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Suh M, Callaghan LT, Brickhouse E, Ponce H, Tichter A, Pillow MT, Chary A. "I'd rather see action": Application and recruitment experiences of underrepresented in emergency medicine trainees. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2023; 7:e10888. [PMID: 37361187 PMCID: PMC10287660 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The emergency medicine (EM) physician workforce is largely composed of white men. Despite recruitment efforts over the past decade, there has not been a significant increase of trainees with underrepresented racial and ethnic identities in EM (URM). Prior studies have focused on institutional strategies to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in EM residency recruitment but have been limited in describing URM trainees' perspectives. We sought to assess URM trainees' perspectives on DEI in the EM residency application and selection process. Methods This study was conducted at an urban academic medical center in the United States from November 2021 to March 2022. Junior residents were invited to participate in individual semistructured interviews. We used a combined deductive-inductive approach to categorize responses in predetermined areas of interest then elicit dominant themes within each category through consensus discussions. Thematic saturation was reached after eight interviews, indicating adequate sample size. Results Ten residents participated in semistructured interviews. All identified as racial or ethnic minorities. Three dominant themes emerged relating to authenticity, representation, and being treated as a learner first. Participants assessed the authenticity of a program's DEI efforts by evaluating the time frame and scope of DEI efforts. Participants reported a desire for representation of other URM colleagues in a residency program and training environment. While participants wanted their lived experience as URM trainees acknowledged, they were wary of being viewed solely through the lens of future DEI leaders rather than as learners first. Conclusions URM residents value multifaceted commitment to DEI efforts, representation, and being seen as learners first when assessing residency programs. Programs seeking to recruit URM residents should develop a department-wide, multipronged, comprehensive DEI plan and showcase how their program will contribute to an applicant's professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Suh
- Department of Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | - Aleksandr Tichter
- Department of Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - M. Tyson Pillow
- Department of Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Anita Chary
- Department of Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical CenterHoustonTexasUSA
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2
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Pack CE, Partain AT, Crowe RP, Brown LH. Ambulance Transport Destinations In The US Differ By Patient Race And Ethnicity. Health Aff (Millwood) 2023; 42:237-245. [PMID: 36745829 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients in the US belonging to racial or ethnic minority groups often receive medical care in different hospitals than White patients, which contributes to health care disparities. We explored whether ambulance transport destinations contribute to this phenomenon. Using a national emergency medical services research data set for calendar year 2020, we made within-ZIP code comparisons of the transport destinations for White patients and non-White patients transported by ambulance from emergency scenes. We used the dissimilarity index to measure transport destination discordances and decided a priori that a more than 5 percent difference in transport destinations (that is, dissimilarity index >0.05) would be practically meaningful. We found meaningful differences in the destination hospitals for White and non-White patients transported by ambulance from locations in the same ZIP code. The median ZIP code dissimilarity index was 0.08, 64 percent of ZIP codes had a dissimilarity index above 0.05, and 61 percent of patients were transported from ZIP codes with a dissimilarity index above 0.05. Forty-one percent of ZIP codes had a dissimilarity index above 0.10, and one-third of the patients were transported from those ZIP codes. These data indicate that ambulance transport destinations contribute to discordances in where White and non-White patients receive medical care.
