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Yang M, Li B, Gan Z, Dong D, Li X. A new chemosymbiotic bivalve species of the genus Acharax Dall, 1908 (Bivalvia, Solemyida, Solemyidae) from the Haima cold seep of the South China Sea. Zookeys 2024; 1198:185-192. [PMID: 38698807 PMCID: PMC11063622 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1198.112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Solemyidae is an ancient group of protobranch bivalves that typically inhabit unusual environments, such as deep-sea chemosynthetic environments, and are symbiotic with chemoautotrophic and gill-hosted bacteria. In May 2018, a living solemyid bivalve was collected using a remotely operated vehicle at a depth of 1,390 m from the Haima cold seep in the northwestern slope of the South China Sea. Through a comprehensive taxonomic approach combining morphological observations and molecular phylogeny reconstruction of concatenated mitochondrial COI,16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequences, a new species, Acharaxhaimaensissp. nov. is identified and described. The discovery of this new species contributes to the diversity of known solemyids in deep-sea chemosynthetic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Baoquan Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, ChinaYantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesYantaiChina
| | - Zhibin Gan
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Dong Dong
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Xinzheng Li
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCenter for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Webster G, Cragg BA, Rinna J, Watkins AJ, Sass H, Weightman AJ, Parkes RJ. Methanogen activity and microbial diversity in Gulf of Cádiz mud volcano sediments. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1157337. [PMID: 37293223 PMCID: PMC10244519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1157337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gulf of Cádiz is a tectonically active continental margin with over sixty mud volcanoes (MV) documented, some associated with active methane (CH4) seepage. However, the role of prokaryotes in influencing this CH4 release is largely unknown. In two expeditions (MSM1-3 and JC10) seven Gulf of Cádiz MVs (Porto, Bonjardim, Carlos Ribeiro, Captain Arutyunov, Darwin, Meknes, and Mercator) were analyzed for microbial diversity, geochemistry, and methanogenic activity, plus substrate amended slurries also measured potential methanogenesis and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Prokaryotic populations and activities were variable in these MV sediments reflecting the geochemical heterogeneity within and between them. There were also marked differences between many MV and their reference sites. Overall direct cell numbers below the SMTZ (0.2-0.5 mbsf) were much lower than the general global depth distribution and equivalent to cell numbers from below 100 mbsf. Methanogenesis from methyl compounds, especially methylamine, were much higher than the usually dominant substrates H2/CO2 or acetate. Also, CH4 production occurred in 50% of methylated substrate slurries and only methylotrophic CH4 production occurred at all seven MV sites. These slurries were dominated by Methanococcoides methanogens (resulting in pure cultures), and prokaryotes found in other MV sediments. AOM occurred in some slurries, particularly, those from Captain Arutyunov, Mercator and Carlos Ribeiro MVs. Archaeal diversity at MV sites showed the presence of both methanogens and ANME (Methanosarcinales, Methanococcoides, and ANME-1) related sequences, and bacterial diversity was higher than archaeal diversity, dominated by members of the Atribacterota, Chloroflexota, Pseudomonadota, Planctomycetota, Bacillota, and Ca. "Aminicenantes." Further work is essential to determine the full contribution of Gulf of Cádiz mud volcanoes to the global methane and carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Webster
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Barry A. Cragg
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Rinna
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Aker BP ASA, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Andrew J. Watkins
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- The Wales Research and Diagnostic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Centre (PETIC), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Sass
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Weightman
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - R. John Parkes
