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Zwick CR, Renata H. Overview of Amino Acid Modifications by Iron- and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Enzymes. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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Recent Advances in the Hydroxylation of Amino Acids and Its Derivatives. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxy amino acids (HAAs) are of unique value in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry with antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. At present, the hydroxylated amino acids most studied are tryptophan, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine, proline, etc., and some of their derivatives. The hydroxylation of amino acids is inextricably linked to the catalysis of various biological enzymes, such as tryptophan hydroxylase, L-pipecolic acid trans-4-hydroxylase, lysine hydroxylase, etc. Hydroxylase conspicuously increases the variety of amino acid derivatives. For the manufacture of HAAs, the high regioselectivity biocatalytic synthesis approach is favored over chemical synthesis. Nowadays, the widely used method is to transcribe the hydroxylation pathway of various amino acids, including various catalytic enzymes, into Corynebacterium glutamicum or Escherichia coli for heterologous expression and then produce hydroxyamino acids. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the biosynthetic hydroxylation of aliphatic, heterocyclic, and aromatic amino acids and introduced the basic research and application of HAAs.
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Abstract
Many enzymes possess high catalytic efficiency and selectivity that far surpass classical organic or organometallic catalysts. However, the initial starting enzyme for a given transformation does not always possess the right properties needed for broad utilization. Searching in genome/protein sequence libraries for homologs, aided with powerful bioinformatic tools developed in recent years, provides an avenue to identify superior biocatalysts. Herein, we highlight several case studies to illustrate the power of this concept. A brief discussion on its complementarity with contemporary approaches in protein engineering (such as directed evolution) and possible future developments is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX,77005, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX,77005, USA
- Lead Contact
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Fujii H, Hibi M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. Three enzymes of Rhizobium radiobacter involved in the novel metabolism of two naturally occurring bioactive oxidative derivatives of L-isoleucine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1247-1254. [PMID: 35793557 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobium radiobacter C58 was found to convert 4-hydroxyisoleucine (HIL) and 2-amino-3-methyl-4-ketopentanoate (AMKP), bioactive oxidative derivatives of L-isoleucine, in both cases producing 2-aminobutyrate. Three native enzymes involved in these metabolisms were purified by column chromatography and successfully identified. In this strain, HIL was converted to acetaldehyde and 2-aminobutyrate by coupling action of the transaminase rrIlvE and the aldolase HkpA. AMKP was also converted to acetate and 2-aminobutyrate by coupling action of rrIlvE and a hydrolase DkhA. In the multi-enzymatic reactions, HkpA catalyzes the retro-aldol reaction of 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-ketopentanoate into acetaldehyde and 2-ketobutyrate, and DkhA catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond of 2,4-diketo-3-methylpentanoate into acetate and 2-ketobutyrate. And rrIlvE catalyzes reversible transamination between HIL and 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-ketopentanoate, AMKP and 2,4-diketo-3-methylpentanoate, and 2-ketobutyrate and 2-aminobutyrate. The results suggested that the conversion activity of Rhizobium bacteria play an important role in the complex biological metabolic networks associated with HIL and AMKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Fujii
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Hibi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sakayu Shimizu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yokozeki
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Biosynthesizing structurally diverse diols via a general route combining oxidative and reductive formations of OH-groups. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1595. [PMID: 35332143 PMCID: PMC8948231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diols encompass important bulk and fine chemicals for the chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. During the past decades, biological production of C3-C5 diols from renewable feedstocks has received great interest. Here, we elaborate a general principle for effectively synthesizing structurally diverse diols by expanding amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we propose to combine oxidative and reductive formations of hydroxyl groups from amino acids in a thermodynamically favorable order of four reactions catalyzed by amino acid hydroxylase, L-amino acid deaminase, α-keto acid decarboxylase and aldehyde reductase consecutively. The oxidative formation of hydroxyl group from an alkyl group is energetically more attractive than the reductive pathway, which is exclusively used in the synthetic pathways of diols reported so far. We demonstrate this general route for microbial production of branched-chain diols in E. coli. Ten C3-C5 diols are synthesized. Six of them, namely isopentyldiol (IPDO), 2-methyl-1,3-butanediol (2-M-1,3-BDO), 2-methyl-1,4-butanediol (2-M-1,4-BDO), 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (MPO), 2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (2-E-1,3-PDO), 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PTD), have not been biologically synthesized before. This work opens up opportunities for synthesizing structurally diverse diols and triols, especially by genome mining, rational design or directed evolution of proper enzymes. Diols are important bulk and fine chemicals, but bioproduciton of branch-chain diols is hampered by the unknown biological route. Here, the authors report the expanding of amino acid metabolism for biosynthesis of branch-chain diols via a general route of combined oxidative and reductive formations of hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Münch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Pascal Püllmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, MartinLuther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