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Hill C, Deville C, Kiess A, Narang A, Ratnanather T, Bienstock J, Brinckerhoff L, Hodukavich A, Anderson R, Alcorn S, DeWeese T, Viswanathan A, Page BR. Establishing a Deaf and American Sign Language Inclusive Residency Program. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:357-363. [PMID: 34670241 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Improving diversity in residency programs has been increasingly emphasized as a means to address gender, racial, and ethnic disparities in medicine. However, limited attention has been given to the potential benefits of training physicians with differences other than gender or race and ethnicity. Americans with a disability represent about 27% of the U.S. population, whereas 1%-3% of physician trainees report having a disability. In 2013, a national survey identified only 86 physicians or trainees reporting deafness or hearing loss as a disability. To date, there are no published strategies on how to create an inclusive program for Deaf trainees. Herein, the authors report on the development of a Deaf and American Sign Language (ASL) inclusive residency program that can serve as an academic model for other programs, in any medical specialty, seeking to create an accessible training program for Deaf physicians and that can be adapted for trainees with other disabilities. In March 2017, the radiation oncology residency program at Johns Hopkins University matched an ASL-signing Deaf resident who would begin the program in July 2018. In preparation, department leadership engaged key stakeholders and leaders within the university's health system and among the department faculty, residents, and staff as well as the incoming resident to create an ASL inclusive program. A 5-step transition process for the training program was ultimately developed and implemented. The authors focused on engaging the Deaf trainee and interpreters, engaging health system and departmental leadership, contracting a training consultant and developing oral and written training materials for faculty and staff, and optimizing the workspace via accommodations. Through collaborative preparation, a Deaf and ASL-signing resident was successfully integrated into the residency program. The proposed 5-step transition process provides an effective, engaging model to encourage other institutions that are seeking to employ similar inclusivity initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hill
- C. Hill is a radiation oncology resident, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Curtiland Deville
- C. Deville Jr is associate professor, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ana Kiess
- A. Kiess is assistant professor, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amol Narang
- A. Narang is assistant professor, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tilak Ratnanather
- T. Ratnanather is associate research professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica Bienstock
- J. Bienstock is associate dean of graduate medical education, Office of the Vice Dean for Education, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Loring Brinckerhoff
- L. Brinckerhoff is a disability and learning consultant, Learning Resources and Support Student Affairs, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Hodukavich
- A. Hodukavich is an Americans with Disabilities Act compliance officer, Office of Institutional Equity, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roberta Anderson
- R. Anderson is director of nursing, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara Alcorn
- S. Alcorn is assistant professor, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theodore DeWeese
- T. DeWeese is vice dean for clinical affairs and president of the clinical practice association, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akila Viswanathan
- A. Viswanathan is professor and director, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brandi R Page
- B.R. Page is assistant professor, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Haug V, Kadakia N, Wang A, Dorante MI, Panayi AC, Kauke-Navarro M, Hundeshagen G, Diehm Y, Fischer S, Hirche C, Kneser U, Pomahac B. “Racial disparities in short-term outcomes after breast reduction surgery - A National Surgical Quality Improvement Project Analysis with 23,268 patients using Propensity Score Matching”. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:1849-1857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Franks NM, Gipson K, Kaltiso SA, Osborne A, Heron SL. The Time Is Now: Racism and the Responsibility of Emergency Medicine to Be Antiracist. Ann Emerg Med 2021; 78:577-586. [PMID: 34175155 PMCID: PMC8487015 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the ongoing pandemic of racial injustice. In the context of these twin pandemics, emergency medicine organizations are declaring that "Racism is a Public Health Crisis." Accordingly, we are challenging emergency clinicians to respond to this emergency and commit to being antiracist. This courageous journey begins with naming racism and continues with actions addressing the intersection of racism and social determinants of health that result in health inequities. Therefore, we present a social-ecological framework that structures the intentional actions that emergency medicine must implement at the individual, organizational, community, and policy levels to actively respond to this emergency and be antiracist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Franks
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Katrina Gipson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sheri-Ann Kaltiso
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anwar Osborne
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sheryl L Heron
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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6
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Brown C, Brown K, Brown I, Daniel R. Dear White People in Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2021; 78:587-592. [PMID: 34598829 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We, emergency physicians of color, are not okay. We are living and working through a pandemic that has disproportionately affected our communities and a year in which we cannot escape our lived experiences of police brutality. We see you, dear White people in emergency medicine, and are glad you want to support us. However, let us guide you in supporting our cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortlyn Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Atrium Health Carolinas, Charlotte, NC.