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Cano I, Ryder D, Webb SC, Jones BJ, Brosnahan CL, Carrasco N, Bodinier B, Furones D, Pretto T, Carella F, Chollet B, Arzul I, Cheslett D, Collins E, Lohrmann KB, Valdivia AL, Ward G, Carballal MJ, Villalba A, Marigómez I, Mortensen S, Christison K, Kevin WC, Bustos E, Christie L, Green M, Feist SW. Cosmopolitan Distribution of Endozoicomonas-Like Organisms and Other Intracellular Microcolonies of Bacteria Causing Infection in Marine Mollusks. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:577481. [PMID: 33193196 PMCID: PMC7661492 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.577481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular microcolonies of bacteria (IMC), in some cases developing large extracellular cysts (bacterial aggregates), infecting primarily gill and digestive gland, have been historically reported in a wide diversity of economically important mollusk species worldwide, sometimes associated with severe lesions and mass mortality events. As an effort to characterize those organisms, traditionally named as Rickettsia or Chlamydia-like organisms, 1950 specimens comprising 22 mollusk species were collected over 10 countries and after histology examination, a selection of 99 samples involving 20 species were subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed Endozoicomonadaceae sequences in all the mollusk species analyzed. Geographical differences in the distribution of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and a particular OTU associated with pathology in king scallop (OTU_2) were observed. The presence of Endozoicomonadaceae sequences in the IMC was visually confirmed by in situ hybridization (ISH) in eight selected samples. Sequencing data also indicated other symbiotic bacteria. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of those OTUs revealed a novel microbial diversity associated with molluskan IMC infection distributed among different taxa, including the phylum Spirochetes, the families Anaplasmataceae and Simkaniaceae, the genera Mycoplasma and Francisella, and sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts. Sequences like Francisella halioticida/philomiragia and Candidatus Brownia rhizoecola were also obtained, however, in the absence of ISH studies, the association between those organisms and the IMCs were not confirmed. The sequences identified in this study will allow for further molecular characterization of the microbial community associated with IMC infection in marine mollusks and their correlation with severity of the lesions to clarify their role as endosymbionts, commensals or true pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - David Ryder
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brian J Jones
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Cara L Brosnahan
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Noelia Carrasco
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Barbara Bodinier
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Dolors Furones
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Chollet
- SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire De Génétique Et Pathologie Des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire De Génétique Et Pathologie Des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | | | | | - Karin B Lohrmann
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Centro Innovación Acuícola Aquapacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ana L Valdivia
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Centro Innovación Acuícola Aquapacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Georgia Ward
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - María J Carballal
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Spain
| | - Ionan Marigómez
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Spain
| | | | - Kevin Christison
- Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wakeman C Kevin
- Institute for International Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eduardo Bustos
- Centro Acuícola Pesquero de Investigación Aplicada (CAPIA), Universidad Santo Tomás, Sede Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Lyndsay Christie
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Green
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Feist
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
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Mizutani Y, Mori T, Miyazaki T, Fukuzaki S, Tanaka R. Microbial community analysis in the gills of abalones suggested possible dominance of epsilonproteobacterium in Haliotis gigantea. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9326. [PMID: 32655989 PMCID: PMC7333650 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gills are important organs for aquatic invertebrates because they harbor chemosynthetic bacteria, which fix inorganic carbon and/or nitrogen and provide their hosts with organic compounds. Nevertheless, in contrast to the intensive researches related to the gut microbiota, much is still needed to further understand the microbiota within the gills of invertebrates. Using abalones as a model, we investigated the community structure of microbes associated with the gills of these invertebrates using next-generation sequencing. Molecular identification of representative bacterial sequences was performed using cloning, nested PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with specific primers or probes. We examined three abalone species, namely Haliotis gigantea, H. discus and H. diversicolor using seawater and stones as controls. Microbiome analysis suggested that the gills of all three abalones had the unclassified Spirochaetaceae (one OTU, 15.7 ± 0.04%) and Mycoplasma sp. (one OTU, 9.1 ± 0.03%) as the core microbes. In most libraries from the gills of H. gigantea, however, a previously unknown epsilonproteobacterium species (one OTU) was considered as the dominant bacterium, which accounted for 62.2% of the relative abundance. The epsilonproteobacterium was only detected in the gills of H. diversicolor at 0.2% and not in H. discus suggesting that it may be unique to H. gigantea. Phylogenetic analysis performed using a near full-length 16S rRNA gene placed the uncultured epsilonproteobacterium species at the root of the family Helicobacteraceae. Interestingly, the uncultured epsilonproteobacterium was commonly detected from gill tissue rather than from the gut and foot tissues using a nested PCR assay with uncultured epsilonproteobacterium-specific primers. FISH analysis with the uncultured epsilonproteobacterium-specific probe revealed that probe-reactive cells in H. gigantea had a coccus-like morphology and formed microcolonies on gill tissue. This is the first report to show that epsilonproteobacterium has the potential to be a dominant species in the gills of the coastal gastropod, H. gigantea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Mizutani
