints in three sequential in vivo studies in a drug development setting, including biochemistry, hematology, organ pathology and clinical observations. In order to compare the results across such a broad range of effects, we needed to standardize the choice of the critical effect size (CES) for the different endpoints. A CES of 5%, previously suggested by the European Food Safety Authority, was compared with the study NOAEL and with the General Theory of Effect Size, which takes natural variability into account. Compared to the NOAEL approach, the BMD-modeling approach resulted in more informative estimates of the doses leading to effects. The BMD-modeling approach handled well situations where effects occurred below the lowest tested dose and the study's NOAEL, and seems advantageous to characterize the potential toxicity during safety assessment. The results imply a considerable step forward from the perspective of reducing and refining animal experiments, as more information is yielded from the same number of animals and at lower doses. Taken together, employing BMD-modeling as a substitute, or as a complement, to the NOAEL approach seems appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Vieira Silva
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Ringblom
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Moldeus
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Törnqvist
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Öberg
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Baldrick P, Cosenza ME, Alapatt T, Bolon B, Rhodes M, Waterson I. Toxicology Paradise: Sorting Out Adverse and Non-adverse Findings in Animal Toxicity Studies. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:365-378. [PMID: 32618214 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820935089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A challenge for all toxicologists is defining what study findings are actually adverse versus non-adverse in animal toxicity studies, and which ones are relevant for generating a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) to assess human risk. This article presents views on this challenge presented by toxicologists, toxicologic pathologists, and regulatory reviewers at the 2019 annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology during a workshop entitled "Toxicology Paradise: Sorting Out Adverse and Non-adverse Findings." The speakers noted that setting a NOAEL is not always straightforward, not only for small molecules but also for biopharmaceuticals, and that a "weight of evidence" approach often is more useful than a rigid threshold-setting algorithm. Regulators from the US Food and Drug Administration and European Union told how assessment of adverse nonclinical findings is undertaken to allow clinical studies to commence and drug marketing approvals to succeed, along with the process that allows successful dialogs with regulators. Nonclinical case studies of findings judged to be adverse versus non-adverse were presented in relation to the many factors that might halt or delay clinical development. The process of defining adverse findings and the NOAEL in final study reports was discussed, as well as who should be involved in the process.
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Weterings PJ, Loftus C, Lewandowski TA. Derivation of the critical effect size/benchmark response for the dose-response analysis of the uptake of radioactive iodine in the human thyroid. Toxicol Lett 2016; 257:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kerlin R, Bolon B, Burkhardt J, Francke S, Greaves P, Meador V, Popp J. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:147-62. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623315623265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recommendations (best practices) are provided by the Society of Toxicologic Pathology’s Adversity Working Group for making consistent interpretations of test article–related effects as “adverse” and assigning a “no observed adverse effect level” (NOAEL) in nonclinical toxicity studies. Adverse is a term indicating “harm” to the test animal, while nonadverse indicates lack of harm. Adverse findings in the study reports should be defined in relation to effects on the test species used and within the context of the given study. Test article–related effects should be described on their own merits, and decisions to consider them as adverse or nonadverse should be justified. Related effects may be discussed together; in particular, markers of toxicity that are not in and of themselves adverse ideally should be discussed in conjunction with the causal toxicity to determine adversity. Adverse findings should be identified in subreports (clinical data, pathology data, etc.) if sufficient information is available, and/or in the final study report as individual or grouped findings, but study NOAELs should be established at the level of the overall study report. Interpretations such as “not biologically relevant” or “not toxicologically important” should be avoided unless defined and supported by scientific rationale. Decisions defining adverse findings and the NOAEL in final study reports should combine the expertise of all contributing scientific disciplines. Where possible, use of NOAELs in data tables should be linked to explanatory text that places them in context. Ideally, in nonclinical summary documents, NOAELs from multiple studies are considered together in defining the most important adverse responses in the most sensitive species. These responses are then considered along with an understanding of their likely mechanisms, as well as other information such as variability in species sensitivity, comparative pathology, reversibility and progression, kinetics, and metabolism of the test substance to help assess human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kerlin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - John Burkhardt