| | | | - Italo Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Rosny Daniel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Lall MD, Backster A, White MH, Heron SL, Siegelman JN. Recruitment of a diverse emergency medicine residency program: Creating and maintaining a culture of diversity, equity, and inclusion. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2021; 5:S112-S115. [PMID: 34616983 PMCID: PMC8480497 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Lall
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Anika Backster
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Melissa H. White
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sheryl L. Heron
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jeffrey N. Siegelman
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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8
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Gwanyalla NK, Asker S, Abazaid N, Aromolaran K, Jackson T, Okpere H. "Say their names:" Thoughts on residency leadership response to police brutality and social injustices. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2021; 5:S149-S151. [PMID: 34616991 PMCID: PMC8480498 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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9
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Clayborne EP, Martin DR, Goett RR, Chandrasekaran EB, McGreevy J. Diversity pipelines: The rationale to recruit and support minority physicians. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2021; 2:e12343. [PMID: 33532751 PMCID: PMC7823093 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergency physicians care for patients from all backgrounds with respect and expertise. We aspire to treat everyone equitably and make decisions at the bedside that are not based on age, race, socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, religion, language, or any other category. In many settings, there is a stark contrast between the diversity of our patient populations and that of the physicians caring for them. Despite our intention to minimize the effects of implicit and explicit bias, when the physician workforce does not reflect the patient population, there may be significant assumptions, mistrust, and misunderstandings between people from different backgrounds. As medical professionals, increasing the diversity of our workforce and support for programs and policies that increase underrepresented minority (URM) physicians in emergency medicine is important. Increasing URM physicians will not only improve the quality of care for our patients, but also the quality of education and training in our profession. It is crucial that we prioritize pipeline programs that recruit and support URM physicians. This article describes the rationale to increase diversity within the profession of emergency medicine and the essential mechanisms to achieve this goal. In the same way that we hold individuals accountable to a clinical standard of care, we should hold our institutions to an organizational standard of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R. Martin
- Ohio State University Department of Emergency MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Rebecca R. Goett
- Department of Emergency MedicineRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Jolion McGreevy
- Department of Emergency MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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10
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Goines J, Iledare E, Ander D, Wallenstein J, Anachebe N, Elks M, Franks N, White M, Shayne P, Henn M, Heron SL. A Model Partnership: Mentoring Underrepresented Students in Medicine (URiM) in Emergency Medicine. West J Emerg Med 2020; 22:213-217. [PMID: 33856302 PMCID: PMC7972354 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.9.48923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Creating a racially and ethnically diverse workforce remains a challenge for medical specialties, including emergency medicine (EM). One area to examine is a partnership between a predominantly white institution (PWI) with a historically black college and university (HBCU) to determine whether this partnership would increase the number of underrepresented in medicine (URiM) in EM who are from a HBCU. Methods Twenty years ago Emory Department of Emergency Medicine began its collaboration with Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) to provide guidance to MSM students who were interested in EM. Since its inception, our engagement and intervention has evolved over time to include mentorship and guidance from the EM clerkship director, program director, and key faculty. Results Since the beginning of the MSM-Emory EM partnership, 115 MSM students have completed an EM clerkship at Emory. Seventy-two of those students (62.6%) have successfully matched into an EM residency program. Of those who matched into EM, 22 (32%) have joined the Emory EM residency program with the remaining 50 students matching at 40 other EM programs across the nation. Conclusion Based on our experience and outcomes with the Emory-MSM partnership, we are confident that a partnership with an HBCU school without an EM residency should be considered by residency programs to increase the number of URiM students in EM, which could perhaps translate to other specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Goines
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Iledare
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Douglas Ander
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua Wallenstein
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ngozi Anachebe
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Martha Elks
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicole Franks
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melissa White
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Philip Shayne
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Megan Henn
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sheryl L Heron