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeko Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuzaki
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Reiji Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Molecular characterization of Bathymodiolus mussels and gill symbionts associated with chemosynthetic habitats from the U.S. Atlantic margin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211616. [PMID: 30870419 PMCID: PMC6417655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus are among the most widespread colonizers of hydrothermal vent and cold seep environments, sustained by endosymbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria. Presumed species of Bathymodiolus are abundant at newly discovered cold seeps on the Mid-Atlantic continental slope, however morphological taxonomy is challenging, and their phylogenetic affinities remain unestablished. Here we used mitochondrial sequence to classify species found at three seep sites (Baltimore Canyon seep (BCS; ~400m); Norfolk Canyon seep (NCS; ~1520m); and Chincoteague Island seep (CTS; ~1000m)). Mitochondrial COI (N = 162) and ND4 (N = 39) data suggest that Bathymodiolus childressi predominates at these sites, although single B. mauritanicus and B. heckerae individuals were detected. As previous work had suggested that methanotrophic and thiotrophic interactions can both occur at a site, and within an individual mussel, we investigated the symbiont communities in gill tissues of a subset of mussels from BCS and NCS. We constructed metabarcode libraries with four different primer sets spanning the 16S gene. A methanotrophic phylotype dominated all gill microbial samples from BCS, but sulfur-oxidizing Campylobacterota were represented by a notable minority of sequences from NCS. The methanotroph phylotype shared a clade with globally distributed Bathymodiolus spp. symbionts from methane seeps and hydrothermal vents. Two distinct Campylobacterota phylotypes were prevalent in NCS samples, one of which shares a clade with Campylobacterota associated with B. childressi from the Gulf of Mexico and the other with Campylobacterota associated with other deep-sea fauna. Variation in chemosynthetic symbiont communities among sites and individuals has important ecological and geochemical implications and suggests shifting reliance on methanotrophy. Continued characterization of symbionts from cold seeps will provide a greater understanding of the ecology of these unique environments as well and their geochemical footprint in elemental cycling and energy flux.
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Duperron S, Rodrigues CF, Léger N, Szafranski K, Decker C, Olu K, Gaudron SM. Diversity of symbioses between chemosynthetic bacteria and metazoans at the Guiness cold seep site (Gulf of Guinea, West Africa). Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:467-80. [PMID: 23233246 PMCID: PMC3535391 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fauna from deep-sea cold seeps worldwide is dominated by chemosymbiotic metazoans. Recently, investigation of new sites in the Gulf of Guinea yielded numerous new species for which symbiosis was strongly suspected. In this study, symbioses are characterized in five seep-specialist metazoans recently collected from the Guiness site located at ≈ 600 m depth. Four bivalve and one annelid species belonging to families previously documented to harbor chemosynthetic bacteria were investigated using bacterial marker gene sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and stable isotope analyses. Results support that all five species display chemosynthetic, sulfur-oxidizing γ-proteobacteria. Bacteria are abundant in the gills of bivalves, and in the trophosome of the siboglinid annelid. As observed for their relatives occurring at deeper sites, chemoautotrophy is a major source of carbon for animal nutrition. Although symbionts found in each host species are related to symbionts found in other metazoans from the same families, several incongruencies are observed among phylogenetic trees obtained from the different bacterial genes, suggesting a certain level of heterogeneity in symbiont strains present. Results provide new insights into the diversity, biogeography, and role of symbiotic bacteria in metazoans from the Gulf of Guinea, at a site located at an intermediate depth between the continental shelf and the deep sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Duperron
- UMR 7138 (UPMC CNRS IRD MNHN), Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7, quai St. Bernard, bâtiment A, 75005, Paris, France.