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7
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Richts B, Commichau FM. Underground metabolism facilitates the evolution of novel pathways for vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2297-2305. [PMID: 33665688 PMCID: PMC7954711 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The term vitamin B6 is a designation for the vitamers pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine and the respective phosphate esters pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate and pyridoxine-5′-phosphate. Animals and humans are unable to synthesise vitamin B6. These organisms have to take up vitamin B6 with their diet. Therefore, vitamin B6 is of commercial interest as a food additive and for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. As yet, two naturally occurring routes for de novo synthesis of PLP are known. Both routes have been genetically engineered to obtain bacteria overproducing vitamin B6. Still, major genetic engineering efforts using the existing pathways are required for developing fermentation processes that could outcompete the chemical synthesis of vitamin B6. Recent suppressor screens using mutants of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, carrying mutations in the native pathways or heterologous genes uncovered novel routes for PLP biosynthesis. These pathways consist of promiscuous enzymes and enzymes that are already involved in vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Thus, E. coli and B. subtilis contain multiple promiscuous enzymes causing a so-called underground metabolism allowing the bacteria to bypass disrupted vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways. The suppressor screens also show the genomic plasticity of the bacteria to suppress a genetic lesion. We discuss the potential of the serendipitous pathways to serve as a starting point for the development of bacteria overproducing vitamin B6. Key points • Known vitamin B6 routes have been genetically engineered. • Underground metabolism facilitates the emergence of novel vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways. • These pathways may be suitable to engineer bacteria overproducing vitamin B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Richts
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany.
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Chakrabarty S, Wang Y, Perkins JC, Narayan ARH. Scalable biocatalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8137-8155. [PMID: 32701110 PMCID: PMC8177087 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions have garnered significant attention in recent years with their ability to streamline synthetic routes toward complex molecules. Consequently, there have been significant strides in the design and development of catalysts that enable diversification through C-H functionalization reactions. Enzymatic C-H oxygenation reactions are often complementary to small molecule based synthetic approaches, providing a powerful tool when deployable on preparative-scale. This review highlights key advances in scalable biocatalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions developed within the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chakrabarty
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Martínez-Rodríguez S, Torres JM, Sánchez P, Ortega E. Overview on Multienzymatic Cascades for the Production of Non-canonical α-Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:887. [PMID: 32850740 PMCID: PMC7431475 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22 genetically encoded amino acids (AAs) present in proteins (the 20 standard AAs together with selenocysteine and pyrrolysine), are commonly referred as proteinogenic AAs in the literature due to their appearance in ribosome-synthetized polypeptides. Beyond the borders of this key set of compounds, the rest of AAs are generally named imprecisely as non-proteinogenic AAs, even when they can also appear in polypeptide chains as a result of post-transductional machinery. Besides their importance as metabolites in life, many of D-α- and L-α-"non-canonical" amino acids (NcAAs) are of interest in the biotechnological and biomedical fields. They have found numerous applications in the discovery of new medicines and antibiotics, drug synthesis, cosmetic, and nutritional compounds, or in the improvement of protein and peptide pharmaceuticals. In addition to the numerous studies dealing with the asymmetric synthesis of NcAAs, many different enzymatic pathways have been reported in the literature allowing for the biosynthesis of NcAAs. Due to the huge heterogeneity of this group of molecules, this review is devoted to provide an overview on different established multienzymatic cascades for the production of non-canonical D-α- and L-α-AAs, supplying neophyte and experienced professionals in this field with different illustrative examples in the literature. Whereas the discovery of new or newly designed enzymes is of great interest, dusting off previous enzymatic methodologies by a "back and to the future" strategy might accelerate the implementation of new or improved multienzymatic cascades.