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Garrick JF, Perez B, Anaebere TC, Craine P, Lyons C, Lee T. The Diversity Snowball Effect: The Quest to Increase Diversity in Emergency Medicine: A Case Study of Highland's Emergency Medicine Residency Program. Ann Emerg Med 2019; 73:639-647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ethnic Diversity Remains Scarce in Academic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 123:1618-1627. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181a07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schoonveld KC, Veach PM, LeRoy BS. What Is It Like To Be in the Minority? Ethnic and Gender Diversity in the Genetic Counseling Profession. J Genet Couns 2007; 16:53-69. [PMID: 17295056 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-006-9045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, the genetic counseling profession is recognizing the need for greater ethnic and gender diversity. Recruitment and retention efforts may be enhanced by better understanding of the experience of individuals considered to be underrepresented in the profession. In this qualitative study, 8 genetic counseling students and 7 practicing genetic counselors who were ethnic minority and/or male participated in semi-structured telephone interviews regarding how they were introduced to the field, perceived career supports and barriers, their experiences within training programs and the field, and suggestions for increasing diversity. Introduction to the field tended to be late and accidental. There were several career supports (e.g., field combines science and helping others) and barriers (e.g., lack of information about the field). Participant experiences, although primarily positive, included instances of passive, unintentional discrimination; and there were internal and external pressures to be diversity experts and positive representatives of their group. Participants reported positively impacting colleagues' cultural competency and offering a different presence within clinical settings. Suggestions for increasing diversity and research recommendations are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cheri Schoonveld
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Center, Fairview Health Services, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Mullins CD, Blatt L, Gbarayor CM, Yang HWK, Baquet C. Health disparities: a barrier to high-quality care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006; 62:1873-82. [PMID: 16141106 PMCID: PMC3262677 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Disparities in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer among the sexes and racial groups and possible interventions are discussed. SUMMARY The ongoing process to identify and reduce health disparities has engaged numerous federal agencies as they monitor the nation's progress toward policy-driven and health-related objectives. Cardiovascular disease disproportionately affects minority groups and is the leading cause of death among women in the United States, and both groups receive suboptimal care for the disease. Disparities in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in African Americans, women, patients with less than a high school education, and the elderly have been found. Many minority groups continue to suffer disproportionately from cancer. Racial disparities also exist in cancer screening and treatment. Minorities are underrepresented in clinical trials for multiple reasons, many of which may be related to cultural beliefs. At all levels of coinsurance, the poor are less likely to seek preventive care. Adherence to national screening and treatment guidelines, clinical trial recruitment and participation, addressing language and geographic barriers, and increasing access to insurance are part of the coordinated efforts required to reduce health disparities. Because pharmacists influence patients' health status directly through pharmaceutical care and indirectly by engaging patients in their treatment, it is essential for pharmacists to be able to provide culturally competent care. CONCLUSION Despite significant efforts over the past several years, health disparities continue to exist, particularly among minority groups. Interventions aimed at eliminating these disparities should include ensuring cultural competence among health care providers and improving health literacy among patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Daniel Mullins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Abstract
Cultural, spiritual, and religious diversity of emergency department patients is increasing while that of emergency physicians in particular remains predominantly homogeneous. With a discordance of cultural, race, and ethnicity exist, in the case of ethical conflict -resolution becomes that much more difficult. Patients may feel vulnerable when their emergency care provider does not understand his or her cultural, spiritual, and religious uniqueness as it relates to the patient-doctor interaction and health care decision making. This review will examine (1) language differences; (2) cultural, religious, and spiritual differences between patient and provider; (3) differing explanatory models of disease between patient and provider; and (4) diverse bioethical models of decision making of differing cultures in an effort to reduce vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie E Quest
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Wesson DE, King TE, Todd RF, Torres EA, Hellmann DB, Flack JM, Dubose TD, Schuster VL. Achieving diversity in academic internal medicine: recommendations for leaders. Am J Med 2006; 119:76-81. [PMID: 16431199 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Augustine JJ, Kellermann AL. The emergency medicine workforce study: more questions than answers. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40:16-8. [PMID: 12085067 DOI: 10.1067/mem.2002.125557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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