Attitudes of Italian dental and dental hygiene students toward tobacco-use cessation

Global Status of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Tobacco Cessation Interventions Among Dental Professionals: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

With the emergence of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, globally the use of tobacco has decreased notably, although, it still requires efforts at individual, organizational, community level to decrease the rate further. Dental professionals are at an excellent position to provide tobacco cessation counselling and interventions, however, it is not practiced much due to lack of training and lack of knowledge. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to assess the global status of knowledge, attitude and practice on tobacco cessation interventions among dental professionals.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

A systematic search of 6 databases with no language restriction since 2000 was undertaken. Studies were included if they assessed knowledge, attitude and practice on tobacco cessation interventions among dental professionals using a validated or prevalidated tool. The data obtained for assessment of knowledge, attitude, practice, curriculum and barriers were represented through heatmaps. Quality assessment of the studies was done using Newcastle Ottawa scale.

RESULTS

Fifty six studies were included in this systematic review. Majority of the studies were found to be of moderate quality. Knowledge regarding the tobacco cessation interventions was more theoretical than practical. All the studies showed a favorable attitude among dental professionals towards tobacco cessation intervention.

CONCLUSION

The included studies lack homogeneity in assessing knowledge, attitude and practice on tobacco cessation interventions. The development and validation of a standardized questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitude and practice on tobacco cessation interventions could be a potentially effective way to uniformly gather data on the subject.

The barriers for tobacco cessation counseling in teaching health care institutions: A qualitative data analysis using MAXQDA software

Introduction:

Recently, Dental Council of India directed all the teaching dental institutions in the country to set up tobacco cessation centers (TCC). International experiences suggest that there are many barriers for the provision of tobacco cessation counseling at dental clinics. In this context, it is important to understand the dental students’ attitudes toward this initiative of tobacco cessation counseling at dental settings.

Materials and Methods:

This qualitative study to document the dental students’ perspectives toward the provision of tobacco cessation counseling using focus group interviews was conducted in two teaching dental institutions in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. 133 house surgeons from two dental institutions participated in the study and were interviewed as 13 focus groups. MAXQDA (version 12, VERBI GmbH, Berlin, Germany) was used for data analysis. All the interviews were audio recorded and the transcripts were open coded by three independent investigators.

Results:

The response rate in this study was 78.45%. The following themes were extracted from the views and opinions shared by the students: the reluctance of patients to discuss tobacco-related problems; tobacco use among students discouraging them to actively participate in counseling; an opinion that dental clinics are not suitable for the provision of tobacco cessation counseling; belief among students that they are not qualified enough.

Conclusion:

The directives given by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in association with Dental council of India to set up TCC at every teaching dental institution are laudable and demonstrate the commitment at policy level toward bringing down tobacco consumption in the country. However, few reforms need to be made in the curriculum to better execute the delegated responsibilities, which include orientation programs for dental students on the scope of the dental profession and workshops on tobacco cessation counseling.

Knowledge and attitudes towards smoking cessation counselling: an Italian cross-sectional survey on tertiary care nursing staff

BACKGROUND

One of the most effective smoking cessation strategies involves care and advice from nurses due to their role in the front line of treatment. Lack of education on smoking cessation counselling may be detrimental, and adequate smoking cessation training during healthcare studies is needed.

OBJECTIVES

The study aimed to examine nurses' attitudes, belief, and knowledge of smoking cessation counselling; knowledge of the health risks associated with smoking was also assessed.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional survey on 77 nurses from the nursing staff of Cardiology, Cardiac Intensive Care and Surgical Oncology Units of two tertiary hospitals.

METHODS

Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess the questionnaire's internal consistency, and three composite indicators were computed to assess the three dimensions of the questionnaire (knowledge, attitude, belief). Furthermore, a stepwise linear regression model was used to predict the attitude to be engaged in smoking cessation counselling, related to demographic and behavioural variables, as well as knowledge and belief indicators. The analysis was stratified by Unit.