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10
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Martínez-Rodríguez S, Soriano-Maldonado P, Gavira JA. N-succinylamino acid racemases: Enzymatic properties and biotechnological applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140377. [PMID: 31982578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The N-succinylamino acid racemase/o-succinylbenzoate synthase (NSAR/OSBS) subfamily from the enolase superfamily contains different enzymes showing promiscuous N-substituted-amino acid racemase (NxAR) activity. These enzymes were originally named as N-acylamino acid racemases because of their industrial application. Nonetheless, they are pivotal in several enzymatic cascades due to their versatility to catalyze a wide substrate spectrum, allowing the production of optically pure d- or l-amino acids from cheap precursors. These compounds are of paramount economic interest, since they are used as food additives, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries and/or as chiral synthons in organic synthesis. Despite its economic importance, the discovery of new N-succinylamino acid racemases has become elusive, since classical sequence-based annotation methods proved ineffective in their identification, due to a high sequence similarity among the members of the enolase superfamily. During the last decade, deeper investigations into different members of the NSAR/OSBS subfamily have shed light on the classification and identification of NSAR enzymes with NxAR activity of biotechnological potential. This review aims to gather the dispersed information on NSAR/OSBS members showing NxAR activity over recent decades, focusing on their biotechnological applications and providing practical advice to identify new enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Medicina, Granada 18071, Spain; Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, CSIC, 18100 Granada, Spain.
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11
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Richts B, Rosenberg J, Commichau FM. A Survey of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent Proteins in the Gram-Positive Model Bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31134210 PMCID: PMC6522883 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The B6 vitamer pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) is a co-factor for proteins and enzymes that are involved in diverse cellular processes. Therefore, PLP is essential for organisms from all kingdoms of life. Here we provide an overview about the PLP-dependent proteins from the Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Since B. subtilis serves as a model system in basic research and as a production host in industry, knowledge about the PLP-dependent proteins could facilitate engineering the bacteria for biotechnological applications. The survey revealed that the majority of the PLP-dependent proteins are involved in metabolic pathways like amino acid biosynthesis and degradation, biosynthesis of antibacterial compounds, utilization of nucleotides as well as in iron and carbon metabolism. Many PLP-dependent proteins participate in de novo synthesis of the co-factors biotin, folate, heme, and NAD+ as well as in cell wall metabolism, tRNA modification, regulation of gene expression, sporulation, and biofilm formation. A surprisingly large group of PLP-dependent proteins (29%) belong to the group of poorly characterized proteins. This review underpins the need to characterize the PLP-dependent proteins of unknown function to fully understand the “PLP-ome” of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Richts
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rosenberg
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Enhancement of substrate supply and ido expression to improve 4-hydroxyisoleucine production in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4113-4124. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Abstract
C–H functionalization is a chemically challenging but highly desirable transformation. 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (2OGXs) are remarkably versatile biocatalysts for the activation of C–H bonds. In nature, they have been shown to accept both small and large molecules carrying out a plethora of reactions, including hydroxylations, demethylations, ring formations, rearrangements, desaturations, and halogenations, making them promising candidates for industrial manufacture. In this review, we describe the current status of 2OGX use in biocatalytic applications concentrating on 2OGX-catalyzed oxyfunctionalization of amino acids and synthesis of antibiotics. Looking forward, continued bioinformatic sourcing will help identify additional, practical useful members of this intriguing enzyme family, while enzyme engineering will pave the way to enhance 2OGX reactivity for non-native substrates.
