Coronary artery "pseudothrombus" due to collateral flow artifact distal to left circumflex coronary stenosis

Coronary competitive reverse flow: Imaging findings at CT angiography and correlation with invasive coronary angiography

OBJECTIVE

To study the imaging features of coronary competitive reverse flow and incidence of a "reverse attenuation gradient" in coronary CT angiography (CTA) with correlation to invasive coronary angiography (ICA).

METHODS

Patients who had undergone coronary CTA and ICA within 2 weeks were retrospectively identified in our database and reviewed. All cases with ICA-confirmed competitive reverse flow or chronic total occlusions (CTOs) were included for further analysis. The "reverse attenuation gradient sign" was defined as a reverse intraluminal opacification gradient of vessels which showed higher opacification in more distal compared with proximal segments. ICA findings were recorded and served as the reference to identify the clinical implications of this sign.

RESULTS

In total, 134 patients (mean age, 68.1 ± 11.3 years; range, 38-90 years; 104 men) were included in our study. ICA revealed 11 cases of coronary competitive reverse flow and 123 cases of CTO. A reverse attenuation gradient sign was present in 9 of 11 patients (82%) with coronary competitive reverse flow and 72 of 123 (59%) chronically occluded coronary arteries. Myocardial bridges, distal collateral filling, as well as direct visualization of collateral connection were all more frequent in cases with coronary competitive reverse flow group compared with cases with a CTO.

CONCLUSIONS

The reverse attenuation gradient sign distal to an upstream coronary severe stenosis indicates the presence of competitive collateral flow. Coronary CTA is able to correctly detect coronary competitive collateral flow and differentiate it from CTOs.

Lipid-rich plaque masquerading as a coronary thrombus

A 43-year-old woman presented with exertional chest pressure. Right coronary angiography showed a clear filling defect. Intravascular ultrasound revealed a plaque with 80% stenosis and a large lipid pool. Therefore, a stent was placed, and the patient became angina-free. Lipid-rich plaques are a cause of angiographic filling defects. Intravascular ultrasound is an integral part of coronary artery evaluation.