RESULTS

Nurses from three Units had a significantly different attitude score (2.55 ± 0.93 for Cardiology, 2.49 ± 0.72 for Cardiac Intensive Care and 2.09 ± 0.59 for Surgical Oncology Unit) (P-value = 0.0493). Analogously, knowledge of smoking cessation counselling was reported to be higher for Cardiac Intensive Care Unit nurses (3.19 ± 0.70) compared to Surgical Oncology nurses (2.73 ± 0.74) (P-value = 0.021). At the multivariable analysis, attitude towards smoking cessation counselling was significantly related to the nurse's belief about counselling, for Cardiology staff (coeff = 0.74, 95% CI [0.32-1.16], P-value = 0.002) and for Surgical Oncology staff (coeff = 0.37, 95% CI [0.01-0.72], P-value = 0.042).

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions in nurses' and nursing managers' education could improve the nursing staff's attitude, belief, and knowledge regarding smoking cessation counselling, which would lead to the inclusion of tobacco prevention and cessation as an integral part of patient care.

Smoking Prevalence, Attitudes and Behavior among Dental Students in Poland and Italy

The aim of the study was to perform preliminary research to compare the smoking prevalence, attitudes and behavior between dentistry students in two universities in Europe using the standardized Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) questionnaire. This was cross-sectional carried out among dentistry students from the Medical University in Bialystok, Poland and Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. There were 582 participants; 282 were Italians, 202 were smokers and 42% were Italians. The response rate was 79.9% of Italian students and 79.6% of Polish students. The prevalence of smoking was significantly higher among Italian students (42% vs. 28.0%). Attitudes and behaviour of smokers and non-smokers differed statistically. Polish and Italian dental students presented statistically different behavior regarding the time to smoke the first cigarette, the willingness to stop smoking and trying to stop smoking in the last year. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that two independent variables, exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) both at home and in public places (OR = 3.26 and OR = 5.9, respectively), showed a significantly higher occurrence of smoking. There is a high use of tobacco among dental students, which is particularly high in Italian dental students. Students realizes the positive perception of their own tobacco counsellor role in a dental setting. Dental students should be role models to their peers and patients.

Knowledge About the Relation Between Tobacco and Disease and the Attitude Toward Advising the Cessation of Its Consumption Among a Group of Spanish Dental Students

Tobacco is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the developed world. Smoking is associated with a large number of oral pathologies, such as cancer and periodontitis. Dental professionals can play a key role in preventing these health problems. The objectives of this study were (1) to analyze tobacco consumption habits among a group of Spanish dental students, and (2) to assess their knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes regarding procedures to help patients quit smoking. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain). Three validated questionnaires were distributed, and the obtained data was processed using SPSS. One hundred twenty out of 220 surveys were completed. Of the students, 18.3% were smokers and the average number of smoked cigarettes per day was 7.5. Tobacco dependence and the intention to give up the habit were low (Fagerström Test) and doubtful (Richmond test), respectively. The majority of students (94.2%) considered it appropriate to promote tobacco use cessation (TUC) activities. A great divergence of criteria regarding tobacco-associated pathologies was found among courses. This article provides positive data about the motivation of dental students to implement TUC strategies. Nevertheless, the usefulness of these interventions makes it necessary to modify the university curricula in order to improve the education on this issue to reduce the incidence of future health problems.

Dental Students' Attitudes Toward Tobacco Cessation in the Dental Setting: A Systematic Review

Many dental schools have integrated tobacco cessation into their predoctoral curricula. However, dental students' perceptions should be taken into consideration when designing those curricula. The aim of this study was to systematically review the published literature on dental students' attitudes and perceptions regarding tobacco cessation. The research team conducted a search for articles through April 2016 using the following electronic databases: Medline, PsychInfo, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Each abstract and/or article was reviewed for inclusion. Data were extracted from all included articles. Each was rated for quality appraisal by two reviewers. The initial search identified 2,035 articles, and 38 of those were included in the review. The majority were cross-sectional and sampled students from one dental school. There was wide variation in the measurement of dental student attitudes. Overall, the majority of students in these studies reported believing it is within the scope of dental practice to address tobacco use with patients, but there was variability in terms of the practice of specific tobacco cessation strategies. The most common perceived barrier was patient resistance/lack of motivation. In most of the studies, the majority of students were interested in being trained in tobacco cessation. The findings suggest that dental students will respond positively to receiving tobacco cessation education while in dental school and that educators should include strategies to help future dentists deal with patient resistance. Future studies should focus on the development of a validated measure of dental student attitudes toward tobacco cessation and longitudinal, multi-institutional research that can provide more generalizable findings.