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14
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Correia Cordeiro RS, Enoki J, Busch F, Mügge C, Kourist R. Cloning and characterization of a new delta-specific l-leucine dioxygenase from Anabaena variabilis. J Biotechnol 2018; 284:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Zwick CR, Renata H. Evolution of Biocatalytic and Chemocatalytic C–H Functionalization Strategy in the Synthesis of Manzacidin C. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7407-7415. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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16
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Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases (2OGXs) catalyze a remarkably diverse range of oxidative reactions. In animals, these comprise hydroxylations and N-demethylations proceeding via hydroxylation; in plants and microbes, they catalyze a wider range including ring formations, rearrangements, desaturations, and halogenations. The catalytic flexibility of 2OGXs is reflected in their biological functions. After pioneering work identified the roles of 2OGXs in collagen biosynthesis, research revealed they also function in plant and animal development, transcriptional regulation, nucleic acid modification/repair, fatty acid metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, including of medicinally important antibiotics. In plants, 2OGXs are important agrochemical targets and catalyze herbicide degradation. Human 2OGXs, particularly those regulating transcription, are current therapeutic targets for anemia and cancer. Here, we give an overview of the biochemistry of 2OGXs, providing examples linking to biological function, and outline how knowledge of their enzymology is being exploited in medicine, agrochemistry, and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Thomas M Leissing
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Richard J Hopkinson
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom; .,Current affiliation for Richard J. Hopkinson: Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom;
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
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Zwick CR, Renata H. Remote C-H Hydroxylation by an α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Enables Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Manzacidin C and Proline Analogs. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1165-1169. [PMID: 29283572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective C-H functionalization at distal positions remains a highly challenging problem in organic synthesis. Though Nature has evolved a myriad of enzymes capable of such feat, their synthetic utility has largely been overlooked. Here, we functionally characterize an α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (Fe/αKG) that selectively hydroxylates the δ position of various aliphatic amino acids. Kinetic analysis and substrate profiling of the enzyme show superior catalytic efficiency and substrate promiscuity relative to other Fe/αKGs that catalyze similar reactions. We demonstrate the practical utility of this transformation in the concise syntheses of a rare alkaloid, manzacidin C, and densely substituted amino acid derivatives with remarkable step efficiency. This work provides a blueprint for future applications of Fe/αKG hydroxylation in complex molecule synthesis and the development of powerful synthetic paradigms centered on enzymatic C-H functionalization logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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18
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Ito T, Yu Z, Yoshino I, Hirozawa Y, Yamamoto K, Shinoda K, Watanabe A, Hemmi H, Asada Y, Yoshimura T. Occurrence of the (2R,3S)-Isomer of 2-Amino-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic Acid in the Mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6131-6139. [PMID: 28686838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the occurrence of the (2R,3S)-isomer of 2-amino-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid (d-ADHB) in the fruiting body of an edible mushroom, Hypsizygus marmoreus. This is an unusual example of the accumulation of a d-amino acid whose enantiomer is not a proteinogenic amino acid. We show that d-ADHB occurs specifically in the mushroom H. marmoreus. Other edible mushrooms examined, including Pholiota microspora, Pleurotus eryngii, Mycena chlorophos, Sparassis crispa, Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Flammulina velutipes, do not contain detectable levels of d-ADHB. The concentration of d-ADHB in the fruiting body of H. marmoreus is relatively high (approximately 1.3 mg/g of fruiting body) and is comparable to the concentration of some of the most abundant free proteinogenic amino acids. Quantitative analysis of d-ADHB during fruiting body development demonstrated that the amino acid is synthesized during the fruiting body formation period. The absence of the putative precursors of d-ADHB, the (2S,3S)-isomer of ADHB and 2-oxo-tetronate, and the enzyme activities of d-ADHB racemase (2-epimerase) and transaminase suggested that d-ADHB is synthesized by a unique mechanism in this organism. Our data also suggested that the lack of or low expression of a d-ADHB degradation enzyme is a key determinant of d-ADHB accumulation in H. marmoreus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Ito
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Zhuoer Yu
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Issei Yoshino
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University , Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Yurina Hirozawa
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kana Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Akira Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University , Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hemmi
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Asada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University , Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Tohru Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Rosenberg J, Ischebeck T, Commichau FM. Vitamin B6 metabolism in microbes and approaches for fermentative production. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:31-40. [PMID: 27890703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is a designation for the six vitamers pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, and pyridoxamine. PLP, being the most important B6 vitamer, serves as a cofactor for many proteins and enzymes. In contrast to other organisms, animals and humans have to ingest vitamin B6 with their food. Several disorders are associated with vitamin B6 deficiency. Moreover, pharmaceuticals interfere with metabolism of the cofactor, which also results in vitamin B6 deficiency. Therefore, vitamin B6 is a valuable compound for the pharmaceutical and the food industry. Although vitamin B6 is currently chemically synthesized, there is considerable interest on the industrial side to shift from chemical processes to sustainable fermentation technologies. Here, we review recent findings regarding biosynthesis and homeostasis of vitamin B6 and describe the approaches that have been made in the past to develop microbial production processes. Moreover, we will describe novel routes for vitamin B6 biosynthesis and discuss their potential for engineering bacteria that overproduce the commercially valuable substance. We also highlight bottlenecks of the vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways and propose strategies to circumvent these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rosenberg