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7
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Olive G, Rodrigues CF, Cunha MR. Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of Solemyidae, Lucinidae and Vesicomyidae. Zookeys 2011:1-38. [PMID: 21976991 PMCID: PMC3187628 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.113.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemosymbiotic bivalves collected from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz are reviewed. Of the thirteen species closely associated with chemosynthetic settings two Solemyidae, Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensissp. n. and Acharax gadiraesp. n., one Lucinidae, Lucinoma asapheussp. n., and one Vesicomyidae, Isorropodon megadesmussp. n. are described and compared to close relatives of their respective families. The biodiversity and distribution of the chemosymbiotic bivalves in the Gulf of Cadiz are discussed and compared to the available information from other cold seeps in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. Although there is considerable similarity at the genus level between seep/mud volcano fields in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, there is little overlap at the species level. This indicates a high degree of endemism within chemosymbiotic bivalve assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Olive
- BioSyB, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3NP, Wales, UK
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Stewart FJ, Dmytrenko O, Delong EF, Cavanaugh CM. Metatranscriptomic analysis of sulfur oxidation genes in the endosymbiont of solemya velum. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:134. [PMID: 21738524 PMCID: PMC3125697 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioautotrophic endosymbionts in the Domain Bacteria mediate key sulfur transformations in marine reducing environments. However, the molecular pathways underlying symbiont metabolism and the extent to which these pathways are expressed in situ are poorly characterized for almost all symbioses. This is largely due to the difficulty of culturing symbionts apart from their hosts. Here, we use pyrosequencing of community RNA transcripts (i.e., the metatranscriptome) to characterize enzymes of dissimilatory sulfur metabolism in the model symbiosis between the coastal bivalve Solemya velum and its intracellular thioautotrophic symbionts. High-throughput sequencing of total RNA from the symbiont-containing gill of a single host individual generated 1.6 million sequence reads (500 Mbp). Of these, 43,735 matched Bacteria protein-coding genes in BLASTX searches of the NCBI database. The taxonomic identities of the matched genes indicated relatedness to diverse species of sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria, including other thioautotrophic symbionts and the purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum. Manual querying of these data identified 28 genes from diverse pathways of sulfur energy metabolism, including the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (Dsr) pathway for sulfur oxidation to sulfite, the APS pathway for sulfite oxidation, and the Sox pathway for thiosulfate oxidation. In total, reads matching sulfur energy metabolism genes represented 7% of the Bacteria mRNA pool. Together, these data highlight the dominance of thioautotrophy in the context of symbiont community metabolism, identify the likely pathways mediating sulfur oxidation, and illustrate the utility of metatranscriptome sequencing for characterizing community gene transcription of uncultured symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Stewart
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA
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Distinct symbiont lineages in three thyasirid species (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae) from the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:281-7. [PMID: 21336695 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyasiridae are one of the less studied groups of chemosymbiotic bivalves. Here, we investigated symbioses in three different thyasirid species collected at three cold seeps from the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences demonstrated that each thyasirid species harbours a single phylotype of symbiont that belongs to a distinct lineage of putative sulphur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. This result is confirmed by other marker genes (encoding 23S rRNA and APS reductase) and fluorescence in situ hybridization. This work highlights the diversity of bacteria involved in symbiosis with thyasirids and underlines the relevance of this group as a target for future symbiosis studies.
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Hall EK, Singer GA, Pölzl M, Hämmerle I, Schwarz C, Daims H, Maixner F, Battin TJ. Looking inside the box: using Raman microspectroscopy to deconstruct microbial biomass stoichiometry one cell at a time. THE ISME JOURNAL 2011; 5:196-208. [PMID: 20703314 PMCID: PMC3105696 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2010.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stoichiometry of microbial biomass is a key determinant of nutrient recycling in a wide variety of ecosystems. However, little is known about the underlying causes of variance in microbial biomass stoichiometry. This is primarily because of technological constraints limiting the analysis of macromolecular composition to large quantities of microbial biomass. Here, we use Raman microspectroscopy (MS), to analyze the macromolecular composition of single cells of two species of bacteria grown on minimal media over a wide range of resource stoichiometry. We show that macromolecular composition, determined from a subset of identified peaks within the Raman spectra, was consistent with macromolecular composition determined using traditional analytical methods. In addition, macromolecular composition determined by Raman MS correlated with total biomass stoichiometry, indicating that analysis with Raman MS included a large proportion of a cell's total macromolecular composition. Growth phase (logarithmic or stationary), resource stoichiometry and species identity each influenced each organism's macromolecular composition and thus biomass stoichiometry. Interestingly, the least variable peaks in the Raman spectra were those responsible for differentiation between species, suggesting a phylogenetically specific cellular architecture. As Raman MS has been previously shown to be applicable to cells sampled directly from complex environments, our results suggest Raman MS is an extremely useful application for evaluating the biomass stoichiometry of environmental microorganisms. This includes the ability to partition microbial biomass into its constituent macromolecules and increase our understanding of how microorganisms in the environment respond to resource heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Hall
- Department of Limnology and WasserKluster Lunz GmbH, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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