Is ERCP headed for extinction?

Sedation for endoscopy in 2016 - Is endoscopist-guided sedation safe in complex situations?

The higher number of adverse events reported with anesthetist-delivered sedation are likely due to the fact that anethesia professionals induce deeper sedation as compared to sedation delivered by endoscopists. The former are trained to induce general anesthesia in their daily practice, where protective reflexes are more commonly depressed and the risk for undesired cardiopulmonary events is higher.

ERCP service in China: results from a national survey

BACKGROUND

ERCP had been performed throughout China for decades.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the status of ERCP service in China.

DESIGN

A national survey.

SETTING

All of the hospitals performing ERCP in mainland China in 2006.

PATIENTS

All of the patients undergoing ERCP in mainland China in 2006.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

The questionnaire included the (1) type of hospitals involved; (2) ownership of the endoscopy unit; (3) ERCP infrastructure; (4) volume, indication, setting, and anesthesia methods; and (5) training and research. The correlation between economic development and ERCP status in different regions was investigated, and the ERCP rates in China and developed countries were compared.

RESULTS

Completed questionnaires were returned by 449 (95.5%) of the 470 hospitals providing ERCP service. Among the 449 hospitals, 186 (41.4%) did not have separate ERCP suites, 379 (84.4%) shared fluoroscopy with their radiology departments, and the average number of duodenoscopes was 1.58. A total of 63,787 ERCP procedures were performed in mainland China in 2006, with an estimated annual ERCP rate of 4.87 per 100,000 inhabitants, much lower than that of developed countries. Ninety-six percent of patients were admitted to undergo ERCP, and 94.4% of hospitals used pharyngeal local anesthesia and conscious sedation, whereas 5.6% used general anesthesia. There was a significant correlation between the ERCP rate and gross domestic product per capita (r = 0.871, P < .001).

LIMITATIONS

The survey was retrospective and descriptive.

CONCLUSIONS

There is an enormous gap in ERCP service between China and developed countries. The imbalance of ERCP status between different regions is significant, which correlates with economic development. Great effort is needed to develop the technique nationwide.

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at an academic medical center in the era of less-invasive diagnostic tools

Evaluation of: Coté GA, Singh S, Bucksot LG et al. Association between volume of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at an academic medical center and use of pancreatobiliarytherapy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10(8), 920-924 (2012). Many patients have pancreatobiliary diseases involving complications and comorbidities. This study shows the trends in the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) at an academic medical center from 1994 to 2009. During that time, the use of ERCPs for the treatment of bile duct stones reached a plateau and those for the treatment of pancreas divisum showed a decline. However, endoscopic therapy for benign biliary stricture and management for obstructive chronic pancreatitis increased during this period. There was a trend toward greater use of therapeutic ERCP for bile duct stenting involving metal stents and for pancreatic therapeutics. In that same period, there was an increase in the proportion of patients who had undergone unsuccessful ERCP at various other centers. Consequently, at academic medical centers, ERCP has become an increasingly complex intervention. Increasing numbers of patients with comorbidities, complications and history of failed ERCPs are being referred to academic centers to receive endotherapy.

Association between volume of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at an academic medical center and use of pancreatobiliary therapy

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Many advances have been made in pancreatobiliary imaging and endoscopy techniques. However, little is known about trends in use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort study that analyzed data from 33,596 ERCPs performed at Indiana University Medical Center from 1994 to 2009. Data from all patients were entered into an endoscopy database. We compared changes in patient demographics, indications for ERCP, and utilization of specific ERCP therapies during this time period.

RESULTS

The annual volume of ECRP increased steadily from 1175 in 1994 to 2802 in 2009 (P < .0001). Of all patients, 33.9% had previously undergone an ERCP at a different facility; 42.3% of these were unsuccessful. The odds of having undergone a failed ERCP at another facility increased slightly each year (odds ratio, 1.02; P < .001). Among patients who had a failed ERCP elsewhere, the success rate at Indiana University Medical Center was 96.1%. The frequency of patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥3 (odds ratio, 1.12; P < .001) who received anesthesia-administered sedation increased each year (odds ratio, 1.25; P < .001). Most ERCPs were performed for common bile duct stones or strictures and suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (77.2%). The most rapid increase was among procedures for common bile duct strictures or leaks, pancreatic duct stones or strictures, and suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Rates of biliary sphincterotomy did not change (P = .252), but the frequency of pancreatic sphincterotomy, common bile duct, or pancreatic duct stent placement and pancreatic duct stricture dilation increased during this time (P < .001 for each).

CONCLUSIONS

At a referral center, ERCP has become increasingly complex. From 1994 to 2009, increasing numbers of ERCPs have been performed for patients with more comorbidities, higher-grade disease, history of failed ERCPs, and on those receiving endotherapy.