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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Thiaville JJ, Flood J, Yurgel S, Prunetti L, Elbadawi-Sidhu M, Hutinet G, Forouhar F, Zhang X, Ganesan V, Reddy P, Fiehn O, Gerlt JA, Hunt JF, Copley SD, de Crécy-Lagard V. Members of a Novel Kinase Family (DUF1537) Can Recycle Toxic Intermediates into an Essential Metabolite. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2304-11. [PMID: 27294475 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DUF1537 is a novel family of kinases identified by comparative genomic approaches. The family is widespread and found in all sequenced plant genomes and 16% of sequenced bacterial genomes. DUF1537 is not a monofunctional family and contains subgroups that can be separated by phylogenetic and genome neighborhood context analyses. A subset of the DUF1537 proteins is strongly associated by physical clustering and gene fusion with the PdxA2 family, demonstrated here to be a functional paralog of the 4-phosphohydroxy-l-threonine dehydrogenase enzyme (PdxA), a central enzyme in the synthesis of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) in proteobacteria. Some members of this DUF1537 subgroup phosphorylate l-4-hydroxythreonine (4HT) into 4-phosphohydroxy-l-threonine (4PHT), the substrate of PdxA, in vitro and in vivo. This provides an alternative route to PLP from the toxic antimetabolite 4HT that can be directly generated from the toxic intermediate glycolaldehyde. Although the kinetic and physical clustering data indicate that these functions in PLP synthesis are not the main roles of the DUF1537-PdxA2 enzymes, genetic and physiological data suggest these side activities function has been maintained in diverse sets of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Thiaville
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, United States
| | - Jake Flood
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado United States
| | - Svetlana Yurgel
- Dalhousie University, 6299 South
St., Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laurence Prunetti
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, United States
| | | | - Geoffrey Hutinet
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, United States
| | - Farhad Forouhar
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Xinshuai Zhang
- Institute
for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Venkateswaran Ganesan
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, United States
| | - Patrick Reddy
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West
Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States
- King Abdulaziz University, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. A. Gerlt
- Institute
for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John F. Hunt
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Shelley D. Copley
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado United States
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, United States
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21
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Enoki J, Meisborn J, Müller AC, Kourist R. A Multi-Enzymatic Cascade Reaction for the Stereoselective Production of γ-Oxyfunctionalyzed Amino Acids. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:425. [PMID: 27092111 PMCID: PMC4823265 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereoselective three-enzyme cascade for synthesis of diasteromerically pure γ-oxyfunctionalized α-amino acids was developed. By coupling a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) using an N-acylamino acid racemase (NAAAR) and an L-selective aminoacylase from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius with a stereoselective isoleucine dioxygenase from Bacillus thuringiensis, diastereomerically pure oxidized amino acids were produced from racemic N-acetylamino acids. The three enzymes differed in their optimal temperature and pH-spectra. Their different metal cofactor dependencies led to inhibitory effects. Under optimized conditions, racemic N-acetylmethionine was quantitatively converted into L-methionine-(S)-sulfoxide with 97% yield and 95% de. The combination of these three different biocatalysts allowed the direct synthesis of diastereopure oxyfunctionalized amino acids from inexpensive racemic starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Enoki
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Meisborn
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Müller
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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22
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Exporters for Production of Amino Acids and Other Small Molecules. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:199-225. [PMID: 27832297 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are talented catalysts to synthesize valuable small molecules in their cytosol. However, to make full use of their skills - and that of metabolic engineers - the export of intracellularly synthesized molecules to the culture medium has to be considered. This step is as essential as is each step for the synthesis of the favorite molecule of the metabolic engineer, but is frequently not taken into account. To export small molecules via the microbial cell envelope, a range of different types of carrier proteins is recognized to be involved, which are primary active carriers, secondary active carriers, or proteins increasing diffusion. Relevant export may require just one carrier as is the case with L-lysine export by Corynebacterium glutamicum or involve up to four carriers as known for L-cysteine excretion by Escherichia coli. Meanwhile carriers for a number of small molecules of biotechnological interest are recognized, like for production of peptides, nucleosides, diamines, organic acids, or biofuels. In addition to carriers involved in amino acid excretion, such carriers and their impact on product formation are described, as well as the relatedness of export carriers which may serve as a hint to identify further carriers required to improve product formation by engineering export.