Opinions of dental students toward tobacco cessation intervention in the United Arab Emirates

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to investigate the opinions of dental students, in one of the dental colleges in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), toward providing tobacco cessation interventions to their patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three-hundred-and-fifty students were administered a questionnaire including questions about tobacco cessation interventions (with a response rate of 77%). We generated descriptive statistics for all questions and examined the frequency distribution and percentages of all answers. Data were analysed using cross-tabulations and χ(2) -tests. The statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

While 83.4% of students agreed that dentists should be trained in tobacco cessation, 56% of students disagreed that they are adequately trained to assist the patient in stopping tobacco use. As the year of study increased, the students' 'agree' responses increased to the statements that the dentist should be trained and that the dentist has a role in assisting patients to stop smoking. Non-Arab students were more confident than Emiratis in tobacco cessation counselling. The percentage of female students who felt greatly confident in assisting was double that of male students. There was a significant difference between tobacco-user students and non-users in response to the question about dentist's role in assisting tobacco cessation.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive tobacco cessation education and training program should be included in dental schools' curriculum in the UAE to further improve student confidence in providing tobacco cessation services to their patients.

The Prevelance of Tobacco Use and the Factors Influencing in Students Studying at Two Dentistry Faculties in Turkey

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to determine the pattern and effects of tobacco and tobacco products use among students of dentistry.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A cross sectional study was performed in the Dentistry Faculty of Ege and Dicle Universities between April and May 2013. All freshmen and senior year students receiving education in both universities were included into the study (n= 321). A questionnaire consisting of 26 questions was used to determine the smoking habits of the students and the influencing factors regarding this habit. Students replied the questions under supervision.

RESULTS

A survey was conducted among 298 students out of 321 who were attending both universities. 46.6% of the participants were female and 53.4% were male. Smoking prevelance of the students was 29.9%. It was 19.9% in freshmen students and 45.8% in senior students. According to the first class of students in the fifth grade students in the prevalence of smoking in was found to be highly statistically significant (p< 0.001). Among other tobacco products the following was identified as mostly used: waterpipe, also known as narghile (27.4%), cigarwraps (9.7%), cigar (9.4%) and smoking pipe (2.0%). While 22.5% of the students stated that they started smoking after the age of 15, 36.0% started between the ages of 15 and 18 and 41.5% after the age of 19. The rate of smoking in the house was significantly higher (p< 0.001) among smokers than non-smokers. While 78.7% of the students stated that they would like to quit, 64.3% tried once or more to quit.

CONCLUSION

Smoking habit was found to be higher among medical students than the social average. Smoking is more frequent in higher classes. From early years onwards, students of dentistry should be intensively educated regarding the harmful effects of tobacco on health, and efforts should be made to prevent and control of tobacco epidemic.

Smoking among dental students at King Saud University: Consumption patterns and risk factors

OBJECTIVE

To assess smoking prevalence among dental students at King Saud University (KSU) and to determine possible risk factors of tobacco use.

METHODS

A self-addressed invitation letter was sent to all dental students (males and females) at KSU requesting participation in this study. Data on smoking habits, associated risk factors, and demographic factors, such as age, marital status, residency status, the student's year of study, and grade point average, were collected by an electronic self-administered questionnaire sent via email. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Significant differences between different groups were assessed with a Pearson Chi-Square test at α = 0.05. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and to determine the effect of different risk factors on students' smoking habits.

RESULTS

Of the 600 registered dental students, 400 students responded (230 males, 170 females), representing a response rate of 67%. More male than female students were current smokers (27.6% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.001). Most smokers used shisha tobacco only (N = 35, 51.5%), followed by both shisha tobacco and cigarettes (N = 17, 25%), or cigarettes only (N = 16, 23.5%). Male students were about 4 times more likely to be smokers if all or most of their friends were smokers compared to students who had some friends who smoked (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.9-7.7). A high proportion of current smokers (47.8%) reported stress as the main reason for smoking. Twenty-six percent of dental students (N = 87) who are currently nonsmokers reported that they have used tobacco at some point in their lives. Over two thirds of sampled students (63%) believed that public tobacco usage is not well addressed in the current college curriculum.