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Research and Development, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Peter Greaves
- Department of Cancer Studies, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Vince Meador
- Covance Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James Popp
- Stratoxon LLC, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
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A semi-quantitative model for risk appreciation and risk weighing. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2941-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Buist HE, von Bölcsházy GF, Dammann M, Telman J, Rennen MAJ. Derivation of the minimal magnitude of the Critical Effect Size for continuous toxicological parameters from within-animal variation in control group data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 55:139-50. [PMID: 19559065 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Assuming that temporal fluctuations in physiological parameters (e.g. haematology, biochemistry) in individual healthy non-exposed animals are non-adverse, the minimal magnitude of the Critical Effect Size (CES) for a number of continuous parameters of toxicity studies was derived. A total of 36 studies (19 pharmaceutical preclinical studies in dogs and 17 chemical risk assessment studies in rats) were analysed to determine within-animal variation in their control groups. Minimal CES-values were derived for each group of studies, differentiating where necessary between strains and sexes, using the 2.5 percentile (lower limit) and/or 97.5 percentile (upper limit) of the distribution of the within-animal variation around the mean of each parameter. We concluded that minimal CES-values for continuous clinical chemistry and haematology parameters should be established separately per species, strain, sex and study duration investigated. Grouping of minimal CES-values, leading to more or less "general" values, seems possible for those parameters that are subject to tight homeostatic control and consequently show little within-animal variation. Nearly a quarter of the proposed CES-values is 5%, nearly a quarter range from 6% to 10%, a quarter is 15% or 20%, and nearly 30% of the proposed values is 20% of the mean of the control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Buist
- Food and Chemical Risk Analysis, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist 3700 AJ, The Netherlands.
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Lilienthal H, Slob W, van der Ven LT, Piersma AH. Measurement and evaluation of neurobehavioral effects induced by tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)—Response to Strain et al. (2009). Toxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Strain GM, Banasik M, Hardy M, Stedeford T. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and model-derived risks for neurobehavioral effects in offspring from a one-generation reproduction study. Toxicology 2009; 260:155-7; author reply 158-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Van der Ven LT, van de Kuil T, Leonards PE, Slob W, Cantón RF, Germer S, Visser TJ, Litens S, Håkansson H, Schrenk D, van den Berg M, Piersma AH, Vos JG, Opperhuizen A. A 28-day oral dose toxicity study in Wistar rats enhanced to detect endocrine effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). Toxicol Lett 2008; 179:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Arts JHE, Muijser H, Jonker D, van de Sandt JJM, Bos PMJ, Feron VJ. Inhalation toxicity studies: OECD guidelines in relation to REACH and scientific developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:125-33. [PMID: 18455380 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The OECD Health Effects Test Guidelines (TGs) provide guidance concerning the use of methods for the identification and characterization of hazards from chemical substances. These TGs are largely based on tests in routine use for many years and are known to yield information relevant to various types of toxicity. They have proven their value in practice and will remain of paramount importance for decades to come. However, the TGs describe mostly animal assays, and there is an increasingly strong urge to reduce animal testing on ethical grounds. In addition, assessment procedures are generally considered too slow and too rigid, which has resulted in elaborate testing of a relatively small number of chemicals, while virtually nothing is known about the vast majority of compounds. The major objectives of Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) are to improve the knowledge about the properties and use of chemicals and to speed up the procedure of risk assessment. The REACH text contains information requirements that can be met by OECD TGs but REACH also provides rules for adaptation of the standard testing regime. Also, various components of "Intelligent Testing Strategies" are described in order to limit animal testing. This paper briefly describes the OECD TGs for inhalation toxicity studies, including those in preparation, and their role in future hazard identification. This will be discussed in relation to the evaluation of the safety of thousands of chemicals in a relatively short period of time and scientific developments, including the use of alternatives to animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josje H E Arts
- TNO Quality of Life, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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Sand S, Victorin K, Filipsson AF. The current state of knowledge on the use of the benchmark dose concept in risk assessment. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:405-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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