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23
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Baud D, Saaidi PL, Monfleur A, Harari M, Cuccaro J, Fossey A, Besnard M, Debard A, Mariage A, Pellouin V, Petit JL, Salanoubat M, Weissenbach J, de Berardinis V, Zaparucha A. Synthesis of Mono- and Dihydroxylated Amino Acids with New α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases: Biocatalytic Oxidation of CH Bonds. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Xu Q, Grant J, Chiu HJ, Farr CL, Jaroszewski L, Knuth MW, Miller MD, Lesley SA, Godzik A, Elsliger MA, Deacon AM, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a member of a novel family of dioxygenases (PF10014) reveals a conserved cupin fold and active site. Proteins 2013; 82:164-70. [PMID: 23852666 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PF10014 is a novel family of 2-oxyglutarate-Fe(2+) -dependent dioxygenases that are involved in biosynthesis of antibiotics and regulation of biofilm formation, likely by catalyzing hydroxylation of free amino acids or other related ligands. The crystal structure of a PF10014 member from Methylibium petroleiphilum at 1.9 Å resolution shows strong structural similarity to cupin dioxygenases in overall fold and active site, despite very remote homology. However, one of the β-strands of the cupin catalytic core is replaced by a loop that displays conformational isomerism that likely regulates the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Xu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, La Jolla, California (http://www.jcsg.org); Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025
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25
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Smirnov SV, Sokolov PM, Kotlyarova VA, Samsonova NN, Kodera T, Sugiyama M, Torii T, Hibi M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. A novel l-isoleucine-4'-dioxygenase and l-isoleucine dihydroxylation cascade in Pantoea ananatis. Microbiologyopen 2013; 2:471-81. [PMID: 23554367 PMCID: PMC3684760 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique operon structure has been identified in the genomes of several plant- and insect-associated bacteria. The distinguishing feature of this operon is the presence of tandem hilA and hilB genes encoding dioxygenases belonging to the PF13640 and PF10014 (BsmA) Pfam families, respectively. The genes encoding HilA and HilB from Pantoea ananatis AJ13355 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The culturing of E. coli cells expressing hilA (E. coli-HilA) or both hilA and hilB (E. coli-HilAB) in the presence of l-isoleucine resulted in the conversion of l-isoleucine into two novel biogenic compounds: l-4′-isoleucine and l-4,4′-dihydroxyisoleucine, respectively. In parallel, two novel enzymatic activities were detected in the crude cell lysates of the E. coli-HilA and E. coli-HilAB strains: l-isoleucine, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase (4′-hydroxylating) (HilA) and l-4′-hydroxyisoleucine, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating) (HilB), respectively. Two hypotheses regarding the physiological significance of C-4(4′)-hydroxylation of l-isoleucine in bacteria are also discussed. According to first hypothesis, the l-isoleucine dihydroxylation cascade is involved in synthesis of dipeptide antibiotic in P. ananatis. Another unifying hypothesis is that the C-4(4′)-hydroxylation of l-isoleucine in bacteria could result in the synthesis of signal molecules belonging to two classes: 2(5H)-furanones and analogs of N-acyl homoserine lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Smirnov
- Ajinomoto-Genetika Research Institute, 1st Dorozhny pr. 1, Moscow, 113545, Russia
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