CONCLUSION

Approximately one in every four male dental students at KSU is a smoker. Having friends who are smokers was the most important risk factor associated with smoking. There is a general belief among dental students that public tobacco use is not well addressed in the dental college curriculum.

Tobacco Use Cessation: Attitudes of Dental Fraternity of Moradabad City (India)

Background:The issue of tobacco control had almost unanimous support among public health professionals. It is therefore apparent that the dental care system should be involved in tobacco prevention and tobacco cessation.Objective:To assess dental students’ and practicing dentists’ perceptions of tobacco cessation content in curriculum and attitudes concerning their professional responsibility to help users quit tobacco.Methods:The study was conducted with Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) 3rd year students, Interns and practicing dentists of Moradabad city (India). A 17-item questionnaire focused on attitudes of dental fraternity, professional responsibilities, effectiveness and scope of Tobacco Use Cessation (TUC) practice in dental setting.Results:Statically significant difference is seen among responses of dental fraternities, with students having less positive attitudes than practicing dentists (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Attitudes of the participants appear to be positive and encouraging, but they feel unprepared and needed further training in TUC.

Oral health attitudes and behaviours of final-year dental students

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study of final-year dental students in 10 classes (1997, 2001-2009) were to examine their self-reported oral health attitudes and behaviours and describe any trends in these attributes.

PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS

Students were surveyed in final semester via an anonymous questionnaire (34 behaviour questions; eight attitude statements). Distributions, trends over time and attitude-behaviour associations were examined.

RESULTS

Of 583 students, 459 responded (79%). All tooth-brushed with fluoride toothpaste; 80% brushed ≥2/day. Overall, 85% flossed; over time flossing behaviour increased significantly (P < 0.05), and those flossing 1-2/day increased (P < 0.005). Over time, significant decreases occurred in those taught toothbrushing (P < 0.001) and flossing (P < 0.05), and in use of mouth rinses (P < 0.05) and tooth cleansing sticks/picks (P < 0.001). Almost all (96%) had received a dental examination; 77% attended a dentist 1-3/year. Between-meal snacking was common (84%); 71% chewed gum. Although 18% had ever smoked, 5% currently smoked. Most strongly agreed they expected to keep most of their teeth for all their life (76%); their future needs for fillings would be minimal (61%); smoking could adversely affect their teeth or gums (85%); and regular dental attendance was important for their dental health (51%). Congruent attitudes and behaviours favouring oral health were widely held concerning dental attendance, flossing and smoking.

CONCLUSIONS

Final-year dental students showed well established, favourable oral hygiene attitudes and behaviours, with evidence to suggest this knowledge was developed whilst in dental school. Despite many ceasing smoking, 5% still smoked. All dental students should receive training in motivational counselling and tobacco cessation to ensure this is included in patient care.

Social nicotine dependence in Australian dental undergraduate students

OBJECTIVES

  This study aimed to investigate dental undergraduate students' tobacco usage and social nicotine dependence in Australia. A special interest was to identify the role of factors such as age, gender, year of dental education and cohabitants' smoking status for social nicotine dependence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

  A sample of 252, first-to-fifth year undergraduate students in an Australian dental school was used. Each completed a self-administered questionnaire.

RESULTS

  The smoking rate was 4.8%. Current smokers displayed higher social nicotine dependence than those that had never smoked (t=3.1, df=244, P=0.002). Dental undergraduate students that showed higher social nicotine dependence (P=0.001, OR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6), or that had smoking cohabitants (P=0.016, OR=4.8, 95% CI: 1.3-17.0), were more likely to smoke. Students' social nicotine dependence increased with year of dental study (P=0.043, β=0.4, t=2.0). Social nicotine dependence enhanced tobacco usage among Year-1-to-4 students (P=0.005, OR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.7) but not Year-5 undergraduates (P=0.432).

CONCLUSIONS

  Social nicotine dependence has become a developing issue in dental education. Tobacco control should be highlighted in the dental curriculum. Future investigations into the effects of dental education on social nocotine dependence and tobacco usage are indicated.